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Time perspective is a theoretical construct that describes how humans perceive time, which can influence decision-making and subsequent behavior. Research has shown that an individual's dominant time perspective can be linked to increased risk of poor health. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between time perspective and perceived social isolation. Specifically, we examined the role of social interaction anxiety in the relationship between time perspective and perceived social isolation in a normative sample of college-aged individuals. Undergraduates ( n = 1780) at a large midwestern university completed an online survey. Results revealed that future-oriented, past-positive, and present-hedonistic time perspectives were significantly negatively associated with perceived social isolation. In contrast, past-negative was positively associated with perceived social isolation, and these relationships were partially explained by social interaction anxiety. Understanding dominant time perspectives can help us to better assess health risk factors and may help to develop interventions to promote healthy behaviors.

Introduction: Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to address digital inclusion and social well-being for older adults was particularly apparent for those from disadvantaged communities. This pilot program provided access to technology and intergenerational mentorship to older adult participants interested in receiving and learning how to utilize an iPad. Pre/post-changes were examined for social well-being in the areas of quality of life, social isolation, and loneliness., Methods: This study conducted pre- and post-surveys with older participants ( n  = 145) from five disadvantaged communities in the United States utilizing standardized measures. One-on-one interviews were conducted post-program ( n  = 98) to examine participants' perceptions of the program and evaluate its impact on social measures., Results: The study sample included older adults (Mean age = 72.3) who were mostly lower income (82.3%) and self-reported as Black (13.6%), Hispanic (21.7%), and White (56.5%). Significant differences were identified in participant pre/post-survey scores for social isolation, loneliness, and a global measure of quality of life. Qualitative analyses suggest improvements in various aspects of social well-being. Themes showed that participants believed the program contributed to (1) enhanced mood and mental health, (2) improved quality of life, (3) sense of purpose and feelings of being less alone, (4) ability to use video calling to connect with others; and (5) ability to more freely use email, texting, and messaging to communicate with others., Discussion: This research demonstrates that this pilot program seemed to contribute to reduced social isolation and loneliness for participants, and participants stated more positive social well-being following program participation. However, future research with larger samples is needed to expand upon these findings. Future studies will examine the pathways between technology improvements and social well-being and examine group differences., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Tsotsoros, Pascuzzi, Brasher, Souza and Leedahl.)

Purpose: This study aims to identify whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) influence health lifestyles throughout adulthood and examine how ACEs influence dimensions of health lifestyles., Design: The data was collected cross-sectionally through an online questionnaire., Setting: Individuals were invited to participate in an online survey for a larger brain health study as a pre-screening measure., Subjects: Women in the Midwest between 18-25 and 65-85 who reported either no ACEs or 3 or more ACEs completed the survey, with 233 women answering all questionnaires., Measures: Demographic indicators, the 10-item ACEs questionnaire, and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II)., Analysis: Independent sample t -tests revealed significantly lower scores for ACEs group on the HPLP-II and the 6 subcategories (heath responsibility, interpersonal relationships, nutrition, physical activity, spiritual growth, and stress management). A structural equation model using the 3 ACE categories (abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) and 6 health domains showed substantial differences in the variance captured for each health behavior., Results: Findings indicate that abuse predicts physical activity, stress management, and spiritual growth (β = -.21, -.23, -.20); neglect predicts interpersonal relationships and spiritual growth (β = -.17, -.18); and household dysfunction predicts health responsibility, nutrition, stress management, and interpersonal relations (β = -.20, -.22, -.10, -.17)., Conclusion: The present investigation extends research in displaying that ACEs play a significant role in future health behaviors, with household dysfunction being the greatest predictor., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Gut permeability may increase cardiovascular disease risk by allowing bacterial components (e.g., lipopolysaccharide or LPS) to enter the bloodstream, leading to low-grade inflammation. People with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) consistently display evidence of chronic inflammation, but the source of this inflammation, and whether gut permeability may contribute, is unknown. Moreover, whether ACE status may further perturb obesity-associated gut permeability and inflammation is unknown. Women (N = 79, aged 18-84y) free of cardiometabolic diseases and inflammatory conditions and not regularly taking anti-inflammatory medications were included in a 2 × 2 factorial design with low or high ACE status (either 0 ACEs or 3+ ACEs) and body mass index (BMI) (either normal-weight [18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 ; NW] or obesity [>30 kg/m 2 ; OB]) as factors (n = 15-27/group). Serum LPS binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14 (sCD14), fatty-acid binding protein-2 (FABP2), LPS core IgM, and the ratio of LBP:sCD14 were used as indicators of gut permeability. Inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 were also measured. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANCOVA (age-adjusted). LBP, LBP:sCD14 and FABP2 were higher in OB versus NW, regardless of ACE status (P BMI  < 0.05). Higher ACE status was associated with increased circulating LBP:sCD14 and LPS core IgM (P ACE  < 0.05). sCD14 was unrelated to BMI or ACEs. CRP was elevated in OB versus NW (P BMI  < 0.001) and tended to be higher with 3+ ACEs compared to 0 ACEs (P ACE  = 0.06). Moreover, TNF-α was greater in 3+ ACEs relative to 0 ACEs (P ACE  = 0.03). IL-6 was unrelated to BMI or ACE status. No interaction effects were observed for any marker of gut permeability or inflammation. In sum, ACE status and obesity were independently associated with evidence of gut permeability and systemic inflammation but did not interact in relation to indicators of gut permeability., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between internalized weight stigma (IWS) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), an independent predictor of cardiometabolic disease risk, and how this relationship is moderated by gender., Methods: Participants ( N =70, 81% white, 51% women, M age =30.4±7.8 years, M BMI =28.7±5.5 kg/m 2 , M BF% =32.4±8.9%) completed in-lab measures of demographic factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity), IWS (Weight Bias Internalization Scale-Modified; WBIS-M) and visceral adiposity. VAT mass was measured via DXA. Primary moderation analysis investigated the effect of gender on associations between IWS and VAT mass. Covariates were age, race/ethnicity, and total body fat percent., Results: After adjusting for covariates in the primary moderation analysis, WBIS-M scores displayed a positive association with VAT mass ( b =32.58, p =0.033). The relationship between WBIS-M scores and VAT mass was moderated by gender ( b =68.63, p =0.020); no relationship between WBIS-M scores and VAT mass was observed in men ( b =-2.71, p =0.894), whereas a positive association between WBIS-M scores and VAT mass was observed in women ( b =65.92, p =0.003)., Conclusions: Internalization of weight stigma was associated with greater visceral adiposity in women across the BMI spectrum, suggesting it as a chronic stressor. Future studies should investigate directionality and causality of this relationship to elucidate mechanisms of stigma-associated CVD risk.

Most adults in the United States report experiencing at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE), with around a quarter of the population reporting three or more. ACEs impact adult biological (e.g., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) and psychosocial (e.g., loneliness) functioning, including cognitive patterns in stressful situations. As one example, pain catastrophizing is an emotional and cognitive reaction to pain that is closely related to low distress tolerance. We hypothesized that women with more ACEs would report greater levels of pain catastrophizing in adulthood, an effect potentially mediated via higher levels of loneliness (i.e., perceived lack of social support). Biologically female participants ( N= 109; 39.8±14.0 years of age; 83.5% white) were recruited through Mechanical Turk and a university online recruitment tool, and completed an online survey including demographics, the 10-item Adverse Childhood Events Scale, the 13-item Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3. A bootstrapped mediation analysis examined the relationships between ACEs and pain catastrophizing via loneliness. Results indicated that loneliness had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between ACEs and pain catastrophizing (indirect effect=0.69; 99% CI=0.15-1.40) such that increased ACEs were related to greater loneliness, which, in turn, was related to greater pain catastrophizing. The present study adds to the literature by suggesting that loneliness is a possible mechanism by which ACEs adversely impact cognitive and emotional well-being in adulthood. Per social cognitive theory, loneliness influences social cognitions, which might make dealing with stressful situations such as pain more difficult and, therefore, increase one's catastrophic thinking patterns., Competing Interests: DeclarationsThe authors have no funding or other conflicts of interest to disclose.Conflict of InterestOn behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.)

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be an early life factor associated with adult weight stigma via biological (e.g., stress response), cognitive (e.g., self-criticism/deprecation), and/or emotional (e.g., shame) mechanisms. This pilot study investigated relationships between ACEs and internalized and experienced weight stigma in adult women with overweight/obesity and explored differential relationships between weight stigma and ACE subtypes (i.e., abuse, neglect, household dysfunction). Adult women (68% white, M age = 33 ± 10 years, M BMI = 33.7 ± 7.2 kg/m 2 ) completed measures of ACEs (ACE Questionnaire), internalized weight stigma (IWS; Weight Bias Internalization Scale-Modified; WBIS-M), and lifetime experiences of weight stigma (yes/no). Data were analyzed with linear and logistic regression ( n = 46), adjusting for age, race, and body mass index (BMI). Linear regressions revealed a positive association between ACE and WBIS-M scores ( β = 0.40, p = 0.006), which was driven by Abuse-type ACEs ( β = 0.48, p = 0.009). Relationships between WBIS-M scores and Neglect- and Household-Dysfunction-type ACEs did not reach significance ( β = 0.20, p = 0.173; β = -0.16, p = 0.273). Though descriptive statistics revealed greater rates of experienced weight stigma endorsement by those with high-3+ ACEs (81%) vs. medium-1-2 ACEs (67%) or low/no-0 ACEs (60%), ACE scores were not significantly associated with experienced weight stigma in logistic regression (Wald = 1.36, p = 0.244, OR = 1.324, 95%, CI = 0.825-2.125). ACEs may be an early life factor that increase the risk for internalizing weight stigma in adulthood. Larger studies should confirm this relationship and follow-up on descriptive findings suggesting a potential association between ACEs and experienced weight stigma., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may have lasting impacts on cognition., Objective: To determine if ACE exposure is prospectively associated with cognition in young adults. We hypothesized that deprivation- and threat-type ACEs as well as higher cumulative ACE exposure predict poorer cognition., Participants & Setting: Participants were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), a prospective cohort investigation of U.S. adolescents followed to adulthood. Current study participants were 18-24 years old (Wave III), 24-32 years old (Wave IV), and 31-42 years old (Wave V). The maximum Wave IV sample was 12,288 adults; Wave V was 1277 adults., Methods: History of ACEs were assessed at Wave III. Three cognitive indicators were assessed at Wave IV and Wave V using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (immediate and delayed verbal memory) and the Digit-Span Backward Task (working memory)., Results: The deprivation ACE of not-having-basic-needs met was associated with poorer working (β = 0.14, CI 95 -0.26, -0.01), immediate (β=-0.29, CI 95 -0.43, -0.15), and delayed memory (β=-0.27, CI 95 -0.43, -0.12) at Wave IV; poorer immediate (β=-0.47, CI 95 -0.79, -0.16) and delayed memory (β=-0.33, CI 95 -0.65, -0.01) at Wave V. The threat ACE of sexual abuse was associated with poorer immediate (β=-0.40, CI 95 -0.62, -0.17) and delayed memory (β=-0.29, CI 95 -0.55, -0.03) at Wave IV. Higher cumulative ACEs predicted poorer delayed memory (β =-0.05, CI 95 -0.10, -0.01) at Wave V., Conclusions: Higher ACEs, especially deprivation-type, were prospectively linked to poorer cognition. Early wide-scale screening/tailored treatments addressing ACEs and cognitive function may be warranted., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)