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The paper deals with important, different views on the old glaciation of the Caucasus based on the literary sources and the latest data obtained through the expeditions. Our researches are mostly of complex character where petrographic, palynological and paleontological methods are widely used. The petrographic method allowed us to connect block debris of the moraine with the main centers and to determine the directions of the glaciers movement and their distribution boundaries. The palynological method was used to determine the genesis of loose sediments considered as moraines and their sedimentation conditions. The palynological spectrum of deposits shows that they are river sediments and their sedimentation took place under humid, moderately warm climate conditions that is not associated with glaciation.

Based on the present simultaneous hydrometeorological data and the analysis of the actual materials obtained by our studies, we can suppose the fact of the occurrence of powerful underground floodings in the hydrodynamic system of the Tskaltubo Cave. The simultaneous records of the water levels (discharges) of the underground rivers and atmospheric precipitation show that there are importantly clear peaks in the hydrographs, when the diurnal sums of precipitations reach or exceed 50 mm in all observation points (in all surface catchment basins defined by us). Though, a long-term observation revealed that only 50 mm of precipitation diurnal sum is not enough for the formation of strong underground flooding in the cave hydrodynamic system; a rainy period of several days should precede such kind of precipitation so that the soil was well saturated with water. Only under these conditions is expected a powerful flooding. As the analysis of the dangerous flooding formation mechanism showed, what is important is not the abundance of diurnal precipitation and their intensity, but the combination of factors such as: the total amount and duration of precipitation of the predecessor period, precipitation amount during the flooding maximum development days and the coverage rate of the cave system’s surface water catchment area.

One of the important factors of karsto- and speleogenezis of Sataplia-Tskaltubo limestone massif is a still poorly studied geomorphological peculiarity of the region. Karsto- and speleogenezis is conditioned by the geological structure and tectonics. In the working process we used the already approved fundamental and applied research methods, both traditional and modern method systems. We carried out the detailed geomorphologic and karst-speleological exploration of the research area, conducted a large-scale survey works, on the basis of which we compiled the geomorphologic schematic map of Tskaltubo limestone massif and singled out the relief’s genetic types