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Chiral ionic liquids, starting from (S)-proline, have been prepared and evaluated the ability of a chiral catalyst. In Michael reaction of trans-β-nitrostyrene and cyclohexanone, all the reactions were carried out under homogeneous conditions without any solvent except for excess cyclohexanone. The chiral ionic liquid catalyst with the positive charge delocalized bulky pyrrolidinium cation shows excellent yields (up to 92%), diastereoselectivities (syn/anti = 96/4), and enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee) and could be reused at least three times without any loss of its catalytic activity. Such results demonstrated a promising new approach for green and economic chiral synthesis by using the chiral ionic liquids as a chiral catalyst and a chiral medium.

Architecture generally has been considered as a resulted formation with various functions. For further understanding, the architecture has been suggested to be realized as media to support the operation of human body, human mind and human society in this paper. Basic consideration of media developed in the autopoietic social system theory by Niklas Luhmann has been introduced and compared with five viewpoints of architectural value judgments. It is concluded that a following kind of fields, material space, functional spaces, imaginal spaces, specialized areas, meaningful places can produce the value of architecture by media-effects.

Quantitative process management (QPM) and causal analysis and resolution (CAR) are requirements of capability maturity model (CMM) levels 4 and 5, respectively. They indicate the necessity of process improvement based on objective evidence obtained from statistical analysis of metrics. However, it is difficult to achieve these requirements in practice, and only a few companies have done so successfully. Evidence-based risk-management methods have been proposed for the control of software processes, but are not fully appreciated, compared to clinical practice in medicine. Furthermore, there is no convincing answer as to why these methods are difficult to incorporate in software processes, despite the fact that they are well established in some business enterprises and industries. In this article, we challenge this issue, point out a problem peculiar to software processes, and develop a generally applicable method for identifying the risk of failure for a project in its early stages. The proposed method is based on statistical analyses of process measurements collected continuously throughout a project by a risk assessment and tracking system (RATS). Although this method may be directly applicable to only a limited number of process types, the fundamental idea might be useful for a broader range of applications., Software Quality Journal, 16(3), pp.361-376; 2008

一般廃棄物の陸上埋立処分で有効な浸出水循環式の準好気性埋立システムを, 産業廃棄物の海面埋立処分に応用するため, モデルプラントを用いた実証実験を行った。浸出水を循環させ準好気―嫌気構造を作ることで, 流出水量を8.5～22.4%削減できるばかりでなく, CODや全有機炭素, 全窒素の濃度をそれぞれ83.4～85.4%, 61.7～67.7%, 71.7～75.2%減少させ, 流出量を71.8～80.2%, 52.2～91.7%, 74.4～76.5%削減でき, 浸出水処理を行う場合に望ましくない処理原水の急激な水質の変化をも防止することができた。また, 本システムは, アンモニウム化合物や硫化物等の悪臭原因物質, および重金属類や全有機ハロゲン化合物等の有害物質に対しても削減効果が認められた。

We investigated 160 kinds of pesticide residues in 715 samples of 116 kinds of foods distributed in Kitakyushu city. Sixty kinds of pesticides were detected in 55 kinds of foods (204 samples) in the range of 0.002-22 mg/kg. Five kinds of pesticides in 7 samples violated the residue standards and the indication of "unused". The detection ratios of unregulated pesticide in domestic and imported foods were 27.8 and 33.0%, respectively. Iprodione, dicofol, diethofencarb, procymidone and chlorfenapyr (for domestic food) and total bromine, benomyl, chlorpyrifos, dicofol, fenvalerate, cypermethrin and dimethoate (for imported food) showed relatively high detection ratios. Chinese cabbage, garland chrysanthemum, tomatoes and green teas (domestic) and broccoli, bananas, grapefruit, lemons, oranges, frozen edamame and frozen kidney beans (imported) showed high relative pesticide detection ratios. Residual pesticides were detected with relatively high frequency in imported fruits, imported frozen foods and imported processed foods.

The most important part in the tubing construction of the ultraclean gas delivery system is the automatic butt welding technology. The welding process, in which metal needs to be turned into a molten state to be welded, always causes the generation of metal fumes. Manganese (Mn) is easier to evaporate and redeposit in the vicinity of the weld bead during the welding process because the vapor pressure of Mn is higher than that of other metal elements composed of stainless steel. It is revealed that the redeposited Mn is a trigger for the corrosion for a corrosive gas delivery system. The postwelding ultrapure water rinse has a good effect on removing the redeposited metals on the stainless steel surface. In an attempt to further suppress metal fumes generated during the welding process, the high-speed single-path narrow bead welding process is newly established. Its technique is characterized by a welding speed of 30 rpm, single path, and a bead width of 1 mm. Moreover, in order to reduce the generation of Mn fumes, the high quality material which reduces the Mn content in the base metal from the conventional 0.65% down to 0.01% is introduced and evaluated. As a result, the quantity of redeposited Mn on the downstream location of the weld bead is reduced to less than 1/3300 as a compared to that of the conventional welding technique (7.5 rpm x 2 paths, bead width 2 mm). Therefore, the corrosion resistance around the weld bead is greatly enhanced in comparison with the conventional welding method.

Anisotropic thermoelectric characteristics of a sintered Bi2Te3 system have been evaluated on the basis of the orientation distribution of crystallites. Uniaxially anisotropic resistivities, Hall coefficients, and thermal conductivities of sintered Bi2Te3 were expressed by linear combinations of those of single crystal. The combination coefficients are specified by an anisotropy parameter that may be estimated by the anisotropy in the observed resistivities. Two types of x‐ray diffraction experiments were performed to confirm the validity of the estimate. The observed diffraction intensities were reasonably consistent with the orientation distribution predicted by the anisotropy parameter. Theoretical curves of resistivities, Hall coefficients, and thermal conductivities of the sintered material were calculated by using the orientation distribution which was specified by a parameter estimated by the observed resistivities. The theoretical curves were in reasonable agreement with the observed data.

A calculational model is proposed to analyze the anisotropic galvanomagnetism of sintered Bi2Te3 on the basis of the orientation distribution function method. The orientation distribution of crystallites in a specimen is expressed by a distribution function of the Eulerian angle that represents the rotation of the crystallites distributed in the specimen. The distribution can be specified by a single rotation parameter because of the uniaxial anisotropy of Bi2Te3. The rotation parameter can be expressed as the angular width of the distribution by introducing the approximation that the distribution function is a Gaussian function of the tilting angle of the c axis with respect to the pressing direction of the specimen. Resistivity and Hall tensors of sintered specimens are calculated by this method to evaluate the angular width of the distribution. Theoretical curves are calculated from the data of a corresponding single crystal by estimating the distribution parameters. The theoretical curves are in reasonable agreement with the observed data.

A single crystal of ${\mathrm{CrSi}}_{2}$ was grown by a modified floating-zone refining technique, and its magnetic susceptibilities and Hall coefficients in the directions of both the a and c axes were measured over a temperature range from room temperature to 1000 K. The susceptibilities were constantly negative over the temperature range and possessed a minimum value at 770 K. The temperature dependence of the hole concentration estimated from observed data of the Hall measurement suggested that above 770 K the susceptibility is primarily dominated by the contribution from charge carriers. The chemical composition of the crystal was estimated at ${\mathrm{CrSi}}_{1.985}$ by quantitative chemical analysis. A theoretical curve of susceptibility was calculated by assuming that the excess Cr atoms act as ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ions in the crystal. The observed susceptibilities were in good agreement with the theoretical curve. It was concluded that the Cr atoms constituting a stoichiometric ${\mathrm{CrSi}}_{2}$ lattice are quadrivalent by reason of their negligibly small contribution to the susceptibility.

X-ray diffraction photographic experiments and anisotropic magnetic susceptibility measurement were made to examine the crystal structure of a Ru/sub 2/Si/sub 3/ single crystal. The X-ray analysis revealed that the single crystal possesses a tetragonal symmetry. Some very weak X-ray diffraction spots suggest a superstructure with 4-times larger lattice constants than those of the conventional tetragonal lattice. It was found from the susceptibility measurement that the single crystal is diamagnetic at low temperatures ranging from 20 to 300 K, and that the susceptibilities are uni-axially anisotropic, which is consistent with the results of the X-ray diffraction experiments. It is concluded from the diamagnetic susceptibilities that coordinate bonding is established between Si and Ru atoms, which is consistent with the results of a previous magnetic susceptibility analysis of CrSi/sub 2/.

Ion components in dustfall samples collected with deposit gauge in Kitakyushu City in the period from October 1987 to September 1989 were analyzed to discuss the deposition and seasonal variation of SO42- and Ca2+. High deposition of excess-Ca2+(ex-Ca2+) were observed in the inductrial area, and the amount decreased with increasing distance from the area. Depositions of ex-SO42- showed a similar tendency. Deposition of ex-SO42- increased during spring and summer, and decreased in winter months. Deposition of ex-Ca2+ increased in the early spring (Fig.2). The positive relationship between the precipitation amount and deposition of ex-SO42- was found (Fig.3). On the other hand, deposition of ex-Ca2+ increased with increasing precipitation amount of up to 100-150 mm, but the deposition gradually decreased with precipitation amount over those values (Fig.3).

Anisotropic thermoelectricity of n-type Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 single crystal doped with HgBr2 is discussed on the basis of a multivalley model and an anisotropic scattering mechanism. Temperature dependence of the anisotropy parameters of the six-valley model are calculated from observed galvanomagnetic data. It is confirmed that below 200 K, a weakly anisotropic band (the first conduction band) is dominant, while above 200 K, a strongly anisotropic band (the second conduction band) also contributes the conduction. Anisotropic scattering parameters are determined from observed thermoelectric powers. It is concluded that conduction electrons are scattered by not only acoustic phonons but also optical phonons, and that the effect of optical phonons in the c-direction is greater than that in the a-direction.

Stereoselective synthesis of cubitene ( 1 ), a novel diterpene isolated from defense secretion of termites, has been accomplished using an intramolecular reaction of α-sulfenyl carbanion with epoxide. Hydride reduction of the ketone 11 obtained by Claisen rearrangement occurred in unexpectedly high stereoselectivity yielding the chlorohydrin 12 with the desired stereochemistry.

The sources and behaviour of dinitrotoluene (DNT) isomers in the sea-water of Dokai Bay in Japan were investigated. DNT isomers such as 2,6-, 2,5-, 2,4-, 2,3- and 3,4-DNT were identified in an industrial effluent. One drain, the main source, discharged about 150 kg of DNT isomers as the maximum value in a day. This value roughly agrees with that obtained from seven months of monitoring of DNT isomers in sea-water. The monitoring revealed that about 76 kg of DNT isomers was discharged into the bay daily. 2,6-, 2,4- and 2,3-DNT were detected in the sea-water at the levels of 14,8-ND μg l −1 ( n = 82), 206-ND μg l −1 ( n = 82) and 0.412-ND μg l −1 ( n = 82), respectively. The relationship between the concentration of 2,4-DNT ( Y ) and the distance ( X ) is statistically expressed by the equation of Y = (6.38 ± 4.02)e −(0.269 ± 0.044) X , and the relationship between the 2,6-DNT/2,4-DNT ratio ( y ) and the distance ( X ) is expressed as y = −(0.795 ± 0.131) X + (9.35 ± 4.1). These relationships reveal that the decrease of DNT isomers in the sea-water is caused by factors more complex than mechanical dilution by tidal action.

The crystal growth of manganese silicide with a Si/Mn ratio near 1.73 was performed by the Bridgman method followed by chemical transport. The Bridgman as grown boule was observed to have a lamellar structure identified to be composed of a MnSi precipitate and a Mn 15 Si 26 matrix. The chemical transport was carried out by using crushed grains of the Bridgman boule as starting material and CuCl 2 as transport agent. Homogeneous single crystals of Mn 15 Si 26 having an average linear size of 0.5 mm were grown on the colder zone. The crystals were identified by X-ray technique as well as by electron probe micro analysis.

Stereoselective total synthesis of (±)-cubitene, a diterpene isolated from termite soldiers, and its stereisomer has been achieved utilizing the anion-induced intramolecular cyclization.

The benthic diatom vegetation in the brackish water area of the River Tama near Tokyo was studied during a period from the fall of 1946 to the early summer of 1947. Pools on the dried bed of the river supported the Amphiprora paludosa-Synedra pulchella association, while the running water part was represented by the Gyrosigma fasciola-Melosira nummuloides-Coscinodiscus lacustris association. The change of the dominant species from upper to lower course of the river was Coscinodiscus→Melosira→Gyrosigma in succession

Several effective methods for the cleavage of the cyclobutane ring in 7-alkoxytricyclo[6.4.0.02,7]dodecan-3-one system are described. These involve reactions with hydriodic acid, with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, and with KOH in H2O–DMSO via a lactone derivative.

A calculational procedure of the Fermi–Dirac integral F(r,η)=∫∞0xr/(ex−η+1)dx with an arbitrary real index r by means of a numerical integration technique is proposed. Numerical values of F(r,η) can be calculated by applying an asymptotic series expansion to the integrand xr/(ex−η+1) for the domain 0≤x≤0.1 and by approximating the infinite upper limit at L=a+br+η, where a and b are constants estimated from the allowable calculational error. The total calculational error can be reduced to 10−7 at any η for − (1)/(2) ≤r≤10 by employing the constants a=17 and b=4.5 and using the first four terms of the series expansion.