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We report about a 230 GHz very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) fringe finder observation of blazar 3C 279 with the APEX telescope in Chile, the phased submillimeter array (SMA), and the SMT of the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). We installed VLBI equipment and measured the APEX station position to 1 cm accuracy (1 sigma). We then observed 3C 279 on 2012 May 7 in a 5 hour 230 GHz VLBI track with baseline lengths of 2800 M$\lambda$ to 7200 M$\lambda$ and a finest fringe spacing of 28.6 micro-arcseconds. Fringes were detected on all baselines with SNRs of 12 to 55 in 420 s. The correlated flux density on the longest baseline was ~0.3 Jy/beam, out of a total flux density of 19.8 Jy. Visibility data suggest an emission region <38 uas in size, and at least two components, possibly polarized. We find a lower limit of the brightness temperature of the inner jet region of about 10^10 K. Lastly, we find an upper limit of 20% on the linear polarization fraction at a fringe spacing of ~38 uas. With APEX the angular resolution of 230 GHz VLBI improves to 28.6 uas. This allows one to resolve the last-photon ring around the Galactic Center black hole event horizon, expected to be 40 uas in diameter, and probe radio jet launching at unprecedented resolution, down to a few gravitational radii in galaxies like M 87. To probe the structure in the inner parsecs of 3C 279 in detail, follow-up observations with APEX and five other mm-VLBI stations have been conducted (March 2013) and are being analyzed., Comment: accepted for publication in A&A

Context: Radio astronomical receivers are now expanding their frequency range to cover large (octave) fractional bandwidths for sensitivity and spectral flexibility, which makes the design of good analogue circular polarizers challenging. Better polarization purity requires a flatter phase response over increasingly wide bandwidth, which is most easily achieved with digital techniques. They offer the ability to form circular polarization with perfect polarization purity over arbitrarily wide fractional bandwidths, due to the ease of introducing a perfect quadrature phase shift. Further, the rapid improvements in field programmable gate arrays provide the high processing power, low cost, portability and reconfigurability needed to make practical the implementation of the formation of circular polarization digitally. Aims: Here we explore the performance of a circular polarizer implemented with digital techniques. Methods: We designed a digital circular polarizer in which the intermediate frequency signals from a receiver with native linear polarizations were sampled and converted to circular polarization. The frequency-dependent instrumental phase difference and gain scaling factors were determined using an injected noise signal and applied to the two linear polarizations to equalize the transfer characteristics of the two polarization channels. This equalization was performed in 512 frequency channels over a 512 MHz bandwidth. Circular polarization was formed by quadrature phase shifting and summing the equalized linear polarization signals. Results: We obtained polarization purity of -25 dB corresponding to a D-term of 0.06 over the whole bandwidth. Conclusions: This technique enables construction of broad-band radio astronomy receivers with native linear polarization to form circular polarization for VLBI., Comment: 11 pages 8 figures

Topics of the Colloquium: a) Interplanetary scintillation b) Interstellar scintillation c) Modeling and physical origin of the interplanetary and the interstellar plasma turbulence d) Scintillation as a tool for investigation of radio sources e) Seeing through interplanetary and interstellar turbulent media Ppt-presentations are available on the Web-site: http://www.prao.ru/conf/Colloquium/main.html, Comment: 20 pages, astrophysical conference

RFI mitigation in Radioastronomy can be achieved adopting cryogenic filters in appropriate typologies. A study has been conducted in L, C and X band with the evaluation of the filter architecture in copper, with theoretical estimation, computer simulations, prototypes realization, laboratory measurements. Such work has been preliminary to the realization of HTS samples with the purpose of a similar complete characterization approach., Comment: 2 pages. 1 figure. Proceedings of the 7th European VLBI Network Symposium held in Toledo, Spain on October 12-15, 2004. Editors: R. Bachiller, F. Colomer, J.-F. Desmurs, P. de Vicente (Observatorio Astronomico Nacional), p. 271-272. Needs evn2004.cls

Since 1999 we carried out seven trial VLBI radar experiments under LFVN project. The aim of this work is to adjust new research technique for investigating the Solar system bodies (planets, asteroids, space debris). It is planned to obtain the information on their movement parameters, proper rotation and structure of surface. The transmitter of Evpatoria RT-70 sounded the space objects. Array of Bear Lakes RT-64, Noto RT-32, Urumqi RT-25, Simeiz RT-22 received the echo-signals. The data were processed with NIRFI-3 Mk-2 correlator in N. Novgorod, Russia and NRTV processor in Noto, Italy. The first results of these experiments are presented., Comment: 2 pages. 3 figures. Proceedings of the 7th European VLBI Network Symposium held in Toledo, Spain on October 12-15, 2004. Editors: R. Bachiller, F. Colomer, J.-F. Desmurs, P. de Vicente (Observatorio Astronomico Nacional), p. 329-330. Needs evn2004.cls

This work devotes to investigations of solar corona and solar wind plasma by the method of radio probing with using of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). We performed the theoretical calculation of power spectrum of interferometric response to radio source emission, passed through the turbulent medium. Data of theoretical analysis are compared with results of international VLBI experiments on investigations of solar wind plasma. The observations were realized in 1998, 1999, 2000 with participation of radio telescopes, included at Low Frequency VLBI Network (LFVN): Bear Lakes (RT-64, Russia), Puschino (RT-22, Russia), Urumqi (RT-25, China), Noto (RT-32, Italy), Shanghai (RT-25, China) and others. Preprocessing was carried out with using of S2 correlator at Penticton (Canada). Post processing of experimental data was performed at RRI (Russia) and was aimed to obtain value of solar wind velocity and index of spatial spectrum of electron density fluctuations., Comment: 4 pages. 4 figures. Proceedings of the 7th European VLBI Network Symposium held in Toledo, Spain on October 12-15, 2004. Editors: R. Bachiller, F. Colomer, J.-F. Desmurs, P. de Vicente (Observatorio Astronomico Nacional), p. 333-336. Needs evn2004.cls

In November 1999 we carried out VLBI observations of several quasars and BL Lacertae objects at 1.66 GHz. Six antennas participated in the experiment (Bear Lakes, Svetloe, Pushchino, Noto, HartRAO, and Seshan). The results for six sources (0420+022, 0420-014, 1308+326, 1345+125, 1803+784, and DA193) are presented and discussed., Comment: 2 pages. 2 figures. Proceedings of the 7th European VLBI Network Symposium held in Toledo, Spain on October 12-15, 2004. Editors: R. Bachiller, F. Colomer, J.-F. Desmurs, P. de Vicente (Observatorio Astronomico Nacional), p. 161-162. Needs evn2004.cls

The Noto VLBI station was fully operational in 2012, and the upgrade projects could be restarted, involving mainly the receiver area. Another important improvement was the activation of the 1 Gbps network.