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Background/Objectives : Horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana L.) roots-largely used in traditional medicine for their multiple therapeutic effects-are a rich source of health-promoting phytochemicals. However, their efficacy can be compromised by low chemical stability and poor bioavailability. Incorporation into phospholipid vesicles is often proposed to tackle this problem. Methods : In this study, a hydroalcoholic extract was produced from horseradish roots. The extract was characterized by UPLC-MS and HPLC-PDA and formulated in conventional liposomes and Penetration Enhancer-containing Vesicles (PEVs) for skin application. Results : The obtained nanovesicles were small in size (<100 nm), negatively charged, uni/bilamellar, and with high values of entrapment efficiency (>85%) for the flavonoids identified in the extract. Both the free and the nanoformulated extract showed optimal biocompatibility, measured as the absence of hemolysis of erythrocytes and absence of cytotoxicity in skin cell lines. Furthermore, the nanoformulations displayed antioxidant activity in vitro. Conclusions : The proposed nananoformulations could be exploited to counteract oxidative stress involved in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous skin disorders., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The companies Spinoff TNcKILLERS Srl and KAMABIO Srl have no role or interest in the work.

This review presents the latest research on chromatography-based metabolomics for bioorganic research of honey, considering targeted, suspect, and untargeted metabolomics involving metabolite profiling and metabolite fingerprinting. These approaches give an insight into the metabolic diversity of different honey varieties and reveal different classes of organic compounds in the metabolic profiles, among which, key metabolites such as biomarkers and bioactive compounds can be highlighted. Chromatography-based metabolomics strategies have significantly impacted different aspects of bioorganic research, including primary areas such as botanical origins, honey origin traceability, entomological origins, and honey maturity. Through the use of different tools for complex data analysis, these strategies contribute to the detection, assessment, and/or correlation of different honey parameters and attributes. Bioorganic research is mainly focused on phytochemicals and their transformation, but the chemical changes that can occur during the different stages of honey formation remain a challenge. Furthermore, the latest user- and environmentally friendly sample preparation methods and technologies as well as future perspectives and the role of chromatography-based metabolomic strategies in honey characterization are discussed. The objective of this review is to summarize the latest metabolomics strategies contributing to bioorganic research onf honey, with emphasis on the (i) metabolite analysis by gas and liquid chromatography techniques; (ii) key metabolites in the obtained metabolic profiles; (iii) formation and accumulation of biogenic volatile and non-volatile markers; (iv) sample preparation procedures; (v) data analysis, including software and databases; and (vi) conclusions and future perspectives. For the present review, the literature search strategy was based on the PRISMA guidelines and focused on studies published between 2019 and 2024. This review outlines the importance of metabolomics strategies for potential innovations in characterizing honey and unlocking its full bioorganic potential.

Rosmarinic acid (RA), a polyphenolic compound found in herbs, such as rosemary, basil, and mint, has garnered significant attention due to its potent antioxidant and anticancer properties. This review examined the molecular mechanisms underlying these properties and their potential application in cancer prevention and therapy. It focuses specifically on RA's role in modulating cancer-related pathways and presents a detailed analysis of recent advancements in this area. A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, focusing on studies published between 2019 and 2024. A total of 25 articles providing evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies were selected. These findings elucidate the role of RA in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and preventing metastasis in various types of cancer through diverse mechanisms, including its antioxidant properties. Despite these promising results, RA's bioavailability challenges limit its therapeutic efficacy, underscoring the necessity for improved delivery methods. This review concludes that RA exhibits significant potential as a natural agent for cancer prevention and treatment, although further clinical trials are warranted.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), characterized by insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, requires continuous advancements in management strategies, particularly in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia to prevent complications. Current antidiabetics, which have α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, have side effects, prompting the search for better alternatives. In addition, diabetes patients are particularly vulnerable to yeast infections because an unusual sugar concentration promotes the growth of Candida spp. in areas like the mouth and genitalia. Asphodelus microcarpus contains bioactive flavonoids with potential enzyme inhibitory properties. This study investigates α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and antioxidant and antimycotic capacity of ethanolic extracts from different parts of A. microcarpus . Results show that extracts significantly inhibit α-glucosidase, with the IC 50 value being up to 25 times higher than for acarbose, while exerting low α-amylase activity. The extracts also demonstrated strong antioxidant properties and low cytotoxicity. The presence of phenolic compounds is likely responsible for the observed biological activities. Molecular docking analysis of 11 selected compounds identified emodin and luteolin as significant inhibitors of α-glucosidase. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated significant antibiofilm action against an MDR strain of Candida albicans . These findings suggest that A. microcarpus is a promising source of natural compounds for T2D management.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of different green extraction techniques (GETs) on targeted bioactive compounds from artichoke leaf by-products using deep eutectic solvent extraction (DESE), supercritical CO 2 extraction (SCO 2 E), subcritical water extraction (SWE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Moreover, (HR) LC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS and HPLC-PDA analyses were used to perform qualitative-quantitative analysis on the extracts, enabling the detection of several bioactive compounds, including luteolin, luteolin 7- O -glucoside, luteolin 7- O -rutinoside, apigenin rutinoside, chlorogenic acid, and cynaropicrin as the most representative ones. SWE showed better results than the other GETs (TPC: 23.39 ± 1.87 mg/g of dry plant, dp) and appeared to be the best choice. Regarding UAE, the highest total phenols content (TPC) was obtained with 50:50% v / v ethanol: water (7.22 ± 0.58 mg/g dp). The DES obtained with choline chloride:levulinic acid showed the highest TPC (9.69 ± 0.87 mg/g dp). Meanwhile, SCO 2 E was a selective technique for the recovery of cynaropicrin (48.33 ± 2.42 mg/g dp). Furthermore, the study examined the antioxidant activity (1.10-8.82 mmol Fe 2+ /g dp and 3.37-31.12 mmol TEAC/g dp for DPPH • and FRAP, respectively) and total phenols content via Folin-Ciocalteu's assay (198.32-1433.32 mg GAE/g dp), of which the highest values were detected in the SWE extracts. The relationship among the GETs, antioxidant assays, and compounds detected was evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA confirmed the strong antioxidant activity of SWE and showed comparable extraction yields for the antioxidant compounds between UAE and DESE. Consequently, GETs selection and extraction parameters optimization can be employed to enrich artichoke leaf by-products' extracts with targeted bioactive compounds.

Pain and inflammation are major health issues worldwide, leading to negative consequences. Despite several drugs being available to manage these conditions, their effectiveness can be limited by cost, adverse reactions, and potential tolerance and dependence with long-term use. Euphorbia characias traditionally used in folk medicine for its diverse biological activities - including antiproliferative, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects - has not been extensively studied in vivo for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the water and ethanolic extracts of E. characias flowers (ECAEFl and ECEEFl) were evaluated using various models. Both extracts significantly reduced paw licking time in a formalin-induced paw licking model, with ECAEFl specifically targeting and ECEEFl affecting both the neurogenic and inflammatory phases. Additionally, in the carrageenan-induced cell migration model, both extracts showed a significant decrease in leukocyte migration, protein extravasation and nitric oxide levels, further demostrating their anti-inflammatory activity. High-Resolution HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS-MS and HPLC-PDA analysis characterized the chemical composition of the extracts, identifying a significant presence of phenolic compounds, particularly quercetin and its derivatives, which likely contribute to the observed biological activities. These findings highlight the potential of E. characias extracts as natural sources of compounds with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore their therapeutic potential in pain and inflammation-related disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Saffron ( Crocus sativus ) floral by-products are a source of phenolic compounds that can be recovered and used in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic industries. This study aimed to evaluate the phenolic compounds' extraction using green extraction techniques (GETs) in saffron floral by-products and to explore the influence of selected extraction techniques on the phytochemical composition of the extracts. Specifically, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), and deep eutectic solvents extraction (DESE) were used. Phenolic compounds were identified with (HR) LC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS analysis, and the quantitative analysis was performed with HPLC-PDA. Concerning the extraction techniques, UAE showed the highest amount for both anthocyanins and flavonoids with 50:50% v / v ethanol/water as solvent (93.43 ± 4.67 mg/g of dry plant, dp). Among SWE, extraction with 96% ethanol and t = 125 °C gave the best quantitative results. The 16 different solvent mixtures used for the DESE showed the highest amount of flavonoids (110.95 ± 5.55-73.25 ± 3.66 mg/g dp), while anthocyanins were better extracted with choline chloride:butane-1,4-diol (16.0 ± 0.80 mg/g dp). Consequently, GETs can be employed to extract the bioactive compounds from saffron floral by-products, implementing recycling and reduction of waste and fitting into the broader circular economy discussion.

Essential oils are well known for their biological properties, making them useful for the treatment of various diseases. However, because of their poor stability and high volatility, their potential cannot be fully exploited. The use of nanoformulations to deliver essential oils can solve these critical issues and amplify their biological activities. We characterized an essential oil from Satureja thymbra via GC-MS and HPLC-DAD to provide qualitative and quantitative data. The essential oil was formulated in phospholipid vesicles which were characterized for size, surface charge, and storage stability. The entrapment efficiency was evaluated as the quantification of the major monoterpenoid phenols via HPLC-DAD. The morphological characterization of the vesicles was carried out via cryo-TEM and SAXS analyses. The essential oil's antioxidant potential was assayed via two colorimetric tests (DPPH • and FRAP) and its cytocompatibility was evaluated in HaCaT skin cell cultures. The results showed that the nanoformulations developed for the loading of S. thymbra essential oil were below 100 nm in size, predominantly unilamellar, stable in storage, and had high entrapment efficiencies. The vesicles also displayed antioxidant properties and high cytocompatibility. These promising findings pave the way for further investigation of the therapeutic potential of S. thymbra nanoformulations upon skin application.

Thymol, a plant-derived monoterpene phenol known for its broad biological activity, has often been incorporated into chitosan-based biomaterials to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature review from 2018 to 2023, focusing on the biomedical implications of thymol-loaded chitosan systems. A review of databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted using specific keywords and search criteria. Of the 90 articles, 12 were selected for the review. Thymol-loaded chitosan-based nanogels (TLCBS) showed improved antimicrobial properties, especially against multidrug-resistant bacterial antagonists. Innovations such as bipolymer nanocarriers and thymol impregnated with photosensitive chitosan micelles offer advanced bactericidal strategies and show potential for bone tissue regeneration and wound healing. The incorporation of thymol also improved drug delivery efficiency and biomechanical strength, especially when combined with poly(dimethylsiloxane) in chitosan-gelatin films. Thymol-chitosan combinations have also shown promising applications in oral delivery and periodontal treatment. This review highlights the synergy between thymol and chitosan in these products, which greatly enhances their therapeutic efficacy and highlights the novel use of essential oil components. It also highlights the novelty of the studies conducted, as well as their limitations and possible directions for the development of integrated substances of plant and animal origin in modern and advanced medical applications.

Due to the increasing use of Physalis alkekengi L. as a food supplement and starting material for tea preparation, a comprehensive analysis of green extracts was performed. Two different extraction methods were applied to yellow Physalis alkekengi L. fruit and calyx and compared: hydroalcoholic extraction and decoction. Characterization of the metabolome of the calyx and fruit of yellow Physalis alkekengi L. was performed by LC-ESI/LTQOrbitrap/MS followed by LC-ESI/LTQOrbitrap/MS/MS to identify 58 phytocompounds using the two different extraction techniques. Subsequently, through preliminary spectrophotometric assays followed by cell studies, the antioxidant activity of the different Physalis alkekengi L. extracts were evaluated. It was found that Physalis alkekengi L. extracts are a good source of metabolites such as flavonoids, organic acids, phenylpropanoids, physalins and carotenoids, with various biological activities, in particular, antioxidant activity capable of reducing the production of free radicals in intestinal Caco-2 cells. For the first time, an integrated approach (metabolomics approach and antioxidant evaluation) was applied to the study of Physalis alkekengi green extracts and decoctions, the green extraction method mostly used in herbal preparations. An interesting finding was the high antioxidant activity shown by these extracts.

Smoothies are becoming an increasingly popular product as a healthy alternative to snacks. The consumer expects from this product that, apart from its nutritional value, it will also be qualitatively stable during storage. Therefore, in this study, original smoothies obtained with persimmon fruit puree and apple juice (Dk/Md) enriched with Arbutus unedo fruits, Myrtus communis purple berry extract, Acca sellowiana , and Crocus sativus petal juice were evaluated for their polyphenol composition, antioxidant activity, and inhibition on targeted digestive enzymes, over six months of storage. The amount of polyphenols evaluated by UPLC-PDA analysis decreased in six months from 23.5% for both Dk/Md and enriched C. sativus smoothies to 42.5% for enriched A. sellowiana , with anthocyanins the most sensitive compounds (71.7-100% loss). Values of antioxidant assays generally strongly decreased during the first three months (up to ca. 60%) and to a lesser extent in the following three months (0.4-27%). In addition, inhibitory activity on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase, especially on the last two enzymes, was negatively affected by time storage. The outcome of this study indicates that persimmon fruit is a good option for producing smoothies, and enrichment with other plant extracts can enhance the bioactive compound content and biological activities. It is recommended that appropriate storage strategies to preserve the properties of those smoothies should be developed.

The formulation of plant extracts in phospholipid vesicles is a promising strategy to exploit their biological properties while solving problems related to poor solubility in water, high instability, and low skin permeation and retention time. In this study, Ceratonia siliqua ripe pods were used for the preparation of a hydro-ethanolic extract, which showed antioxidant properties owing to the presence of biologically active compounds identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (e.g., hydroxybenzoic acid and flavonoid derivatives). To improve the applicability of the extract in therapy, a topical formulation based on liposomes was explored. The vesicles were characterized by small size (around 100 nm), negative charge (-13 mV), and high entrapment efficiency (>90%). Furthermore, they displayed both spherical and elongated shapes, with oligolamellar structure. Their biocompatibility was demonstrated in cells, including erythrocytes and representative skin cell lines. The antioxidant activity of the extract was proved by the scavenging of free radicals, the reduction of ferric ions, and the protection of skin cells from oxidative damage.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of four green extraction techniques (ultrasound-assisted extraction, UAE; supercritical fluid extraction, SFE; subcritical water extraction, SWE; and extraction using deep eutectic solvents, DES) on the extraction of targeted flavonoids from edible feijoa flowers. The bioactive components in the obtained extracts were quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC-PDA). Moreover, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity by DPPH • , ABTS •+ , FRAP, and CUPRAC assays were investigated. UAE generally gave the highest yields for isoquercitrin and quercetin content (18.36-25.33 and 10.86-16.13 µg/g), while DES extraction with choline chloride:lactic acid (1:2) and H 2 O content of 50% gave the highest yield of chrysanthemin (90.81 µg/g). The highest yield of flavone (12.69 mg/g) was obtained with supercritical CO 2 at 300 bar. Finally, UAE gave the highest total polyphenol content (ca. 64 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity at 70 °C during 30 min with 40% (0.84 mmol TEAC/g and 2.25 mmol Fe 2+ /g, for ABTS •+ and CUPRAC, respectively) and 60% ethanol-water solution (0.49 mmol TEAC/g and 2.09 mmol Fe 2+ /g, for DPPH • and FRAP, respectively). The eco-friendly extraction techniques resulted in selective methods capable of extracting targeted bioactive compounds from edible feijoa flowers.

Plant-derived products have been used for preventive and curative purposes from the ancient era to the present day. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of either multicomponent-based extracts, enriched fractions, or isolated bioactives. However, they often display low solubility and bioavailability, chemical instability, poor absorption, and even toxicity, which restrict application in therapy. The use of drug delivery systems, especially nanocarriers, can overcome these physicochemical and pharmacokinetic limitations. In this study, an extract from Onopordum illyricum leaves was produced by maceration in 80% ethanol, characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and formulated in phospholipid vesicles with the aim of exploiting and possibly enhancing its bioactivity for skin delivery. The results showed that phenolic compounds were abundantly present in the extract, especially hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonol derivatives. The extract-loaded vesicles showed small size (<100 nm), high entrapment efficiency (even >90% for most phenolic compounds), and good long-term stability. Moreover, the extract-loaded vesicles exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by colorimetric assays and by enhanced reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cultured skin cells. Hence, our findings support the key role of nanotechnological approaches to promote the potential of plant extracts and strengthen their application in therapy.

In this study, original smoothies obtained with strawberry tree fruit puree and apple juice enriched with Diospyros kaki fruits, Myrtus communis purple berry extract, Acca sellowiana , and Crocus sativus petal juice were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and inhibition of targeted digestive enzymes. Values of CUPRAC, FRAP, ORAC, DPPH • , and ABTS •+ assays generally increased with plant enrichment, particularly for A. sellowiana addition (ABTS •+ 2.51 ± 0.01 mmol Trolox/100 g fw). The same trend was observed regarding the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) tested in Caco-2 cell cultures. Inhibitory activity on α-amylase and α-glucosidase was increased by D. kaki , M. communis , and A. sellowiana . Total polyphenols evaluated by UPLC-PDA analysis ranged between 535.75 ± 3.11 and 635.96 ± 5.21 mg/100 g fw, and A. sellowiana provided the higher amount. Flavan-3-ols accounted for more than 70% of phenolic compounds, and only smoothies enriched with C. sativus showed a high amount of anthocyanins (25.12 ± 0.18 mg/100 g fw). The outcome of this study indicates these original smoothies as a possible ally in counteracting oxidative stress, as established by their favourable antioxidant compound profile, thus suggesting an interesting future application as nutraceuticals.

The nanoformulation of plant extracts in phospholipid vesicles is a promising strategy to exploit the biological properties of natural bioactive substances and overcome drawbacks such as poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, low skin permeation and retention time, which strongly limit their topical application. In this study, Prunus spinosa berries were used for the preparation of a hydro-ethanolic extract, which showed antioxidant and antibacterial properties owing to the presence of phenolic compounds. Two types of phospholipid vesicles were developed to improve the applicability as topical formulations. Liposomes and Penetration Enhancer-containing Vesicles were characterized for mean diameter, polydispersity, surface charge, shape, lamellarity, and entrapment efficiency. Additionally, their safety was assayed with different cell models, including erythrocytes and representative skin cell lines.

The phenolic composition of Syrah and Chardonnay grape pomaces was studied to assess their antioxidant and prooxidant properties. Polyphenols were extracted by a "green" hydroalcoholic solvent (ethanol/water 1:1 v / v ), and a detailed chemical and electrochemical characterization of the phenolic compounds was performed. The antioxidant and prooxidant capacity of the pomace was first studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and other reference analytical assays, then with biological tests on B16F10 metastatic melanoma cancer cells. Electrochemical data showed that, when a +0.5 V potential was applied, a low to moderate antioxidant capacity was observed. MTT test showed an increasing viability of melanoma cells, after treatments at low concentration (up to 100 μg/mL) and for a short time (6 h), but when cells were treated with higher doses of extract (≥250 μg/mL for 12/24 h), their viability decreased from 25 to 50% vs. control, depending on treatment time, dose, and extract origin. A stronger prooxidant activity resulted when 250 μg/mL of extract was combined with non-toxic doses of H 2 O 2 ; this activity was correlated with the presence of copper in the extracts. This study shows the potential of winemaking by-products and suggests the opportunity to exploit them for the production of cosmeceuticals, or for combined therapies with approved anticancer drugs.

Using a multi-analytical approach, this paper aimed to investigate the effect of apple juice enrichment with Arbutus unedo and Diospyros kaki fruits, Myrtus communis berry extract, Acca sellowiana, or Crocus sativus flower by-products on both bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity. Physico-chemical parameters, vitamin C, sugars, organic acids, total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and sensory attributes were evaluated. An LC-PDA/MS QTof analysis allowed for the identification of 80 different phenolic compounds. The highest polyphenol content (179.84 and 194.06 mg of GAE/100 g fw) and antioxidant activity (CUPRAC, 6.01 and 7.04 mmol of Fe 2+ /100 g fw) were observed in products with added A. sellowiana and D. kaki , respectively. Furthermore, the study showed a positive correlation between polymeric procyanidins and antioxidant activity (0.7646-0.8539). The addition of A. unedo fruits had a positively significant influence on the increment of vitamin C (23.68 ± 0.23 mg/100 g fw). The obtained products were attractive to consumers, especially those with 0.1% C. sativus flower juice, M. communis berry extract, and persimmon D. kaki fruits. The synergy among the different analytical techniques allowed us to obtain a complete set of information, demonstrating that the new apple smoothies were enriched in both different beneficial molecules for human health and in antioxidant activity.

Various mint taxa are widely cultivated and are used not only for medicinal purposes but also in cosmetic and industrial applications. The development of new varieties or cultivars of mint generates difficulties in their correct identification and safe use. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the leaves of seven different taxa of the genus Mentha obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed. Comparative GC-MS analysis of the obtained extracts showed similarity in the major compounds. PCA data allowed the separation of two groups of chemotypes among the analyzed mints, characterized by the abundance of piperitenone oxide and carvone. Two out of seven analyzed taxa were not previously examined for VOC profile, one was examined only for patent application purposes, and six out of seven were investigated for the first time using the HS-SPME technique. The presented analysis provides new data on the abundance and qualitative characterization of VOCs in the studied mint plants and on the safety of their use, related to the possibility of the presence of potentially toxic components. HS-SPME is a valuable method to extend the characterization of the VOC profile obtained by hydrodistillation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Plant extracts have long served as important sources of bioactive compounds, and they are currently the focus of extensive research in the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. However, their health benefits are often limited by low bioavailability. Nanoparticle delivery systems can represent a solution to such limitations. Euphorbia characias is a Mediterranean shrub known to have biological activities, such as inhibiting tyrosinase and showing a potential role as a skin-whitening agent. In this study, an ethanolic extract from E. characias leaves was tested for its inhibitory activity on skin-related enzymes, such as elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase, and for sun protection factors. Moreover, the extract was formulated in phospholipid vesicles to improve its local bioavailability and applicability. The vesicles were characterized by size, surface charge, storage stability, and entrapment efficiency. The nanoformulation was also evaluated for antioxidant activity and assayed for cytocompatibility and anti-tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells. Our findings demonstrated that the extract has a photo-protective effect and enzyme-inhibitory properties. E. characias nanoformulation was also cytocompatible and improved the extract's activity in the cells, suggesting a potential skin application for antimelanogenic treatments and confirming the key role of nanotechnological approaches to maximize plant extract's potentialities.

Many substances in plant extracts are known for their biological activities. These substances act in different ways, exerting overall protective effects against many diseases, especially skin disorders. However, plant extracts' health benefits are often limited by low bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, drug delivery systems can be employed. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant power of an ethanolic extract from Myrtus communis L. (myrtle) berries through colorimetric tests (DPPH and FRAP). The antioxidant activity was also verified by using fibroblast cell culture through cellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels measurements. Moreover, the myrtle extract was formulated in phospholipid vesicles to improve its bioavailability and applicability. Myrtle liposomes were characterized by size, surface charge, storage stability, and entrapment efficiency; visualized by using cryo-TEM images; and assayed for cytocompatibility and anti-ROS activity. Our results suggest that myrtle liposomes were cytocompatible and improved the extract's antioxidant power in fibroblasts, suggesting a potential skin application for these formulations and confirming that nanotechnologies could be a valid tool to enhance plant extracts' potentialities.

The extract of Teucrium marum L. (Lamiaceae) was obtained using the aerial parts of the plant, by means of a maceration process. Verbascoside, caffeic acids derivatives and flavonols were the main components contained in the extract as detected using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) as an analytical method. The extract was successfully incorporated into hyalurosomes, which were further enriched by adding a water cosolvent (glycerol) and a surfactant (Tween 80), thus obtaining glycerohyalurosomes. Liposomes, transfersomes and glycerosomes were prepared as well and used as comparisons. All vesicles were small, as the mean diameter was never higher than ~115 nm, thus ideal for topical application and stable on storage, probably thanks to the highly negative surface charge of the vesicles (~-33 mV). The cryo-TEM images confirmed the formation of close-packed, oligolamellar and multicompartment hyalurosomes and glycerohyalurosomes in which around 95% of the used extract was retained, confirming their ability to simultaneously load a wide range of molecules having different chemical natures. Moreover, the extract, when loaded in hyalurosomes and glycerohyalurosomes was able to counteract the damages induced in the fibroblasts by hydrogen peroxide to a better extent (viability~110%) than that loaded in the other vesicles (viability~100%), and effectively promoted their proliferation and migration ensuring the healing of the wound performed in a cell monolayer (scratch assay) during 48 h of experiment. Overall in vitro results confirmed the potential of glycerohyalurosomes as delivery systems for T. marum extract for the treatment of skin lesions connected with oxidative stress.

This study aimed to assess and correlate the phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts of the stems, roots, flowers, and leaves of Echinops spinosus L. from north-eastern Algeria. Qualitative analysis was performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR) LC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS and (HR) LC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS). Forty-five compounds were identified in the methanol extracts; some are described for the first time in E. spinosus. Targeted phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC-DAD and it was shown that caffeoyl quinic derivatives were the most abundant compounds. Chemometric analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on the qualitative and quantitative LC data. The score plot discriminates different Echinopsis spinosus organs into three distinct clusters, with the stems and flowers allocated in the same cluster, reflecting their resemblance in their secondary metabolites. The antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts were assessed using cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant assay (FRAP), diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical-scavenging capacity assay (DPPH ● ), and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS ● + ). The root extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, evidenced by 3.26 and 1.61 mmol Fe 2+ /g dried residue for CUPRAC and FRAP, respectively, and great free radical-scavenging activities estimated by 0.53 and 0.82 mmol TEAC/g dried residue for DPPH ● and ABTS ● + , respectively. The methanol extract of the roots demonstrated a significant level of total phenolics (TP: 125.16 mg GAE/g dried residue) and flavonoids (TFI: 25.40 QE/g dried residue TFII: 140 CE/g dried residue). Molecular docking revealed that tricaffeoyl-altraric acid and dicaffeoyl-altraric acid exhibited the best fit within the active sites of NADPH oxidase (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MP). From ADME/TOPAKT analyses, it can be concluded that tricaffeoyl-altraric acid and dicaffeoyl-altraric acid also revealed reasonable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics with a significant safety profile.

Strawberry tree honey is a high-value honey from the Mediterranean area and it is characterised by a typical bitter taste. To possibly identify the secondary metabolites responsible for the bitter taste, the honey was fractionated on a C18 column and the individual fractions were subjected to sensory analysis and then analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry in negative ion mode, using a mass spectrometer with an electrospray source coupled to a hybrid high resolution mass analyser (LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). A chemometric model obtained by preliminary principal component analysis (PCA) of LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS data allowed the identification of the fractions that caused the perception of bitterness. Subsequently, a partial least squares (PLS) regression model was built. The studies carried out with multivariate analysis showed that unedone (2-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4,4,8-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro [2.5] oct-7-en-6-one) can be considered responsible for the bitter taste of strawberry tree honey. Confirmation of the bitter taste of unedone was obtained by sensory evaluation of a pure standard, allowing it to be added to the list of natural compounds responsible for giving the sensation of bitterness to humans.

Neem oil, a plant-derived product rich in bioactives, has been incorporated in liposomes and hyalurosomes modified by adding argan oil and so called argan-liposomes and argan-hyalurosomes. Argan oil has also been added to the vesicles because of its regenerative and protective effects on skin. In the light of this, vesicles were specifically tailored to protect the skin from oxidative stress and treat lesions. Argan-liposomes were the smallest vesicles (~113 nm); the addition of sodium hyaluronate led to an increase in vesicle size (~143 nm) but it significantly improved vesicle stability during storage. In vitro studies confirmed the free radical scavenging activity of formulations, irrespective of their composition. Moreover, rheological investigation confirmed the higher viscosity of argan-hyalurosomes, which avoid formulation leakage after application. In vitro studies performed by using the most representative cells of the skin (i.e., keratinocytes and fibroblasts) underlined the ability of vesicles, especially argan-liposomes and argan-hyalurosomes, to counteract oxidative stress induced in these cells by using hydrogen peroxide and to improve the proliferation and migration of cells ensuring the more rapid and even complete closure of the wound (scratch assay).

Abstract: The research aimed to evaluate the polyphenolic composition and the antioxidant capacity of edible extracts of feijoa ( Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) flowers. Phenolic compounds of whole feijoa flower (FM), feijoa petals (PM) and feijoa petals juice (PJ) were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet/visible detection. Moreover, the total polyphenol (TP) content was measured spectrophotometrically and the antioxidant capacities of the extracts were evaluated by FRAP, CUPRAC, DPPH · , and ABTS ·+ assays. The FM showed TP content (395.14 ± 7.91 mg GAE/L) higher than PM and PJ, and exhibited better antioxidant capacities. FM extracts were characterized by the high content of anthocyanins (115.3 ± 3.6 mg/L), flavonols (42.9 ± 3.3 mg/L) and the presence of ellagic acid (7.9 ± 0.2 mg/L) and other galloyltannins. In addition, cyanidin-3- O -glucoside and apigenin were detected in all the three extracts. The present study provided an overview on particular bioactive compounds that characterise different parts of edible feijoa flowers. Among the latter, FM proved to be the most suitable for exploitation in the food and health manufactory., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2020.)

Extracts obtained from Pompia intrea (PI), a traditional candied fruit whose main ingredient is the pompia fruit (Citrus monstruosa L.) were evaluated for the first time. Volatile compounds were evaluated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by GC-FID/MS analyses. Polar compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry LC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet/visible detection (LC-DAD). The antioxidant activity of these extracts was tested using the FRAP, CUPRAC, ABTS •+ and DPPH ● assays. Moreover, their ability to protect intestinal cells against lipid peroxidation was studied. The HS-SPME GC-FID/MS confirmed the presence of typical molecules originating from the fruit (mainly terpenes, but particularly limonene). The LC-DAD and LC-ESI-(HR)MS n profiles showed high levels of neohesperidin (45.7 ± 11.1 mg/L) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (40.8 ± 23.5 mg/L). The results showed that the PI extracts contained high levels of total phenols and exhibited considerable antioxidant activity, which was significantly correlated to the presence of specific compounds such as neoeriocitrin and neohesperidin. Furthermore, pretreatments with different concentrations of PI extracts preserved enterocytes from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species, thus counteracting lipid peroxidation. This study suggests that consumption of PI could provide intake of compounds with ascertained biological activity., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We present the analysis of optical spectroscopy fingerprints of three different varieties of Sardinian red wine, Carignano, Cannonau and Monica, belonging to Italian DOC (Controlled Origin Designation) red wines family. We selected 15 commercial wines (five for each variety), produced in the middle and south regions of Sardinia form monovarietal grapes. Despite different grapes, farming and tasting, all the samples share common absorption and fluorescence features. A two steps analysis is applied to achieve good classification of the wines. We recorded typical absorbance spectra with a large absorption below 300 nm and a visible absorption band at about 520 nm. Colour attributes according to chromaticity coordinates were evaluated by means of transmittance data and coupled to wine aging data to achieve classification. Despite similar values of lightness (L*), chroma (C* ab ), and hue angle (h° ab ) for the three varieties, good clustering was gathered for Carignano and Cannonau wines, whilst Monica variety has wide spread chromatic coordinates. UV excited fluorescence spectra display large and composite emission bands from the near UV down to the whole visible range. We performed multivariate analysis in the framework of the principal component analysis of fluorescence spectra coupled with absorption ones being able to achieve good clustering between the three varieties. One anomaly among Cannonau wines is discussed., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Late harvest (LHW) and ice harvest (IHW) Gewürztraminer wine samples from Croatia (Ilok) were investigated. Their technological parameters, chromaticity coordinates, total phenols content, and antioxidant capacity were determined. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural, xanthine, and trans-caftaric acid were analyzed in the samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed isoamyl alcohol as predominant compound (21.25 - 60.30%). Diethyl succinate, 2-phenylethanol, and benzaldehyde were also abundant. Ethyl octanoate (1.48 - 5.70%) and ethyl caprate (0.48 - 4.83%) decreased significantly in LHW, being the lowest in IHW. Two solvents were applied for the samples extraction (solvent A - pentane/diethyl ether 1:2 (v/v) and solvent B - dichloromethane), and the extracts were analyzed by GC/MS. Ethyl hydrogen succinate (solvent A: 27.30 - 52.04%; solvent B: 28.04 - 46.69%) and diethyl succinate (solvent A: 5.21 - 18.2%; solvent B: 2.66 - 7.72%) were predominant in IHW and LHW. Aromatic alcohols were also found: 2-phenylethanol (solvent A: 7.07 - 21.09%; solvent B: 5.50 - 11.82%), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (solvent A: 1.45 - 6.68%; solvent B: 2.47 - 12.16%) and benzyl alcohol (solvent A: 0.10 - 0.77%). The obtained results complement a previous study on IHW (Gewürztraminer) from Croatia providing new features and indicating great chemical diversity among the samples., (© 2018 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Oxidized white wines are produced by techniques that provide a barrel ageing which can range from a few years to some decades. This step, characterized by the metabolic activity of peculiar strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, can affect the chemical composition of these wines and the production of unwanted substances such as biogenic amines. In this study, Vernaccia di Oristano wines from different vintages have been analysed for the first time regarding the content of biogenic amines and amino acids (by HPLC-FLD), and polar compounds (by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS). Furthermore, colour and technological parameters (contents of alcohol, reducing sugars, total and volatile acidities, pH and organic acids) of the wines were also evaluated. Older samples showed dark shades, which may have derived from polyphenols' oxidation while ageing. Some typical ageing products, such as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were found in larger quantities in these samples, as well as the purinic compound xanthine, which was also detected in relevant concentrations. Additionally, as expected, the average of the main biogenic amines quantified in Vernaccia di Oristano was higher compared to non-oxidized white wines, especially in the older samples. Thus, though this content does not exceed values which spoil the quality of the wine, the monitoring of the winemaking conditions is suggested, to further limit the presence of these undesirable compounds., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Lacy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Borkh.) honey composition was screened by UHPLC-DAD-QqTOF-MS. The targeted analysis revealed 6 major nitrogen compounds including aromatic amino acids (tyrosine, phenylalanine), purine derivatives (adenine, xanthine), nucleoside (uridine) and rare non-cyanogenic cyanoglucoside, (-)-5-epi-lithospermoside ((2Z)-2-[(4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxycyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene]acetonitrile). Their identity was confirmed by different analytical tools: HRMS, co-chromatography with standard compound or comprehensive NMR experiments. All the compounds, except amino acids, were reported and determined in honey for the first time. The amount of the compounds was quantified in 16 unifloral phacelia samples: adenine (18.45 ± 4.63 mg/kg), xanthine (10.53 ± 2.98 mg/kg), uridine (42.84 ± 9.26 mg/kg), tyrosine (14.66 ± 10.22 mg/kg), (-)-5-epi-lithospermoside (70.61 ± 31.37 mg/kg) and phenylalanine (20.41 ± 11.99 mg/kg). The (-)-5-epi-lithospermoside content is significantly correlated with P. tanacetifolia pollen percentage (R 2  = 0.5612, p < 0.001) and it is proposed as a potential marker of botanical origin for phacelia honey., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Dietary habits may strongly influence intestinal homeostasis. Oxysterols, the oxidized products of cholesterol present in cholesterol-containing foodstuffs, have been shown to exert pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects, altering intestinal epithelial layer and thus contributing to the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer. Extra virgin olive oil polyphenols possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and concentrate in the intestinal lumen, where may help in preventing intestinal diseases. In the present study we evaluated the ability of an extra virgin olive oil phenolic extract to counteract the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory action of a representative mixture of dietary oxysterols in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) undergoing full differentiation into enterocyte-like cells. Oxysterols treatment significantly altered differentiated Caco-2 cells redox status, leading to oxidant species production and a decrease of GSH levels, after 1 h exposure, followed by an increase of cytokines production, IL-6 and IL-8, after 24 h. Oxysterol cell treatment also induced after 48 h an increase of NO release, due to the induction of iNOS. Pretreatment with the phenolic extract counteracted oxysterols effects, at least in part by modulating one of the main pathways activated in the cellular response to the action of oxysterols, the MAPK-NF-kB pathway. We demonstrated the ability of the phenolic extract to directly modulate p38 and JNK1/2 phosphorylation and activation of NF-kB, following its inhibitor IkB phosphorylation. The phenolic extract also inhibited iNOS induction, keeping NO concentration at the control level. Our results suggest a protective effect at intestinal level of extra virgin olive oil polyphenols, able to prevent or limit redox unbalance and the onset and progression of chronic intestinal inflammation., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Extracts of aerial part of Euphorbia characias were examined to check potential inhibitors for three selected enzymes involved in several metabolic disorders. Water and ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers showed in vitro inhibitory activity toward α -amylase, α -glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase. IC 50 values were calculated for all the extracts and the ethanolic extracts were found to exert the best effect. In particular, for the α -glucosidase activity, the extracts resulted to be 100-fold more active than the standard inhibitor. The inhibition mode was investigated by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis. E. characias extracts display different inhibition behaviors toward the three enzymes acting as uncompetitive, noncompetitive, and mixed-type inhibitors. Moreover, ethanolic extracts of E. characias showed no cytotoxic activity and exhibited antioxidant capacity in a cellular model. The LC-DAD metabolic profile was also performed and it showed that leaves and flowers extracts contain high levels of quercetin derivatives. The results suggest that E. characias could be a promising source of natural inhibitors of the enzymes involved in carbohydrate uptake disorders and oxidative stress.

Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. honey (14 samples) collected in Poland was characterized by melissopalynological analysis, color determination (CIE L*a*b*C ab *h ab ° coordinates) and volatiles (VOCs) composition. VOCs were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME, two fibers) and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (USE, two solvents) and analyzed by GC-MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical-tree clustering (HTC) were applied to show trends and form groups and to indicate the most representative unifloral samples. Six samples were pointed out with average pollen 74.9% and color parameters (L=85.1; a*=-0.8; b*=27.9; C ab *=27.9; h ab *=91.9) that were significantly correlated. High abundance of trans-linalool oxide (27.3-45.9%) that was significantly correlated with the pollen percentages, hexan-1-ol (4.4-5.7%) and lavender lactone (0.8% - 1.5%) were characteristic for their headspace. C 13 -norisoprenoids, mainly (E)-/(Z)-3-oxo-retro-α-ionol (4.7-5.4%; 6.9-9.4%) and vomifoliol (9.0-13.0%) dominated in their USE extracts., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Sardinian honeys obtained from different floral sources (Arbutus, Asphodelus, Eucalyptus, Thistle, and Sulla) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase enzymes and for their antioxidant activity. Physicochemical parameters, total phenolic, and flavonoids content were also determined. Honey from Arbutus flowers had the highest antioxidant activity followed by Eucalyptus and Thistle ones. These three honeys showed good tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition properties. Thus, these Sardinian honeys could have a great potential as antioxidant sources for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications., Competing Interests: Compliance with ethical standardsThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.

GC/MS of headspace solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) and solvent extractives along with targeted HPLC-DAD of Polish fir (Abies alba Mill.) honeydew honey (FHH), were used to determine the chemical profiles and potential markers of botanical origin. Additionally, typical physical-chemical parameters were also assigned. The values determined for FHH were: conductivity (1.2 mS/cm), water content (16.7 g/100 g), pH (4.5), and CIE chromaticity coordinates (L* = 48.4, a* = 20.6, b* = 69.7, C* = 72.9, and h° = 73.5). FHH contained moderate-high total phenolic content (533.2 mg GAE/kg) and antioxidant activity (1.1 mmol TEAC/kg) and (3.2 mmol Fe 2+ /kg) in DPPH and FRAP assays. The chemical profiles were dominated by source plant-originated benzene derivatives: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (up to 8.7 mg/kg, HPLC/honey solution), methyl syringate (up to 14.5%, GC/solvent extracts) or benzaldehyde (up to 43.7%, GC/headspace). Other markers were terpenes including norisoprenoid (4-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-4-(3-oxobut-1-enyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one, up to 20.3%, GC/solvent extracts) and monoterpenes, mainly linalool derivatives (up to 49%, GC/headspace) as well as borneol (up to 5.9%, GC/headspace). The application of various techniques allowed comprehensive characterisation of FHH. 4-Hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-4-(3-oxobut-1-enyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one, coniferyl alcohol, borneol, and benzaldehyde were first time proposed for FHH screening. Protocatechuic acid may be a potential marker of FFH regardless of the geographical origin., (© 2017 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

The aim of the present study is to highlight volatile and targeted non-volatile bioactive compounds in Nuragus wines, as a part of Italian DOC (Controlled Origin Designation) white wines. So far there has not been any systematic study of the chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of this monovarietal wine. Phenolic compounds, volatiles and organic acids were analysed and antioxidant capacity was assessed by spectrophotometric assays. Chromaticity coordinates and technological parameters (alcohol, reducing sugars, pH, total and volatile acidity) were also evaluated. Gallic acid (128±87mg/L), trans-caftaric acid (81±27mg/L) and tyrosol (25±8mg/L) were the most abundant phenolic compounds. The major headspace volatiles were isoamyl alcohol (35.8-76.6%) and 2-phenylethanol (5.9-24.9%). In the wine extracts, the most abundant were 2-phenylethanol (12.3-40.0%), 4-hydroxy-2-phenylethanol (12.5-33.3%), diethyl succinate (5.8-30.3%), (Z)-octadec-9-en-1-ol (5.9-18.3%) and tryptophol (2.8-15.6%). Nuragus wines exhibited an excellent antioxidant capacity. The data obtained may help Nuragus wine producers to promote this monovarietal wine as a valid complement associated with the Mediterranean diet., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and physical-chemical characteristics of commercial white myrtle berry (Myrtus communis L. var. leucocarpa DC) liqueur (WMBL). The total phenolic (TP) content was measured spectrophotometrically, applying a modified Folin-Ciocalteu's method, and phenolic compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry, and quantified by HPLC coupled with ultraviolet/visible detection. The antioxidant capacities were evaluated by FRAP, CUPRAC, DPPH • , and ABTS •+ assays. The volatiles were assessed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS/FID) after headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). WMBL showed lower TP levels (636.3 ± 39.2 mg GAE/L) than in purple myrtle berry liqueur (PMBL). Nevertheless, WMBL exhibited better antioxidant capacities, potentially due to high concentrations of gallic acid (294.2 ± 14.2 mg/L) and its derivatives (58.3 ± 2.1 mg/L). Other phenolic compounds detected by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS were flavonols like myricetin and its derivatives (myricetin-3-O-galactoside and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside) with concentrations similar to those found in PMBL. GC-MS/FID analysis revealed 44 compounds (terpenes, higher aliphatic compounds and shikimic acid pathway derivatives). 1,8-Cineole was the most abundant terpene in the liqueur (26.5% (HS-SPME) and 9.6% (LLE)).

The anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils from Seseli corymbosum subsp. coiymbosum Pall. ex Sm. (SC) and Seseli gummiferum Boiss. & Heldr. subsp. corymbosum (SG) was investigated for the first time on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The main constituents (determined by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses) were germacrene D (54.1%) and sabinene (22.4%) in SG oil and β-phellandrene (29.2%), α-phellandrene (8.2%) and germacrene D (2.5%) in SC oil. SC and SG oils inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production with IC50 values of 56.1 and 108.2 μg/mL, respectively. The oils also inhibited prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with IC50 values of 49.4 μg/mL (SC oil) and 95.5 μg/mL (SG oil). The inhibitory effect of SC and SG oils was accompanied by dose-dependent decreases of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expressions in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The research of the reporter gene assay on nuclear factor KB (NF-KB) showed that SC and SG oils inhibited NF-KB transcriptional activity. The obtained results suggest that SC and SG oils exert the anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by suppressing NF-KB activation.