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Marek Czajkowski,1 Wojciech Jacheć,2 Anna Polewczyk,3,4 Jarosław Kosior,5 Dorota Nowosielecka,6 Łukasz Tułecki,7 Paweł Stefańczyk,6 Andrzej Kutarski8 1Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; 2Department of Cardiology, Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland; 3Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology, Collegium Medicum of Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland; 4Department of Cardiac Surgery, Świętokrzyskie Center of Cardiology, Kielce, Poland; 5Department of Cardiology, Masovian Specialistic Hospital of Radom, Radom, Poland; 6Department of Cardiology, The Pope John Paul II Province Hospital of Zamość, Zamość, Poland; 7Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Pope John Paul II Province Hospital of Zamość, Zamość, Poland; 8Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, PolandCorrespondence: Anna Polewczyk, Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology, Collegium Medicum of Jan Kochanowski University, Aleja IX Wieków Kielc 19A, Kielce, 25-317, Poland, Tel +48600024074, Email annapolewczyk@wp.plBackground: Lead-related venous stenosis/obstruction (LRVSO) may be a major challenge in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) when device upgrade, insertion of central lines, or creation of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis is indicated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent and severity of LRVSO.Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 3002 venograms from patients awaiting transvenous lead extraction (TLE) to assess the occurrence, severity, and extent of LRVSO.Results: Mild LRVSO occurred in 19.9%, moderate in 20.7%, severe in 19.9% and total venous occlusion in 22.5% of the patients. Moderate/sev

Paweł Stefańczyk,1 Dorota Nowosielecka,1 Łukasz Tułecki,2 Konrad Tomków,2 Anna Polewczyk,3,4 Wojciech Jacheć,5 Andrzej Kleinrok,1,6 Wojciech Borzęcki,1 Andrzej Kutarski7 1Department of Cardiology, The Pope John Paul II Province Hospital of Zamość, Zamość, Poland; 2Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Pope John Paul II Province Hospital of Zamość, Zamość, Poland; 3Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Immunology, Collegium Medicum of Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland; 4Department of Cardiac Surgery, Świętokrzyskie Cardiology Center, Kielce, Poland; 5Silesian Medical University, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Zabrze, Poland; 6Medical College, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszów, Poland; 7Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lublin, PolandCorrespondence: Anna PolewczykDepartment of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Immunology, Collegium Medicum of Jan Kochanowski University, 19A, Aleja IX Wieków Kielc Str 25-317, Kielce, PolandTel +48600024074Email annapolewczyk@wp.plBackground: Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) is now a first-line technique for the treatment of complications related to cardiac implantable electronic devices. The aim of the study was to demonstrate that it is possible to safely perform difficult TLE procedures with a maximum reduction of peri-procedural major complications.Methods: A total of 1000 consecutive patients undergoing TLE in a single high-volume center from 2016 to 2019 were studied. All procedures were performed in a hybrid room or operating room by a specialized TLE team. TLE was performed under general anesthesia and monitored by transesophageal echocardiography, and the operating room was suitably equipped for immediate surgical intervention. The effectiveness and safety