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I. INTRODUCTION "The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers." (1) This statement is likely the first and only quote that the average attorney imagines when they consider [...]

The COVID-19 crisis has exposed the public to considerable scientific uncertainty, which may promote vaccine hesitancy among individuals with lower tolerance of uncertainty. In a national sample of US adults in May-June 2020, we examined how both perceptions of uncertainty about COVID-19 and trait-level differences in tolerance of uncertainty arising from various sources (risk, ambiguity, and complexity) are related to vaccine hesitancy-related outcomes, including trust in COVID-19 information, COVID-19 vaccine intentions, and beliefs that COVID-19 vaccines should undergo a longer testing period before being released to the public. Overall, perceptions of COVID-19 uncertainty were not associated with trust in information, vaccine intentions, or beliefs about vaccine testing. However, higher tolerance of risk was associated with lower intentions to get vaccinated, and lower tolerance of ambiguity was associated with lower intentions to get vaccinated and preferring a longer period of vaccine testing. Critically, perceptions of COVID-19 uncertainty and trait-level tolerance for uncertainty also interacted as predicted, such that greater perceived COVID-19 uncertainty was more negatively associated with trust in COVID-19 information among individuals with lower tolerance for risk and ambiguity. Thus, although perceptions of uncertainty regarding COVID-19 may not reduce trust and vaccine hesitancy for all individuals, trait-level tolerance of uncertainty arising from various sources may have both direct and moderating effects on these outcomes. These findings can inform public health communication or other interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake., Author(s): Arielle S. Gillman [sup.1] , Liz Scharnetzki [sup.2] , Patrick Boyd [sup.1] , Rebecca A. Ferrer [sup.1] , William M. P. Klein [sup.1] , Paul K. J. Han [sup.1] [...]

The aim of this paper is to better qualify the problem of online trust. The problem of online trust is that of evaluating whether online environments have the proper design to enable trust. This paper tries to better qualify this problem by showing that there is no unique answer, but only conditional considerations that depend on the conception of trust assumed and the features that are included in the environments themselves. In fact, the major issue concerning traditional debates surrounding online trust is that those debates focus on specific definitions of trust and specific online environments. Ordinarily, a definition of trust is assumed and then environmental conditions necessary for trust are evaluated with respect to such specific definition. However, this modus operandi fails to appreciate that trust is a rich concept, with a multitude of meanings and that there is still no strict consensus on which meaning shall be taken as the proper one. Moreover, the fact that online environments are constantly evolving and that new design features might be implemented in them is completely ignored. In this paper, the richness of the philosophical discussions about trust is brought into the analysis of online trust. I first provide a set of conditions that depend on the definition of trust that can be assumed and then discuss those conditions with respect to the design of online environments in order to determine whether they can enable (and under which circumstances) trust., Author(s): Mirko Tagliaferri [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.12711.34, 0000 0001 2369 7670, Urbino University, , Urbino, Italy Introduction Trust1 fosters cooperation (Gambetta, 1988) and it does so without requiring complex [...]

This study was conducted to confirm the applicability of OTC (organizational trust content) in Chinese organizations via the OTI (organizational trust inventory) developed by Cummings and Bromiley (1996 (See CR17)). This study explored the vertical and horizontal trust relationships that exist among supervisors, subordinates and colleagues of equal standing through focused interviews and questionnaires to recognize and assess OTC. The results showed that in situations with a high degree of OT (organizational trust), three dimensions coexist namely: 1) the ability to keep commitments, 2) the ability to negotiate honestly, and 3) the ability to NTEA (not taking excessive advantage). Each dimension includes three trust elements: cognition, affection, and intended behavior. Different measuring subjects have significantly different perceptions of OTC, with subordinate recognition being the most trustworthy. At the same time, the integrity performance of colleagues is the most recognized element. Though OTC is applicable in Chinese organizations, the degree of subordinate recognition and the ability to negotiate honestly between colleagues are affected by the 'respectful superior and inferior subordinate' relationship and the hierarchical authority, which exist in Chinese culture., Author(s): Hsiang-Yu Ma [sup.1] , Cheng-Chung Cho [sup.1] , Rui-Hsin Kao [sup.1] , Leng-Chuan Chiu [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.449327.f, Department of Ocean and Border Governance, National Quemoy University, , [...]

Extant research examining interpersonal trust in business-to-business (B2B) buyer-seller relationships focuses on its multidimensionality, mainly from a business perspective. Our research captures an element of business relationships that is heretofore under-examined: the personal side of the relationship between the buyer and seller. We examine the interplay between both business and personal trust on performance in the relationship, namely analyzing customer relationship satisfaction and customer loyalty. We also test our model using perceived market turbulence as a moderating variable since turbulence in the marketplace could strain the relationship between the buyer and seller and affect the strength of the statistical relationships between business and personal trust on performance in the relationship., Author(s): Stephanie M. Mangus [sup.1] , Eli Jones [sup.2] , Judith Anne Garretson Folse [sup.3] , Shrihari Sridhar [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.252890.4, 0000 0001 2111 2894, Hankamer School of [...]

This study assessed how web-based information affects parental trust in physician's diagnosis of autism (PDA) and likelihood of seeking a second opinion. Participants of an online survey were randomly allocated to one of three hypothetical scenarios, all were given a vignette of a non-verbal 18-month-old child followed by (1) not viewing Internet results, (2) viewing results suggesting autism, or (3) viewing results suggesting language delay and rated their trust and likelihood of seeking a second opinion. When Internet results contradicted PDA, parents reported less trust in PDA and greater likelihood of seeking a second opinion. Due to the Internet's influence on parents' response to PDA, clinicians should discuss their differential diagnosis with parents, address Internet-related concerns, and recommend trustworthy sources., Author(s): Tammy Pham [sup.1] , Anna Kuznetsova [sup.1] , Haelynn Gim [sup.1] , Kyla Cordrey [sup.1] , Ruth Milanaik [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0000 9278 1430, grid.428847.5, Division of [...]

Science communication via testimony requires a certain level of trust. But in the context of ideologically-entangled scientific issues, trust is in short supply-particularly when the issues are politically 'entangled'. In such cases, cultural values are better predictors than scientific literacy for whether agents trust the publicly-directed claims of the scientific community. In this paper, we argue that a common way of thinking about scientific literacy-as knowledge of particular scientific facts or concepts-ought to give way to a second-order understanding of science as a process as a more important notion for the public's trust of science., Author(s): Matthew H. Slater [sup.1] , Joanna K. Huxster [sup.2] , Julia E. Bresticker [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0001 2297 9828, grid.253363.2, Department of Philosophy, Bucknell University, , Lewisburg, [...]

Suppose you are walking on a sidewalk and are nearing an intersection. A flashing sign indicates that you can cross the street. To cross safely you have to rely on [...]

Trust-Based Theories of Promising, DANIELE BRUNO This paper discusses the prospects of a comprehensive philosophical account of promising that relies centrally on the notion of trust. It lays out the [...]

The Basing Relation and the Impossibility of the Debasing Demon, PATRICK BONDY and J. ADAM CARTER Descartes's demon is a deceiver: the demon makes things appear to you other than [...]

Despite their responsibility for federal policy implementation in the United, States, little research has focused on how presidential nominees and appointees affect public opinion. This study offers the first systematic examination of this overlooked phenomenon. Using a survey with an embedded experimental manipulation, we find that perceived nominee competence is associated with increased trust in government in general, whereas perceptions of favoritism or patronage--characterized here as the nomination of campaign fundraisers--are associated with decreased levels of trust in the same. Notably, perceived nominee ideology has no perceptible effect on trust in government. Keywords: presidency, appointments, trust, public opinion, MTurk, survey experiments, experiments, online experiments, Introduction In recent years, presidential elections in the United States have been followed by near-rampant media speculation over which influential donors, advisors, partisans, and other individuals from the campaign the [...]

Objectives (1) Determine the prevalence of maternal trust in advice sources on infant care practices; (2) Investigate the association of maternal and infant characteristics with trust in advice sources on infant care practices. Methods Using probability sampling methods, we recruited mothers from 32 U.S. maternity hospitals with oversampling of Black and Hispanic women resulting in a nationally representative sample of mothers of infants aged 2-6 months. Survey questions assessed maternal trust in advice sources (physicians, nurses, family, friends, and media) regarding infant care practices including infant sleep practices (sleep position, bed sharing, and pacifier use), feeding, and vaccination. Weighted frequencies of maternal trust in advice sources were calculated to obtain prevalence estimates. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of maternal and infant characteristics with maternal trust in advice sources. Results Mothers had the greatest trust in doctors for advice on all infant care practices (56-89 %), while trust was lowest for friends (13-22 %) and the media (10-14 %). In the adjusted analyses, there were significant associations of maternal race/ethnicity, education, and age with trust in advice sources. Conclusions for Practice Maternal trust in advice about infant care practices varied significantly by source. A better understanding of which advice sources are most trusted by mothers, as well as the factors associated with maternal trust, may guide the development of more effective strategies to improve adherence to health promoting infant care practices., Author(s): Sunah S. Hwang[sup.1] [sup.2] , Denis V. Rybin[sup.3] , Timothy C. Heeren[sup.4] , Eve R. Colson[sup.5] , Michael J. Corwin[sup.6] Author Affiliations: (1) Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, [...]

This article aims to answer the following question: When is it good to trust political institutions? Several studies have addressed the phenomenon of distrust and studied its causes and effects on democracy. However, very little has been said about the opposite phenomenon, trust. We argue that trust is good when two conditions are met: the existence of an institutional context that justifies trust, and an adequate informational environment. We use data from a study about a program of political socialization in Brazil, the Youth Parliament in Minas Gerais State, 2008. The study was conducted as a quasi experiment with a pretest, a posttest, and control group. We conclude that through intense informational flow, the participants have increased their trust and acquired greater knowledge about Minas Gerais's Legislative Assembly. O presente artigo busca responder a seguinte questao: quando confiar e bom? Diversas pesquisas tem se debrucado sobre o fenomeno da desconfianca, estudando suas causas e efeitos para o regime democratico. Porem, pouca coisa foi explorada em relacao ao fenomeno contrario, o da confianca. Nosso argumento e que confiar e bom quando duas condicoes sao satisfeitas: a existencia de um contexto institucional que justifique a confianca e um ambiente informational adequado. Para justifica-lo, utilizamos dados de uma pesquisa sobre um projeto de socializacao politica no Brasil, o Parlamento Jovem. Trata-se de um quase experimento, com pre-teste, pos-teste e grupo de controle, realizado em Minas Gerais em 2008. A conclusao e que mediante um intenso fluxo informational, os participantes do projeto adquiriram maior conhecimento a respeito do processo de desenvolvimento institucional da Assembleia Legislativa Mineira, passando, entao, a confiar mais nela. Mediante esse quadro, pode-se dizer que confiar e bom., Desde a decada de 1990, a investigacao sobre a confianca politica ganha corpo na Ciencia Politica. Inumeros surveys das ultimas decadas tem revelado, ainda que com diferentes intensidades, uma continua [...]

Abstract Canada's non-acquisition of nuclear weapons in the immediate postwar period represents an important puzzle. Acquisition of an independent nuclear arsenal presented Canada with an unprecedented opportunity to ameliorate its [...]

We investigate how an entrepreneur's behaviors during an initial interaction with a business angel can build, damage, or violate trust, and how the investor's level of trust (prompted by the [...]

Distrust of authority is now the American norm. In 1964, 77 percent of Americans said that they trusted the government to do the right thing most of the time or [...]

INTRODUCTION I. COMPETING CONCEPTIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY A. JUDGE HIGGINBOTHAM'S JUDICIAL VISION: A DEFERENTIAL APPROACH BASED ON AN EXPANSIVE VIEW OF THE UNIVERSITY B. JUDGE GARZA'S JUDICIAL VISION: A LESS [...]

Research in face-to-face teams shows conflicting results about the impact of behavioral controls on trust; some research shows that controls increase the salience of good behavior, which increases trust while [...]

1. Introduction Philosophers working on moral justification tend to focus on what forms of reasoning could justify a substantive moral claim. For example, Kantians emphasize reasoning that is universalizable; (1) [...]

In this essay I propose that trust be reconceptualized as a family of hybrid form concepts. I argue that trust and risk frequently co-occur and overlap. In conjunction, the concepts [...]

Prior research on organizational trust has not rigorously examined the context specificity of trust nor distinguished between the potentially varying dimensions along which different stakeholders base their trust. As a [...]

Confucius frequently employs the term xin [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] in the Analects. The frequency of his usage suggests that xin has a significant place within his ethics. The main aim of this article is to offer an account of the roles played by xin within Confucius' ethics. To have a clear understanding of these roles, however, one needs first to understand what Confucius encompasses within his notion of xin. The article begins by delineating the Confucian conception of xin, as presented in the Analects. The notion of xin is often taken to be isomorphic with the notion of trust. I argue that Confucius' notion of xin does not quite map onto the notion of trust as usually understood in contemporary Western contexts. To understand better what Confucian xin amounts to, I compare and contrast the Confucian conception of xin with contemporary Western accounts of trust by Baier, McLeod, and Mullin. This comparison helps elucidate what xin is as well as how xin relates to morality. With this in hand, the roles that Confucius ascribes to xin in social and political contexts are then delineated., Introduction Confucius uses the term xin [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] in about twenty passages in the Analects. The frequency of his usage would suggest that xin has a significant [...]

Social theorists frequently argue that social cohesion is under threat in developed societies from the multiple pressures of globalisation. This article seeks to test this hypothesis through examining the trends [...]

Intellectual virtues are an integral part of adequate environmental virtue ethics; these virtues are distinct from moral virtues. Including intellectual virtues in environmental virtue ethics produces a more fine-grained account of the forces involved in environmental exploration, appreciation, and decision making than has been given to date. Intellectual virtues are character traits that regulate cognitive activity in support of the acquisition and application of knowledge. They are virtues because they further the human quest for knowledge and true belief; possessing these traits improves us epistemically. Five intellectual virtues illustrate the nature and relevance of intellectual virtues to environmental ethics: thoroughness, temporal/ structural sensitivity, flexibility, intellectual trust, and humility. While these virtues share many features of the moral virtues, there are differences between them that have practical implications and give sound reasons for considering these two types as distinct kinds. Intellectual virtues bear a structural relation to knowledge that moral virtues do not, and it is this epistemological stamp that sets them apart. Additionally, the two types of virtue can be possessed independently of one another. Ideally, intellectual virtues will combine with moral virtues such as respect, compassion, and humility to facilitate environmentally respectful behavior. The moral and intellectual virtues are thus importantly distinct and mutually reinforcing. Both should be present in a truly excellent human being, and both have a role to play in fully developed environmental virtue ethics.

This paper is part of an international project assessing the quality of public sector management and public sector performance as well as public trust and satisfaction with the public sector and the degree to which the public is involved in decision making in the public sector. The results are based on an initial and exploratory sample of 1,104 citizens who represent to a great (though not comprehensive) degree the adult population of the United States. The analysis and discussion focus on three main aspects: (1) satisfaction with public services, (2) trust in various public organizations, agencies and their employees, and (3) various attitudes and perceptions of the public sector and its' employees. The paper demonstrates the fundamental problems of the American public sector in its relations with citizens. The level of satisfaction with many organizations is relatively low and so is the level of trust in these organizations. Specifically, organizations and agencies related to the political representative system mostly suffer a trust problem, and so do organizations related to the management of the financial system. At the same time, organizations and agencies related to homeland security and national defense enjoy high levels of satisfaction and trust. These indications are consistent to a large extent with findings in other Western countries. KEYWORDS: citizens' attitudes, performance, trust, United States DOI 10.2753/PMR1530-9576340207

In this paper, I am going to be concerned with the capacity of human beings to act jointly. In particular, I will focus on the phenomenal aspect of collective action. I shall suggest that the experience of being jointly engaged with another is complex: it comprises both a practical grasp of oneself and of the other person as single agents participating in the joint pursuit, and an experience of collective immersion in the activity, which includes a sense of joint control. This suggestion gives rise to a number of puzzles: firstly, what is the relation between jointly engaged agents' awareness of self and other and their sense of a joint engagement? Secondly, how are we to substantiate the idea of a sense of joint control if it is also obviously true that I don't, however close our psychological and bodily attunements, have control over your doings? I shall argue that a satisfactory solution to these puzzles is possible only if we take seriously the notion of a perceptually constituted 'intersubjective perspective' that is shared by the participants in joint activities and gives rise to an attitude of mutual trust. (Received 23 February 2009) 0020-174X Print/1502-3923 Online/09/050500-16 [c] 2009 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/00201740903302634

Generalized social trust is an important component of social capital and has been linked to a variety of individual-and community-level outcomes, including low crime rates, effective government, and healthy and happy citizens. Drawing on a multicommunity survey conducted in several American towns and cities in 2002, the authors examine the individual and contextual origins of general social trust using the techniques of Hierarchical Linear Modeling. Based on prevailing theoretical understandings of social trust, the authors posit a comprehensive model to account for the contextual variation that remains after controlling for individual-level variables. Two community-level variables, voter turnout and commute times, emerge as important contextual predictors of social trust. The authors explore community attachment as a potential mediator of these effects, finding that it partially mediates the impact of commuting but not voter turnout, results consistent with their distinction between 'experiential' and 'cultural' theories of social trust formation. Keywords: social trust; social capital; community attachment; multilevel models

The study presents a comprehensive, multilevel framework that explains trust repair at the organizational level. It examines the influence of each component of an organization's system on employees' perceptions of the organization's trustworthiness and its role in failures and effective trust repair.

The paper describes the conditions under which a negative or positive relationship may be expected between preexisting trust and governance complexity, and examines whether these outcomes need crowding out or complementarity arguments. In addition, it allows analysis of other potential associations between trust and governance.