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Superhalo electrons appear to be continuously present in the interplanetary medium, even at very quiet times, with a power-law spectrum at energies above $\sim$2 keV. Here we numerically investigate the generation of superhalo electrons by magnetic reconnection in the solar wind source region, using the MHD and test particle simulations for both single X-line reconnection and multiple X-line reconnection. We find that the direct current electric field, produced in the magnetic reconnection region, can accelerate electrons from an initial thermal energy of T $\sim10^5$ K up to hundreds of keV. After acceleration, some of the accelerated electrons, together with the nascent solar wind flow driven by the reconnection, propagate upwards along the newly-opened magnetic field lines into the interplanetary space, while the rest move downwards into the lower atmosphere. Similar to the observed superhalo electrons at 1 AU, the flux of the upward-traveling accelerated electrons versus energy displays a power-law distribution at $\sim$ 2 $-$ 100 keV, $f(E) \sim E^{-\delta}$, with a $\delta$ of $\sim$ 1.5 $-$ 2.4. For single (multiple) X-line reconnection, the spectrum becomes harder (softer) as the anomalous resistivity parameter $\alpha$ (uniform resistivity $\eta$) increases. These modeling results suggest that the acceleration in the solar wind source region may contribute to superhalo electrons.

We study the effects of pressure on the structural, vibrational, and magnetic behavior of cuproscheelite. We performed powder x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy experiments up to 27 GPa as well as ab initio total-energy and lattice-dynamics calculations. Experiments provide evidence that a structural phase transition takes place at 10 GPa from the low-pressure triclinic phase (P-1) to a monoclinic wolframite-type structure (P2/c). Calculations confirmed this finding and indicate that the phase transformation involves a change in the magnetic order. In addition, the equation of state for the triclinic phase is determined: V0 = 132.8(2) A3, B0 = 139 (6) GPa and = 4. Furthermore, experiments under different stress conditions show that non-hydrostatic stresses induce a second phase transition at 17 GPa and reduce the compressibility of CuWO4, B0 = 171(6) GPa. The pressure dependence of all Raman modes of the triclinic and high-pressure phases is also reported and discussed., Comment: 33 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables

The origin of the solar wind is one of the most important unresolved prob- lems in space and solar physics. We report here the first spectroscopic signatures of the nascent fast solar wind on the basis of observations made by the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode in a polar coronal hole, in which patches of blueshift are clearly present on dopplergrams of coronal emission lines with a formation temperature of lg(T/K)=6.0. The corresponding upflow is associated with open field lines in the coronal hole, and seems to start in the solar transition region and becomes more prominent with increasing temperature. This temperature-dependent plasma outflow is interpreted as evidence of the nascent fast solar wind in the polar coronal hole. The patches with significant upflows are still isolated in the upper transition region but merge in the corona, in agreement with the scenario of solar wind outflow being guided by expanding magnetic funnels., Comment: 5 figures, accepted by ApJ Letters

We investigate the physical meaning of the prominent blue shifts of Ne VIII, which is observed to be associated with quiet-Sun network junctions (boundary intersections), through data analyses combining force-free-field extrapolations with EUV spectroscopic observations. For a middle-latitude region, we reconstruct the magnetic funnel structure in a sub-region showing faint emission in EIT-Fe 195. This funnel appears to consist of several smaller funnels that originate from network lanes, expand with height and finally merge into a single wide open-field region. However, the large blue shifts of Ne VIII are generally not associated with open fields, but seem to be associated with the legs of closed magnetic loops. Moreover, in most cases significant upflows are found in both of the funnel-shaped loop legs. These quasi-steady upflows are regarded as signatures of mass supply to the coronal loops rather than the solar wind. Our observational result also reveals that in many cases the upflows in the upper transition region (TR) and the downflows in the middle TR are not fully cospatial. Based on these new observational results, we suggest different TR structures in coronal holes and in the quiet Sun., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, will appear in the Proceedings of the Solar wind 12 conference

We study the emission heights of the coronal bright points (BPs) above the photosphere in the bipolar magnetic loops that are apparently associated with them. As BPs are seen in projection against the disk their true emission heights are unknown. The correlation of the BP locations on the Fe XII radiance map from EIT with the magnetic field features (in particular neutral lines) was investigated in detail. The coronal magnetic field was determined by an extrapolation of the photospheric field to different altitudes above the disk. It was found that most BPs sit on or near a photospheric neutral line, but that the emission occurs at a height of about 5 Mm. Some BPs, while being seen in projection, still seem to coincide with neutral lines, although their emission takes place at heights of more than 10 Mm. Such coincidences almost disappear for emissions above 20 Mm. We also projected the upper segments of the 3-D magnetic field lines above different heights, respectively, on to the x-y plane. The shape of each BP was compared with the respective field-line segment nearby. This comparison suggests that most coronal BPs are actually located on the top of their associated magnetic loops. Finally, we calculated for each selected BP region the correlation coefficient between the Fe XII intensity enhancement and the horizontal component of the extrapolated magnetic field vector at the same x-y position in planes of different heights, respectively. We found that for almost all the BP regions we studied the correlation coefficient, with increasing height, increases to a maximal value and then decreases again. The height corresponding to this maximum was defined as the correlation height, which for most bright points was found to range below 20 Mm., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

The radiance and Doppler-shift distributions across the solar network provide observational constraints of two-dimensional modeling of transition-region emission and flows in coronal funnels. Two different methods, dispersion plots and average-profile studies, were applied to investigate these distributions. In the dispersion plots, we divided the entire scanned region into a bright and a dark part according to an image of Fe xii; we plotted intensities and Doppler shifts in each bin as determined according to a filtered intensity of Si ii. We also studied the difference in height variations of the magnetic field as extrapolated from the MDI magnetogram, in and outside network. For the average-profile study, we selected 74 individual cases and derived the average profiles of intensities and Doppler shifts across the network. The dispersion plots reveal that the intensities of Si ii and C iv increase from network boundary to network center in both parts. However, the intensity of Ne viii shows different trends, namely increasing in the bright part and decreasing in the dark part. In both parts, the Doppler shift of C iv increases steadily from internetwork to network center. The average-profile study reveals that the intensities of the three lines all decline from the network center to internetwork region. The binned intensities of Si ii and Ne viii have a good correlation. We also find that the large blue shift of Ne viii does not coincide with large red shift of C iv. Our results suggest that the network structure is still prominent at the layer where Ne viii is formed in the quiet Sun, and that the magnetic structures expand more strongly in the dark part than in the bright part of this quiet Sun region., Comment: 10 pages,9 figures

We study the height variations of the sizes of chromospheric and transition-region features in a small coronal hole and the adjacent quiet Sun, considering images of the intensity, Doppler shift, and non-thermal motion of ultraviolet emission lines as measured by SUMER, together with the magnetic field as obtained by extrapolation from photospheric magnetograms. In order to estimate the characteristic sizes of the different features present in the chromosphere and transition region, we have calculated the autocorrelation function for the images as well as the corresponding extrapolated magnetic field at different heights. The HWHM of the autocorrelation function is considered to be the characteristic size of the feature shown in the corresponding image. Our results indicate that, in both the coronal hole and quiet Sun, the HWHM of the intensity image is larger than that of the images of Doppler-shift and non-thermal width at any given altitude. The HWHM of the intensity image is smaller in the chromosphere than in the TR, where the sizes of intensity features of lines at different temperatures are almost the same. But in the upper part of the transition region, the intensity size increases more strongly with temperature in the coronal hole than in the quiet Sun. We also studied the height variations of the HWHM of the magnetic field magnitude B and its component |Bz|, and found they are equal to each other at a certain height below 40 Mm in the coronal hole. The height variations of the HWHM of |Bz/B| seem to be consistent with the temperature variations of the intensity size. Our results suggest that coronal loops are much lower, and magnetic structures expand through the upper TR and lower corona much more strongly with height in the coronal hole than in the quiet Sun., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Aims. The physical implication of large blue shift of Ne viii in the quiet Sun region is investigated in this paper. Methods. We compare the significant Ne viii blue shifts, which are visible as large blue patches on the Doppler-shift map of a middlelatitude quiet-Sun region observed by SUMER, with the coronal magnetic-field structures as reconstructed from a simultaneous photospheric magnetogram by means of a force-free-field extrapolation. Results. We show for the first time that coronal funnels also exist in the quiet Sun. The region studied contains several small funnels that originate from network lanes, expand with height and finally merge into a single wide open-field region. However, the large blue shifts of the Ne viii line are not generally associated with funnels. A comparison between the projections of coronal loops onto the solar x-y-plane and the Ne viii dopplergram indicates that there are some loops that reveal large Ne viii blue shifts in both legs, and some loops with upflow in one and downflow in the other leg. Conclusions. Our results suggest that strong plasma outflow, which can be traced by large Ne viii blue shift, is not necessarily associated with the solar wind originating in coronal funnels but appears to be a signature of mass supply to coronal loops. Under the assumption that the measured Doppler shift of the Ne viii line represents the real outflow velocity of the neon ions being markers of the proton flow, we estimate the mass supply rate to coronal loops to be about 10\^{34} s\^{-1}., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

Room-temperature Raman scattering was measured in ZnWO4 up to 45 GPa. We report the pressure dependence of all the Raman-active phonons of the low-pressure wolframite phase. As pressure increases new Raman peaks appear at 30.6 GPa due to the onset of a reversible structural phase transition to a distorted monoclinic b-fergusonite-type phase. The low- and high-pressure phases coexist from 30.6 GPa to 36.5 GPa. In addition to the Raman measurements we also report ab initio total-energy and lattice-dynamics calculations for the two phases. These calculations helped us to determine the crystalline structure of the high-pressure phase and to assign the observed Raman modes in both the wolframite and b-fergusonite phases. Based upon the ab initio calculations we propose the occurrence of a second phase transition at 57.6 GPa from the b-fergusonite phase to an orthorhombic Cmca phase. The pressure evolution of the lattice parameters and the atomic positions of wolframite ZnWO4 are also theoretically calculated and an equation of state reported., Comment: 38 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables