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Background: The aim of this study was to establish the feasibility and safety of the use of indocyanine green technology during pediatric intestinal resections. While indocyanine green fluorescence angiography (ICG-FA) has been advocated as an imaging technique to assess bowel perfusion in adults, few studies have evaluated this technology in a pediatric context., Methods: A prospective clinical trial was conducted. Patients 16 years old or younger undergoing a surgery potentially requiring an intestinal resection were eligible. Patients received a standardized intravenous injection of indocyanine green and intestinal perfusion was evaluated. The study endpoints included safety, impact on bowel resection and feasibility and acceptance of ICG-FA in this population., Results: From May 2020 to March 2021, 30 consecutive patients were included in this trial. Final analysis was done on 28 patients with a median age of 15.00 [6.36,85.00] weeks and weight of 5.58 [3.64,11.70] kg at surgery. Adequate fluorescence was achieved in less than one minute for all cases with an average dose of 0.14 mg/kg. No adverse event related to indocyanine green occurred. ICG-FA versus standard assessment of potential resection sites differed in 62% (95% IC 0.41-0.82) of our cases. Qualitative analysis demonstrated that 95% of the surgical team agreed that ICG-FA was safe., Conclusions: The use of ICG-FA is feasible and safe for pediatric intestinal resections. Introduction of ICG-FA was simple and acceptance rates were high within the surgical team. This fluorescence imaging may be a valuable imaging technology for intestinal resections in pediatric surgery., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Over the last few decades, several articles have examined the feasibility of attempting primary reduction and closure of gastroschisis without general anesthesia (GA). We aimed to systematically evaluate the impact of forgoing routine intubation and GA during primary bedside reduction and closure of gastroschisis., Methods: The primary outcome was closure success. Secondary outcomes were mortality, time to enteral feeding, and length of hospital stay., Results: 12 studies were included: 5 comparative studies totalling 192 patients and 7 descriptive case studies totalling 56 patients. Primary closure success was statistically equivalent between the two groups, but trended toward improved success with GA/intubation (RR = 0.86, CI 0.70-1.03, p = 0.08). Mortality was equivalent between groups (RR = 1.26, CI 0.26-6.08, p = 0.65). With respect to time to enteral feeds and length of hospital stay, outcomes were either equivalent between the two groups or favored the group that underwent primary closure without intubation and GA., Conclusion: There are few comparative studies examining the impact of performing primary bedside closure of gastroschisis without GA. A meta-analysis of the available data found no statistically significant difference when forgoing intubation and GA. Foregoing GA also did not negatively impact time to enteral feeds, length of hospital stay, or mortality., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Wide practice variation exists in the management of gastroschisis. Routine endotracheal intubation for bedside closure may lead to longer duration of mechanical ventilation., Methods: The Canadian Association of Pediatric Surgery Network gastroschisis dataset was queried for all patients undergoing attempted bedside reduction and closure. Patients with evidence of intestinal necrosis or perforation were excluded. A propensity score analysis was used to compare the rate of successful primary repair and post-operative outcomes between intubated and non-intubated patients., Results: In propensity score matched analysis, the successful primary repair rate did not reach statistical significance between patients who were intubated for attempted bedside closure and those who were not intubated (Odds Ratio: 2.18, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.79, 6.03). Intubated patients experienced 3.02 more ventilator days than patients who were not intubated at the time of initial attempted closure. Other post-operative parameters were similar between both groups., Conclusions: It is reasonable to attempt primary bedside gastroschisis closure without intubation in otherwise healthy infants., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Standardized protocols have been shown to improve outcomes in several pediatric surgical conditions. We implemented a multi-disciplinary gastroschisis practice bundle at our institution in 2013. We sought to evaluate its impact on closure type and early clinical outcomes., Methods: We performed a retrospective review of uncomplicated gastroschisis patients treated at our institution between 2008-2019. Patients were divided into two groups: pre- and post-protocol implementation. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compare closure location, method, and success., Results: Neonates (pre-implementation n = 53, post-implementation n = 43) were similar across baseline variables. Successful immediate closure rates were comparable (75.5% vs. 72.1%, p = 0.71). The proportion of bedside closures increased significantly after protocol implementation (35.3% vs. 95.4%, p < 0.01), as did the proportion of sutureless closures (32.5% vs. 71.0%, p < 0.01). Median postoperative mechanical ventilation decreased significantly (4 days IQR [3, 5] vs. 2 days IQR [1, 3], p < 0.01). Postoperative complications and duration of parenteral nutrition were equivalent. After controlling for potential confounding, infants in the post-implementation group had a 44.0 times higher odds of undergoing bedside closure (95% CI: 9.0, 215.2, p < 0.01) and a 7.7 times higher odds of undergoing sutureless closure (95% CI: 2.3, 25.1, p < 0.01)., Conclusions: Implementing a standardized gastroschisis protocol significantly increased the proportion of immediate bedside sutureless closures and decreased the duration of mechanical ventilation, without increasing postoperative complications. Level of Evidence III Type of Study Retrospective comparative study., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: The role of advanced care practitioners (ACPs) in pediatric surgery is increasingly important and not well described., Methods: Electronic surveys were sent to pediatric surgery division chiefs within the Children's Hospital Association., Results: We received 77/163 survey responses (47%). The median number of ACPs per service was 3.0 (range 0-35). ACP number correlated with inpatient census, surgeon number, case volume, trauma centers, intensive care unit status, and fellowship programs but not with presence of residents/hospitalists, hospital setting, or practice type. Nearly all programs incorporated nurse practitioners while almost half utilized physician assistants. Approximately one-third of ACPs were designated for subspecialties (35%) such as trauma and colorectal. Only 9% of centers had surgeon-specific ACPs. ACP responsibilities included both inpatient and outpatient tasks. Nearly all ACPs participated in procedures (89%), mostly bedside (80%). All ACPs worked daytime shifts, with less nights and weekends. Most ACPs billed for services (80%). Satisfaction with ACP coverage was widespread and did not correlate with ACP number. Most respondents felt that ACPs enhance, and not hinder, resident/fellow training (85%)., Conclusion: ACPs are useful adjuncts in pediatric surgery. A better understanding of practice patterns may help optimize utilization to enhance patient care and can be used to advocate for appropriate resources., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Laparoscopic models are increasingly recognized as important tools in surgical training. The purpose of this study was to compare pediatric and adult laparoscopic surgical skills, and gain insight into the upskilling in both groups., Materials and Methods: Adult- and pediatric-sized laparoscopic simulators were fitted with custom-built motion tracking hardware and software. Participants were recruited at the Education Booth of the 2012 combined SAGES/IPEG meeting. They each performed 1 adult and 1 pediatric intracorporeal suturing task. Velocity, acceleration, and range were studied in all degrees of freedom available during laparoscopic surgery (pitch, yaw, roll, and surge). Participants were stratified by expertise based on the traditional metrics of self-reported caseloads., Results: A total of 57 participants (15 novices, 7 intermediates, and 35 experts) were recruited. Experts had significantly higher extreme events in three of the four degrees of freedom when using the pediatric simulator than when using the adult simulator. Few significant differences were seen when comparing novice and intermediate performances on the adult versus pediatric simulator. Linear regression showed no difference between adult and pediatric experts tested on the adult or pediatric simulator., Conclusions: Experts were more challenged with the pediatric than with the adult suturing task. No difference was noted for overall averaged performance metrics comparing adult and pediatric experts suturing in adult versus pediatric simulators. As a participant's level of expertise improves, a model progressing from larger to smaller domains in the performance of defined laparoscopic tasks may, by virtue of its greater challenge, encourage psychomotor development.

Background: This study analyzes instrument motion for segments of a defined intra-corporeal suturing task in a laparoscopic simulator. We describe a system providing real-time velocity and acceleration assessment in the performance of this task. Analysis of the deconstructed task segments allows targeted assessment and teaching., Methods: A traditional box trainer was fitted with a custom-built motion-tracking system. Participants were stratified into novice, intermediate and expert groups. They performed a defined intra-corporeal suturing task. Real-time data were collected in four degrees of freedom (DOFs) (Roll, Surge, Pitch, Yaw). The task was then deconstructed into four segments: loading needle/pull-through, double-throw knot, first single-throw knot, and second single-throw knot. Motion analysis parameters (MAPs) were studied for each DOF., Results: Sixty-four participants were tested (14 novices, 19 intermediates, 31 experts). The largest difference in MAPs was seen in the 'double-throw knot' segment. MAPs for the 'loading needle/pull-through' segment revealed differences between novices and experts in Roll and Pitch DOFs only. For the 'first single knot' segment, similar MAP trends were noted across all DOFs, with significant differences between novices versus experts and intermediates versus experts. For the 'second single knot' segment, the difference in MAPs was preserved only for novices versus experts., Conclusions: By analyzing motion for a defined suturing task in a laparoscopic simulator, we can gain insight into the specific hand motions distinguishing experts from non-experts. Such information may allow teaching in a more focused, effective and efficient manner.

Background: Laparoscopic models are recognized as important training tools. Lower fidelity systems are used mainly for simpler tasks; an advanced suturing task may allow for additional training of experts. The purpose of this study was to explore the educational role of an advanced suturing task using motion analysis and establish the task's construct validity., Methods: The pediatric laparoscopic surgery (PLS) simulator was customized with motion-tracking hardware and software. Participants were stratified by expertise, then performed an advanced task involving intracorporeal suturing in a vertical plane, with the suture passing superiorly to inferiorly. Traditional PLS scores were calculated, and motion was analyzed in the four degrees of freedom available in laparoscopic surgery (Pitch, Yaw, Roll, and Surge). Data were compared to historic results for a standard suturing task., Results: Sixty participants were recruited (8 novices, 13 intermediates, and 39 experts). Analysis of motion in all degrees of freedom allowed discrimination between participants based on expertise level. Compared with the standard task, PLS scores for the advanced task were significantly lower for intermediates and experts, and the number of extreme motion events was significantly higher, indicating that advanced task is more challenging. In addition, only 76.3% of experts, 76.9% of intermediates, and 37.5% of novices were able to successfully complete the advanced task., Conclusions: Performance of an advanced intracorporeal suturing task allowed discrimination of expertise level. The task's increased complexity may help hone laparoscopic technical skills, particularly among advanced performers, and even allow discrimination of psychomotor expertise within the traditional cohort of experts.

Background: Although interest in practicing surgery in resource-constrained settings is on the rise among graduating US surgical residents, there is ongoing debate about an optimal humanitarian skill set for surgeons who chose to work in such settings. In addition, increased emphasis on general surgery case exposure at the cost of specialty surgery case exposure has been documented and may have a negative impact on the breadth of resident training. Review of general surgery resident case logs to gauge experience in specialty surgery may provide insight into residents' readiness for work in resource-limited settings., Methods: We compared Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education general surgery resident case logs from 2004 to 2014 for operations thought to be essential for working in resource-constrained settings. These operations were chosen from published literature on this topic and authors' personal experience. Case numbers for specialty operations were compared by unpaired t-test analysis between the two periods., Results: Case averages in pediatric, genitourinary, and gynecologic surgery decreased significantly from 2004 to 2014 (range, 27%-46%). Orthopedic surgery case averages were unchanged, and plastic and general abdominal surgery case averages increased (range, 47%-50%)., Conclusions: Case mix among graduating US surgical residents has narrowed over the past 10 y. Resident experience in a variety of specialty fields, thought to be essential in resource-constrained settings, decreased markedly over the study period. Residents who intend to work in resource-constrained settings may need to craft individualized residency experiences or pursue postgraduate training in specialty surgery courses to best prepare for such work., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Comprehensive care of patients in conflict and disaster requires coordination of medical, social, and public health agencies. Pediatric patients in these settings comprise a particularly vulnerable group subject to disruption of social networks and separation from family, inadequate surgical care due to lack of surgeon, anesthetist, and nursing specialization, and a general lack of advocacy within the global public health agenda. In the recent upswell of attention to the global surgical burden of disease and deficiencies in necessary infrastructure, the needs of pediatric surgical patients remain underappreciated and underemphasized amid calls for improvement in global surgical health. Experience in recent natural and man-made disasters has demonstrated that pediatric patients makeup a significant proportion of those injured, and has perhaps refocused our need to better characterize the surgical needs of children in conflict and disaster. In addition to treat such patients, we recognize the unmet challenges of improving pediatric emergency and surgical infrastructures in the low- and middle-income country settings where conflict and disaster occur most often, and continuing to advocate for vulnerable children worldwide and keep them out of harm's way., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Little is known about the scope of practice and outcomes in pediatric surgery performed by humanitarian organizations in resource-poor settings and conflict zones. This study provides the largest report to date detailing such data for a major nongovernmental organization providing humanitarian surgical relief support in these settings., Objective: To characterize pediatric surgical care provision by a major nongovernmental organization in specialized humanitarian settings and conflict zones., Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted from August 15, 2014, to March 9, 2015, of 59,928 surgical interventions carried out from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013, by the Médecins Sans Frontières Operational Centre Paris (MSF-OCP) program in 20 locations, including South Sudan, Yemen, Syria, Gaza, Pakistan, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Philippines. Surgical interventions were primarily for general surgical, traumatic, and obstetric emergencies and were categorized by mechanism, type of intervention, American Society of Anesthesia risk classification, and urgency of intervention., Main Outcomes and Measures: Operative indications, type of intervention, and operative case mortality., Results: Among all age groups, 59,928 surgical interventions were performed in dedicated trauma, obstetric, and reconstructive centers for 2 years. Nearly one-third of interventions (18,040 [30.1%]) involved preteen patients (aged <13 years) and 4571 (7.6%) involved teenaged patients (aged 13-17 years). The proportion of violence-related injuries in the preteen group was significantly lower than in the teenage group (4.8% vs 17.5%; P < .001). Burns (50.1%), other accidental injuries (16.4%), and infections (23.4%) composed the bulk of indications in the preteen group. Interventions in the teenage group were principally caused by trauma-related injuries (burns, 22.9%; traffic accidents, 10.1%; gunshot wounds, 8.0%). Crude perioperative case mortality rates were 0.07% in the preteen group, 0.15% in the teenage group, and 0.22% in the adult group (>17 years) (P = .001). One-third of the cases (33.4%) were deemed urgent, while most of the remaining cases (57.7%) were deemed semielective (surgical intervention to be performed within 48 hours)., Conclusions and Relevance: When examining surgical interventions in a population of pediatric patients cared for in the specialized setting of humanitarian aid and conflict zones, burns, other accidental injuries, and infection composed the bulk of indications in the preteen group; interventions in the teenage group were principally caused by trauma-related injuries. Crude perioperative case mortality rates in the preteen group were significantly lower than in the adult group. Further work is needed to examine long-term outcomes of pediatric operations in these settings and to guide context-specific surgical program development.

Background: Laparoscopic models for ex vivo up-skilling are becoming increasingly important components of surgical education. This study aims to establish the construct validity and possible educational role of a new laparoscopic box trainer equipped with a motion-tracking device., Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to assign participants into novice, intermediate, or expert categories according to level of experience in minimal access surgery (MAS). Participants carried out a well-defined intracorporeal suturing task. Three specific motion analysis parameters (MAPs)-velocity, acceleration, and range-were measured and analyzed as movements in the four degrees of freedom available in traditional MAS using tracking sensors at the trocar insertion sites., Results: The number of extreme velocity and acceleration events in all four degrees of freedom proved capable of differentiating between participants in the three categories of surgical experience using an ANOVA test (p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis confirmed these differences in the number of extreme velocity and acceleration events between all groups tested except for the velocity of the roll between the intermediates and experts., Conclusion: These findings confirm construct validity for this new laparoscopic box trainer system, which employs a novel analysis based on motion parameters. Motion parameters provide information regarding the overall smoothness of the operator's instrument handling, an important aspect of a surgeon's technique. This preliminary data will be used to design a simulator with real-time motion feedback to enhance its educational value.