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This review explores the complex challenges and advancements in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Traumatic injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) trigger intricate pathophysiological responses, frequently leading to profound and enduring disabilities. This article delves into the dual phases of injury—primary impacts and the subsequent secondary biochemical cascades—that worsen initial damage. Conventional treatments have traditionally prioritized immediate stabilization, surgical interventions, and supportive medical care to manage both the primary and secondary damage associated with central nervous system injuries. We explore current surgical and medical management strategies, emphasizing the crucial role of rehabilitation and the promising potential of stem cell therapies and immune modulation. Advances in stem cell therapy, gene editing, and neuroprosthetics are revolutionizing treatment approaches, providing opportunities not just for recovery but also for the regeneration of impaired neural tissues. This review aims to emphasize emerging therapeutic strategies that hold promise for enhancing outcomes and improving the quality of life for affected individuals worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifting from the typical 4e– pathway to H2O in electrochemical oxygen reduction to the 2e– pathway to H2O2 is increasingly recognized as an environmentally friendly approach for producing H2O2. However, the competitive 4e− pathway is a significant obstacle to the production of H2O2 since H2O is the thermodynamically favored product. Here, a series of Pt, Pd, and Rh active atoms diluted within inert‐Au matrices with precisely controlled atomic arrangements and coordination environments are synthesized via facet engineering for O2‐to‐H2O2 production. Surprisingly, individually dispersed Pt atoms within the Au surface enclosed by the square atomic arrangements exhibit superior H2O2 selectivity and achieve a maximum selectivity of 90% at 0.36 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Operando synchrotron ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy identifies the presence of *OOH key intermediates on these isolated Pt active sites. Grand canonical density‐functional theory also reveals that the kinetic energy barrier for the 2e− pathway (0.08 eV; OOH* + H+ + e− → H2O2) on the isolated Pt sites is significantly lower than the 4e− pathway (0.29 eV; OOH* + H+ + e− → O* + H2O). This work enables atomic‐scale control in dilute binary alloy surfaces with specific configurations of isolated active atoms and provides essential guidance for catalyst design to boost O2‐to‐H2O2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FeCx catalysts (Fe-CN-Py) were synthesized by co-pyrolyzing the mixture of iron nitrate and a CN source (melamine, bulk g-C3N4 (b-C3N4), or defective g-C3N4 (d-C3N4)). The physicochemical properties of Fe-CN-Py catalysts and their activities of CO2 hydrogenation to light hydrocarbon (C2-C6) were analyzed. The results indicated that Fe-d-C3N4-(0.3)-Py is the most promising with the highest CO2 conversion (47.2%), olefin yield (10.8%), and olefin space-time yield (STY = 4.5 µmol olefin/s/gFe). The promising activity of Fe-d-C3N4-(0.3)-Py was attributed to its high concentration of surface FeCx. The correlation between surface FeCx and the STY of hydrocarbons and olefins was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient pressure XPS is a powerful technique capable of performing measurements with samples kept at mbar pressure. The filled gas, also X‐ray ionized, provides electrons to neutralize positive charges built up on insulating samples. However, this convenient neutralization scheme does not solve the charging problem completely. In this study, the effectiveness of how the electrons generated from conducting mechanical parts mounted in the immediate front of insulating samples neutralize positive charges on the samples during XPS measurements is tested. The mechanical parts range from fine gold mesh, holey carbon film to graphene monolayer, and measured insulating samples are polished sapphire and rough pellets of CaCO3 powder. All these mechanical add‐ons reduce the charging to different degrees at the expense of sample signal. Amazingly, the graphene monolayer is found to effect perfect charge neutralization for both smooth sapphire and rough CaCO3 pellet, evidenced by realistic spectral profile and binding energy values. The finding that an untreated CaCO3 pellet is often terminated with Ca(OH)(HCO3) is consistent with earlier reports. It is speculated that a likely conformal covering with graphene on the sample with rough morphology holds the key to its superb performance in charge compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a normally-off AlGaN/GaN metalâ€"insulatorâ€"semiconductor field-effect transistor (MIS-FET) based on the combination of tri-gate and recessed MIS gate is fabricated and characterized. The recessed tri-gate MIS-FET is manufactured by micro-level trenches, defining the fin-shaped channel and improving the gate control capability. The recessed surface is cleaned by a diluted buffered oxide etch, HCl solution, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide treatment before a 20 nm Al2O3 deposition by atomic layer deposition. After deposition, post-deposition annealing was carried out. Recessed tri-gate MIS-FET demonstrates a high threshold voltage of 3.1 V, a high drain current of 1121 mA mmâˆ'1, and an on/off current ratio of 2 Ă— 108. A smaller on-resistance of 5.4 Ω mm compared with recessed planar MIS-FET of 12.7 Ω mm is achieved. Besides, the devices show a low I â€" V hysteresis. All experimental results confirm micro-level trenches realize the advantages of the recessed tri-gate structures, which supports a promising technique to pursue the normally-off operation of GaN high electron mobility transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FeCx catalysts (Fe-CN-Py) were synthesized by co-pyrolyzing the mixture of iron nitrate and a CN source (melamine, bulk g-C3N4 (b-C3N4), or defective g-C3N4 (d-C3N4)). The physicochemical properties of Fe-CN-Py catalysts and their activities of CO2 hydrogenation to light hydrocarbon (C2-C6) were analyzed. The results indicated that Fe-d-C3N4-(0.3)-Py is the most promising with the highest CO2 conversion (47.2%), olefin yield (10.8%), and olefin space-time yield (STY = 4.5 µmol olefin/s/gFe). The promising activity of Fe-d-C3N4-(0.3)-Py was attributed to its high concentration of surface FeCx. The correlation between surface FeCx and the STY of hydrocarbons and olefins was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the IoT environment, many terminal devices are deployed in unattended areas. If these devices are moved elsewhere by an attacker, the wrong environmental sensing values are obtained, which causes a major disaster. In this paper, we propose an ambient authentication mechanism based on audio to be used in multi-factor authentication by using the ambient sensors equipped with a smart phone. An ultrasonic signal that is not detectable by the human ear was transmitted by the authenti-cator, and the attenuated signal received by the user being authenticated was transmitted back to the authentication server. The transmitted and received decoded symbol sequences of the audio signal are used to calculated the bit error rate, which is used to measure the relative distance. Our proposed method can narrow the authentication distance to less than 0.5 meters, which can greatly improve the security of the authentication system.