41 results on '"Trouvelot S"'
Search Results
2. Identification of Plasmopara viticola Genes Potentially Involved in Pathogenesis on Grapevine Suggests New Similarities Between Oomycetes and True Fungi
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Luis, P., primary, Gauthier, A., additional, Trouvelot, S., additional, Poinssot, B., additional, and Frettinger, P., additional
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- 2013
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3. A β-1,3 Glucan Sulfate Induces Resistance in Grapevine against Plasmopara viticola Through Priming of Defense Responses, Including HR-like Cell Death
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Trouvelot, S., primary, Varnier, A.-L., additional, Allègre, M., additional, Mercier, L., additional, Baillieul, F., additional, Arnould, C., additional, Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., additional, Klarzynski, O., additional, Joubert, J.-M., additional, Pugin, A., additional, and Daire, X., additional
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- 2008
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4. Les maladies du bois de la vigne : recherches pour apporter des solutions de lutte aux Professionnels
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Larignon, P., Bloy, P., Cahurel, J. Y., Cartier, C., Claverie, M., Coarer, M., Colosio, M. C., Dias, F., Douillet, A., Jouandou, N., Marchat, S., Mille, B., Muller, M., Pascal, J. N., Petit, A., Saccharin, P., Sentenac, G., Viguès, V., Yobregat, O., Chatelet, B., Decouchant, T., Berud, F., Jacquet, O., Fabreguette, V., Richy, D., Aymé, V., Fontaine, F., Mondello, V., Spagnolo, A., Lucile JACQUENS, Adrian, M., Trouvelot, S., and Jacquens, Lucile
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[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,crop loss ,esca ,Botryosphaeriaceae ,nurseries ,Vitis vinifera ,life cycle ,oenology ,vine training system ,vigour ,plant material ,Botryosphaeria dieback ,control - Abstract
Les travaux réalisés sur deux maladies du bois de la vigne (esca, BDA) ont montré leur effet sur la récolte et la croissance de la pousse printanière qui était annulé deux années après l’apparition des symptômes. Ces maladies ont aussi conduit à des modifications des propriétés analytiques des moûts et des vins. Les vins issus de raisins collectés sur des ceps symptomatiques n’étaient pas toujours les plus dépréciés. Les études effectuées sur le cycle biologique ont permis de mettre au point des outils pour différencier les individus de deux espèces de Botryosphaeriaceae et des outils d’hybridation in situ qui permettront de les localiser précisément dans les tissus. Elles ont aussi identifié la période de sensibilité de la plante face à ces champignons et montré l’importance de deux facteurs (stade phénologique, charge) pour leur développement. Les organes porteurs de leurs sources d’inoculum ont été identifiés et une méthode a été mise au point pour les quantifier. Parmi les pratiques agronomiques testées (taille, densité, aménagement de coteaux), aucunes n’influaient sur leur expression dans le vignoble, la situation semblait avoir plus d’importance que les pratiques testées. Enfin, la production de plants totalement exempts de champignons pathogènes ou moins porteurs n’a pas été efficace dans la lutte contre ces maladies.
5. Impact des maladies du bois sur le fonctionnement de la vigne
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Moret, Florian, Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Adrian M., Fontaine F., co-encadrante:, Trouvelot S., and EL Mjiyad, Noureddine
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[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,defense ,defence ,esca ,défence ,botryosphaeriacées ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,physiology ,botryosphaerias ,physiologie ,Black Dead Arm ,vigne ,grapevine - Abstract
Esca complex and Botryosphearia dieback are grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) that cause severe declines in vineyards worldwide and against which the available control strategies are limited. These diseases are due to a complex of woody inhabiting fungi that colonize the perennial organs of grapevine throughout its life, from its production in nursery to the cultivation in the vineyard. The expression of foliar symptoms remains poorly understood and is influenced by many factors including climate, cultural practices and cultivar. In this context, this work aimed to characterize the impact of these two diseases on grapevine, at different spatial and temporal scales, in order to better understand the mechanisms associated with the appearance and development of leaf symptoms.We first verified whether, for a given cultivar, the expression of leaf symptoms of esca (severe form) could vary depending on the clone. This study was carried out for 2 cultivars with different susceptibility to esca: Chardonnay (clones 76 and 95) in 2015 and 2019, and Trousseau (clones 1004 and 1026) in 2017 and 2018. Using metabolomic analyses, it was shown that foliar expression of the severe esca form (pre-apoplexy) was clone-dependent. A vintage effect was also noted, with different foliar metabolic signatures and variable frequencies of affected vines. These results highlight the importance of annual climatic conditions in esca expression, both for the appearance of symptoms and associated metabolic changes.A physical and metabolic characterization of the different symptomatic areas of leaves affected by GLSD of esca (green zone, yellow border and brown zone found in tiger-stripe pattern) was also carried out with Pinot noir (low susceptibility) and Sauvignon blanc (susceptible). This work showed that the different zones can be distinguished according to their surface roughness, their overall metabolic profile and the presence of toxins. In addition, this work has enabled a methodological development that will enable a better characterization of the relationship between toxins / metabolic disturbances / leaf symptomatology.Finally, in parallel with this work on esca, the severe form (defoliating) of Botryosphaeria dieback was characterized at the internode level of the annual cane, at the anatomical and physiological levels. The objective was to understand the origin of the symptoms, related to annual fungal contamination and obstruction of xylem vessels, and to characterize the mechanisms associated with their expression. In Cabernet Franc, a susceptible cultivar to this decline, it was observed: i) the presence of Botryosphaeriaceae species in the liber and peripheral (cortical) tissues as well as in the vascular vessels of the wood, ii) the presence of obstructed vessels (tylosis, gums) but which does not, by itself, explain the expression of the symptoms, iii) deep anatomical alterations in the vascular liber showing its loss of functionality, iv) a dysfunction or even a defect in the phellogen seating, v) a defect in starch storage in parenchyma rays, vi) an alteration in defence responses and vii) an alteration in internodal metabolism with metabolic signatures associated with the expression and evolution of foliar symptoms.In summary, this work has provided new elements on the understanding of the expression of leaf symptoms (chronic and severe forms) of both esca and Botryosphaeria dieback. It thus opens up new research perspectives with the aim of better understanding the interaction between grapevine and fungi associated to GTDs and identifying solutions for their sustainable control of these diseases., L’esca et le dépérissement dû aux Botryosphaeriacées sont des maladies du bois de la vigne qui provoquent des dégâts importants dans les vignobles du monde entier et contre lesquelles les moyens de lutte à disposition sont limités. Ces maladies sont dues à un complexe de champignons vasculaires qui colonisent les parties pérennes de la vigne tout au long de sa vie, depuis sa production en pépinière à sa culture au vignoble. L’expression des symptômes foliaires reste méconnue et est influencée par de nombreux facteurs dont le climat, les pratiques culturales et le cépage. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse a visé à caractériser l’impact de ces deux maladies sur la vigne, à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles, afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes associés à l’apparition et au développement des symptômes foliaires.Nous avons d’abord vérifié si, pour un cépage donné, l’expression des symptômes foliaires de l’esca (forme sévère) pouvait varier en fonction du clone. Cette étude a été réalisée pour 2 cépages de sensibilité différente à cette maladie : le Chardonnay (clones 76 et 95) en 2015 et 2019, et le Trousseau (clones 1004 et 1026) en 2017 et 2018. A l’aide d’analyses métabolomiques, il a été mis en évidence que l’expression foliaire de la forme sévère de l’esca (pré-apoplexie) était clone-dépendante. Un effet millésime a également été noté, avec des signatures métaboliques foliaires différentes et des fréquences de ceps atteints variables. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance des conditions climatiques annuelles dans l’expression de l’esca, que ce soit pour l’apparition des symptômes ou les changements métaboliques associés.Une caractérisation physique et métabolique des différentes zones symptomatiques de feuilles atteintes du syndrome GLSD de d’esca (zone verte, liseré jaune et zone brune retrouvés dans les tigrures) a également été menée avec les cépages Pinot noir (peu sensible) et Sauvignon blanc (sensible). Ces travaux ont montré que les différentes zones peuvent se distinguer en fonction de leur rugosité de surface, de leur profil métabolique global et de la présence de toxines. Ce travail a de plus permis un développement méthodologique qui permettra de mieux caractériser la relation toxines / perturbations métaboliques / symptomatologie foliaire.Enfin, en parallèle de ces travaux sur l’esca, la forme sévère (défoliatrice) du dépérissement dû aux Botryosphaeriacées a été caractérisée à l’échelle de l’entre-noeud du rameau, aux niveaux anatomique et physiologique. L’objectif était d’appréhender l’origine des symptômes, en lien avec une contamination fongique annuelle et l’obstruction des vaisseaux du xylème, et de caractériser les mécanismes associés à leur expression. Ainsi, chez le Cabernet franc, cépage sensible à ce dépérissement, il a été observé : i) la présence de Botryosphaeriacées au niveau du liber et des tissus périphériques (corticaux) ainsi que dans les vaisseaux du bois, ii) la présence de vaisseaux obstrués (thyllose, gommes) mais qui n’explique pas, à elle seule, l’expression des symptômes, iii) des altérations anatomiques profondes au niveau du liber mou montrant sa perte de fonctionnalité, iv) un dysfonctionnement voire un défaut de mise en place de l’assise subéro-phellodermique, v) un défaut de mise en réserve d’amidon dans les parenchymes de rayon, vi) une altération de réponses de défense et vii) une altération du métabolisme internodal avec des signatures métaboliques associées à l’expression et l’évolution des symptômes foliaires.En résumé, ce travail de thèse a permis d’apporter de nouveaux éléments sur la compréhension de l’expression des symptômes foliaires (formes lente et sévère) des dépérissements liés aux maladies du bois. Il ouvre ainsi de nouvelles perspectives de recherche dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre l’interaction vigne / champignons responsables des maladies du bois et d’identifier des solutions permettant de lutter durablement contre ces dernières.
- Published
- 2020
6. Physiological and developmental disturbances caused by Botryosphaeria dieback in the annual stems of grapevine.
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Moret F, Jacquens L, Larignon P, Clément G, Coppin C, Noirot E, Courty PE, Fontaine F, Adrian M, and Trouvelot S
- Abstract
Botryosphaeria dieback is a grapevine trunk disease caused by fungi of the Botryosphaeriaceae family, which attacks more specifically the woody tissues. The infection leads to different symptoms including a severe form with a leaf drop as well as premature plant death. Botryosphaeria dieback causes major economic losses, since no effective treatment is yet available. A better understanding is necessary to find solutions to fight this disease. In this study, our objective was to characterize the "leaf drop" form by (1) looking for the presence of pathogens in the basal internodes of stems, (2) quantifying blocked vessels by tylosis and/or gummosis, and (3) describing the impact of the disease on vine physiology (gene expression and metabolome) and development (establishment and functioning of the cambium and phellogen) at the level of xylem and phloem of basal stem internodes. Our study has shown that Botryosphaeriaceae were present in both phloem and xylem of the basal internodes of the annual stem, with xylem vessels obturated. We have also clearly demonstrated that gene expression and metabolite profiles were strongly modified in both xylem and phloem of diseased plants. Differences in stems between healthy (control, C) and diseased (D) plants were low at flowering (vines not yet symptomatic), higher at the onset of symptom expression and still present, although less marked, at full disease expression. qRT-PCR analysis showed in both phloem and xylem an overexpression of genes involved in plant defense, and a repression of genes related to meristematic activity (i.e. vascular cambium and phellogen). Metabolomic analysis showed specific fingerprints in stems of healthy and diseased plants from the onset of symptom expression, with an increase of the level of phytoalexins and mannitol, and a decrease of 1-kestose one. At the structural level, many alterations were observed in internodes, even before the onset of symptoms: a classical obstruction of xylem vessels and, for the first time, a disorganization of the secondary phloem with an obstruction of the sieve plates by callose. The disease modifies the development of both secondary phloem (liber) and phellogen. Altogether, this study combining different approaches allowed to highlight deep vine dysfunction in the internodes at the base of stems, that may explain vine decline due to Botryosphaeria dieback., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Moret, Jacquens, Larignon, Clément, Coppin, Noirot, Courty, Fontaine, Adrian and Trouvelot.)
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- 2024
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7. Comparative RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling of ten grapevine rootstocks: shared and specific sets of genes respond to mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Sportes A, Hériché M, Mounier A, Durney C, van Tuinen D, Trouvelot S, Wipf D, and Courty PE
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- Symbiosis physiology, Ecosystem, Plant Roots microbiology, Gene Expression Profiling, Transcriptome, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Mycorrhizae physiology
- Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis improves water and nutrient uptake by plants and provides them other ecosystem services. Grapevine is one of the major crops in the world. Vitis vinifera scions generally are grafted onto a variety of rootstocks that confer different levels of resistance against different pests, tolerance to environmental stress, and influence the physiology of the scions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are involved in the root architecture and in the immune response to soil-borne pathogens. However, the fine-tuned regulation and the transcriptomic plasticity of rootstocks in response to mycorrhization are still unknown. We compared the responses of 10 different grapevine rootstocks to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) formed with Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 using RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling. We have highlighted a few shared regulation mechanisms, but also specific rootstock responses to R. irregularis colonization. A set of 353 genes was regulated by AMS in all ten rootstocks. We also compared the expression level of this set of genes to more than 2000 transcriptome profiles from various grapevine varieties and tissues to identify a class of transcripts related to mycorrhizal associations in these 10 rootstocks. Then, we compared the response of the 351 genes upregulated by mycorrhiza in grapevine to their Medicago truncatula homologs in response to mycorrhizal colonization based on available transcriptomic studies. More than 97% of the 351 M. truncatula-homologous grapevine genes were expressed in at least one mycorrhizal transcriptomic study, and 64% in every single RNAseq dataset. At the intra-specific level, we described, for the first time, shared and specific grapevine rootstock genes in response to R. irregularis symbiosis. At the inter-specific level, we defined a shared subset of mycorrhiza-responsive genes., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2023
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8. Sodium arsenite-induced changes in the wood of esca-diseased grapevine at cytological and metabolomic levels.
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Trouvelot S, Lemaitre-Guillier C, Vallet J, Jacquens L, Douillet A, Harir M, Larignon P, Roullier-Gall C, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Adrian M, and Fontaine F
- Abstract
In the past, most grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have been controlled by treatments with sodium arsenite. For obvious reasons, sodium arsenite was banned in vineyards, and consequently, the management of GTDs is difficult due to the lack of methods with similar effectiveness. Sodium arsenite is known to have a fungicide effect and to affect the leaf physiology, but its effect on the woody tissues where the GTD pathogens are present is still poorly understood. This study thus focuses on the effect of sodium arsenite in woody tissues, particularly in the interaction area between asymptomatic wood and necrotic wood resulting from the GTD pathogens' activities. Metabolomics was used to obtain a metabolite fingerprint of sodium arsenite treatment and microscopy to visualize its effects at the histo-cytological level. The main results are that sodium arsenite impacts both metabolome and structural barriers in plant wood. We reported a stimulator effect on plant secondary metabolites in the wood, which add to its fungicide effect. Moreover, the pattern of some phytotoxins is affected, suggesting the possible effect of sodium arsenite in the pathogen metabolism and/or plant detoxification process. This study brings new elements to understanding the mode of action of sodium arsenite, which is useful in developing sustainable and eco-friendly strategies to better manage GTDs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Trouvelot, Lemaitre-Guillier, Vallet, Jacquens, Douillet, Harir, Larignon, Roullier-Gall, Schmitt-Kopplin, Adrian and Fontaine.)
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- 2023
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9. Biostimulation can prime elicitor induced resistance of grapevine leaves to downy mildew.
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Jacquens L, Trouvelot S, Lemaitre-Guillier C, Krzyzaniak Y, Clément G, Citerne S, Mouille G, Moreau E, Héloir MC, and Adrian M
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Using plant defense elicitors to protect crops against diseases is an attractive strategy to reduce chemical pesticide use. However, development of elicitors remains limited because of variable effectiveness in the field. In contrast to fungicides that directly target pathogens, elicitors activate plant immunity, which depends on plant physiological status. Other products, the biostimulants, can improve certain functions of plants. In this study, the objective was to determine whether a biostimulant via effects on grapevine physiology could increase effectiveness of a defense elicitor. A new methodology was developed to study biostimulant activity under controlled conditions using in vitro plantlets. Both biostimulant and defense elicitor used in the study were plant extracts. When added to the culture medium, the biostimulant accelerated the beginning of plantlet growth and affected the shoot and root development. It also modified metabolomes and phytohormone contents of leaves, stems, and roots. When applied on shoots, the defense elicitor changed metabolite and phytohormone contents, but effects were different depending on whether plantlets were biostimulated or controls. Defense responses and protection against Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew agent) were induced only for plantlets previously treated with the biostimulant, Therefore, the biostimulant may act by priming the defense elicitor action. In this study, a new method to screen biostimulants active on grapevine vegetative growth was used to demonstrate that a biostimulant can optimize the efficiency of a plant defense elicitor., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Jacquens, Trouvelot, Lemaitre-Guillier, Krzyzaniak, Clément, Citerne, Mouille, Moreau, Héloir and Adrian.)
- Published
- 2022
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10. The microbiota of the grapevine holobiont: A key component of plant health.
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Bettenfeld P, Cadena I Canals J, Jacquens L, Fernandez O, Fontaine F, van Schaik E, Courty PE, and Trouvelot S
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- Bacteria, Fungi, Plant Diseases, Plants, Microbiota
- Abstract
Background: Grapevine is a woody, perennial plant of high economic importance worldwide. Like other plants, it lives in close association with large numbers of microorganisms. Bacteria, fungi and viruses are structured in communities, and each individual can be beneficial, neutral or harmful to the plant. In this sense, microorganisms can interact with each other and regulate plant functions (including immunity) and even provide new ones. Thus, the grapevine associated with its microbial communities constitutes a supra-organism, also called a holobiont, whose functioning is linked to established plant-microorganism interactions., Aim of Review: The overall health of the plant may be conditioned by the diversity and structure of microbial communities. Consequently, an optimal microbial composition will consist of a microbial balance allowing the plant to be healthy. Conversely, an imbalance of microbial populations could lead to (or be generated by) a decline of the plant. The microbiome is an active component of the host also responsive to biotic and abiotic changes; in that respect, a better understanding of the most important drivers of the composition of plant microbiomes is needed., Key Scientific Concepts of Review: This article presents the current state of the art about the grapevine microbiota and its composition according to the plant compartments and the influencing factors. We also focus on situations of imbalance, in particular during plant disease or decline. Finally, we discuss the possible interest of microbial engineering in an agrosystem such as viticulture., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors thank the following institutions for financial support: the Burgundy Franche Comté Regional Council, FranceAgriMer and CNIV for supporting the Holoviti project (Plan National Dépérissement du Vignoble) and the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne. Moreover, the authors are grateful to D. Wipf for helpful and constructive discussions., (Copyright © 2022. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)
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- 2022
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11. In situ Phenotyping of Grapevine Root System Architecture by 2D or 3D Imaging: Advantages and Limits of Three Cultivation Methods.
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Krzyzaniak Y, Cointault F, Loupiac C, Bernaud E, Ott F, Salon C, Laybros A, Han S, Héloir MC, Adrian M, and Trouvelot S
- Abstract
The root system plays an essential role in the development and physiology of the plant, as well as in its response to various stresses. However, it is often insufficiently studied, mainly because it is difficult to visualize. For grapevine, a plant of major economic interest, there is a growing need to study the root system, in particular to assess its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, understand the decline that may affect it, and identify new ecofriendly production systems. In this context, we have evaluated and compared three distinct growing methods (hydroponics, plane, and cylindric rhizotrons) in order to describe relevant architectural root traits of grapevine cuttings (mode of grapevine propagation), and also two 2D- (hydroponics and rhizotron) and one 3D- (neutron tomography) imaging techniques for visualization and quantification of roots. We observed that hydroponics tubes are a system easy to implement but do not allow the direct quantification of root traits over time, conversely to 2D imaging in rhizotron. We demonstrated that neutron tomography is relevant to quantify the root volume. We have also produced a new automated analysis method of digital photographs, adapted for identifying adventitious roots as a feature of root architecture in rhizotrons. This method integrates image segmentation, skeletonization, detection of adventitious root skeleton, and adventitious root reconstruction. Although this study was targeted to grapevine, most of the results obtained could be extended to other plants propagated by cuttings. Image analysis methods could also be adapted to characterization of the root system from seedlings., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Krzyzaniak, Cointault, Loupiac, Bernaud, Ott, Salon, Laybros, Han, Héloir, Adrian and Trouvelot.)
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- 2021
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12. Esca-affected grapevine leaf metabolome is clone- and vintage-dependent.
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Moret F, Delorme G, Clément G, Grosjean C, Lemaître-Guillier C, Trouvelot S, Adrian M, and Fontaine F
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- Clone Cells, Metabolome, Plant Diseases, Plant Leaves genetics, Vitis genetics
- Abstract
Esca is a complex grapevine trunk disease caused by wood-rotting ascomycetes and basidiomycetes and leading to several foliar and wood symptoms. Given that the esca expression can be influenced by several environmental, physiological, and genetic factors, foliar symptoms are inconsistent in incidence and prevalence and may appear 1 year but not the following. We have previously reported a clone-dependent expression of the disease in cv Chardonnay. Owing to metabolome analysis, we could discriminate the metabolite fingerprint of green leaves collected on diseased vines of clones 76 and 95. These clone-dependent fingerprints were year-dependent in intensity and nature. The present work was conducted to determine if the clone-dependent disease expression observed is specific to Chardonnay or if it also occurs in another cultivar. A plot located in the Jura vineyard (France) and planted with both 1004 and 1026 clones of Trousseau, a cultivar highly susceptible to esca, was thus selected and studied during 2017 and 2018. A year-dependent variation of the symptoms expression was first observed and a possible relationship with rainfall is hypothesized and discussed. Moreover, a higher percentage of the clone 1026 vines expressed disease, compared to the 1004 ones, suggesting the higher susceptibility of this clone. Finally, metabolomic analyses of the remaining green leaves (i.e, without symptom expression) of partial esca-apoplectic vines allowed us to confirm a clone-dependent metabolic response to the disease. The metabolite fingerprints obtained differed in nature and intensity to those previously reported for Chardonnay and also between years., (© 2020 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)
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- 2021
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13. Cultivar- and Wood Area-Dependent Metabolomic Fingerprints of Grapevine Infected by Botryosphaeria Dieback.
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Lemaitre-Guillier C, Fontaine F, Roullier-Gall C, Harir M, Magnin-Robert M, Clément C, Trouvelot S, Gougeon RD, Schmitt-Kopplin P, and Adrian M
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- Metabolomics, Plant Diseases, Wood, Ascomycota, Vitis
- Abstract
Botryosphaeria dieback is one of the most significant grapevine trunk diseases that affects the sustainability of the vineyards and provokes economic losses. The causal agents, Botryosphaeriaceae species, live in and colonize the wood of the perennial organs causing wood necrosis. Diseased vines show foliar symptoms, chlorosis, or apoplexy, associated to a characteristic brown stripe under the bark. According to the susceptibility of the cultivars, specific proteins such as PR-proteins and other defense-related proteins are accumulated in the brown stripe compared with the healthy woody tissues. In this study, we enhanced the characterization of the brown stripe and the healthy wood by obtaining a metabolite profiling for the three cultivars Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer, and Mourvèdre to deeper understand the interaction between the Botryosphaeria dieback pathogens and grapevine. The study confirmed a specific pattern according to the cultivar and revealed significant differences between the brown stripe and the healthy wood, especially for phytochemical and lipid compounds. This is the first time that such chemical discrimination was made and that lipids were so remarkably highlighted in the interaction of Botryosphaeriaceae species and grapevine. Their role in the disease development is discussed.
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- 2020
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14. Woody Plant Declines. What's Wrong with the Microbiome?
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Bettenfeld P, Fontaine F, Trouvelot S, Fernandez O, and Courty PE
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- Carbon, Nitrogen, Plants, Rhizosphere, Soil Microbiology, Microbiota
- Abstract
Woody plant (WP) declines have multifactorial determinants as well as a biological and economic reality. The vascular system of WPs involved in the transport of carbon, nitrogen, and water from sources to sinks has a seasonal activity, which places it at a central position for mediating plant-environment interactions from nutrient cycling to community assembly and for regulating a variety of processes. To limit effects and to fight against declines, we propose: (i) to consider the WP and its associated microbiota as an holobiont and as a set of functions; (ii) to consider simultaneously, without looking at what comes first, the physiological or pathogenic disorders; and (iii) to define pragmatic strategies, including preventive and curative agronomical practices based on microbiota engineering., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2020
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15. Hydrophobized laminarans as new biocompatible anti-oomycete compounds for grapevine protection.
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Paris F, Trouvelot S, Jubien M, Lecollinet G, Joubert JM, Chiltz A, Héloir MC, Negrel J, Adrian M, Legentil L, Daire X, and Ferrières V
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- Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology, Laminaria metabolism, Disease Resistance, Glucans pharmacology, Oomycetes metabolism, Plant Diseases microbiology, Vitis metabolism, Vitis microbiology
- Abstract
Laminaran, a β-(1→3)-glucan extracted from Laminaria digitata, is a known elicitor of plant defenses, but provides only low level of disease control in vineyard trials. In this context, laminaran was partly hydrophobized by grafting from 1.6 to 7.6 lauryl chains to the native saccharidic chain and the impact of sulfation of the hydrophobized glucans was studied. The activity of the different synthetized laminaran derivatives as antimicrobial agents against Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grape downy mildew, and as elicitors of defense reactions in planta, was evaluated. Our results showed that acylation imparts an antimicrobial activity to laminaran which is related to the degree of acylation, AL3, with 7.6 lauryl chains, being the most effective derivative. Sulfation of the acylated laminarans did not further increase the antimicrobial activity. Our results also demonstrated that the efficacy of AL3 against Plasmopara viticola was most likely due to the direct antimicrobial activity of the lauryl chains rather than to an elicitation of plant defenses., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2019
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16. Recognition of Elicitors in Grapevine: From MAMP and DAMP Perception to Induced Resistance.
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Héloir MC, Adrian M, Brulé D, Claverie J, Cordelier S, Daire X, Dorey S, Gauthier A, Lemaître-Guillier C, Negrel J, Trdá L, Trouvelot S, Vandelle E, and Poinssot B
- Abstract
In a context of a sustainable viticulture, the implementation of innovative eco-friendly strategies, such as elicitor-triggered immunity, requires a deep knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine defense activation, from pathogen perception to resistance induction. During plant-pathogen interaction, the first step of plant defense activation is ensured by the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns, which are elicitors directly derived from pathogenic or beneficial microbes. Vitis vinifera , like other plants, can perceive elicitors of different nature, including proteins, amphiphilic glycolipid, and lipopeptide molecules as well as polysaccharides, thanks to their cognate pattern recognition receptors, the discovery of which recently began in this plant species. Furthermore, damage-associated molecular patterns are another class of elicitors perceived by V. vinifera as an invader's hallmark. They are mainly polysaccharides derived from the plant cell wall and are generally released through the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by microbes. Elicitor perception and subsequent activation of grapevine immunity end in some cases in efficient grapevine resistance against pathogens. Using complementary approaches, several molecular markers have been identified as hallmarks of this induced resistance stage. This review thus focuses on the recognition of elicitors by Vitis vinifera describing the molecular mechanisms triggered from the elicitor perception to the activation of immune responses. Finally, we discuss the fact that the link between elicitation and induced resistance is not so obvious and that the formulation of resistance inducers remains a key step before their application in vineyards., (Copyright © 2019 Héloir, Adrian, Brulé, Claverie, Cordelier, Daire, Dorey, Gauthier, Lemaître-Guillier, Negrel, Trdá, Trouvelot, Vandelle and Poinssot.)
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- 2019
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17. Surfactin and fengycin contribute to the protection of a Bacillus subtilis strain against grape downy mildew by both direct effect and defence stimulation.
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Li Y, Héloir MC, Zhang X, Geissler M, Trouvelot S, Jacquens L, Henkel M, Su X, Fang X, Wang Q, and Adrian M
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- Bacillus subtilis drug effects, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant drug effects, Glucans biosynthesis, Peronospora drug effects, Peronospora physiology, Plant Leaves drug effects, Plant Leaves genetics, Vitis drug effects, Vitis genetics, Bacillus subtilis physiology, Lipopeptides pharmacology, Peptides, Cyclic pharmacology, Plant Diseases microbiology, Vitis immunology, Vitis microbiology
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Bacillus subtilis GLB191 (hereafter GLB191) is an efficient biological control agent against the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew. In this study, we show that GLB191 supernatant is also highly active against downy mildew and that the activity results from both direct effect against the pathogen and stimulation of the plant defences (induction of defence gene expression and callose production). High-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis revealed the presence of the cyclic lipopeptides fengycin and surfactin in the supernatant. Mutants affected in the production of fengycin and/or surfactin were thus obtained and allowed us to show that both surfactin and fengycin contribute to the double activity of GLB191 supernatant against downy mildew. Altogether, this study suggests that GLB191 supernatant could be used as a new biocontrol product against grapevine downy mildew., (© 2019 The Authors. Molecular Plant Pathology published by British Society for Plant Pathology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2019
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18. Clone-Dependent Expression of Esca Disease Revealed by Leaf Metabolite Analysis.
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Moret F, Lemaître-Guillier C, Grosjean C, Clément G, Coelho C, Negrel J, Jacquens L, Morvan G, Mouille G, Trouvelot S, Fontaine F, and Adrian M
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Grapevine trutk diseases, especially Esca, are of major concern since they gradually alter vineyards worldwide and cause heavy economic losses. The expression of Esca disease symptoms depends on several factors, including the grapevine cultivar. In this context, a possible clone-dependent expression of the Esca disease was studied. Two clones of 'Chardonnay' grown in the same plot were compared according to their developmental and physiological traits, metabolome, and foliar symptom expression. Analysis of their leaf metabolome highlighted differences related to symptom expression. Interestingly, the content of a few specific metabolites exhibited opposite variations in leaves of symptomatic shoots of clones 76 and 95. Altogether this study showed a clone-dependent expression of Esca disease in 'Chardonnay' and the relevance of GC-MS and 3D fluorescence methods to analyze the impact of the disease on the leaf metabolome.
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- 2019
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19. Assessment of the impact of PS3-induced resistance to downy mildew on grapevine physiology.
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Héloir MC, Li Kim Khiook I, Lemaître-Guillier C, Clément G, Jacquens L, Bernaud E, Trouvelot S, and Adrian M
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- Disease Resistance drug effects, Glucans pharmacology, Oomycetes growth & development, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Leaves microbiology, Vitis metabolism, Vitis microbiology
- Abstract
Elicitor-induced resistance against diseases is an attractive strategy that could contribute to reduce the use of fungicides for plant protection. However, activation of defenses has an energetic cost that plants have to fuel by a mobilization of their primary metabolism with possible adverse effect on their physiology. In this context, this study was performed to determine whether elicitor-induced resistance of grapevine leaves against downy mildew impacted its development and metabolism. The elicitor PS3 (sulfated β-glucan laminarin) was sprayed on grapevine herbaceous cuttings grown in greenhouses once or three times, and its impact was studied on young and older grapevine leaves, prior to, and after Plasmopara viticola inoculation. PS3 did not affect grapevine development during the time course of the experiment. A metabolomic analysis, mainly focused on primary metabolites, highlighted a leaf age dependent effect of PS3 treatment. Nitrogen compounds, and sugars to a lesser extent, were impacted. The results obtained complete the current knowledge of the impact of elicitor-induced resistance on plant physiology. They will be helpful to guide further experiments required to better determine the costs and benefits of elicitor-induced resistance in plants., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
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- 2018
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20. A Plant Extract Acts Both as a Resistance Inducer and an Oomycide Against Grapevine Downy Mildew.
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Krzyzaniak Y, Trouvelot S, Negrel J, Cluzet S, Valls J, Richard T, Bougaud A, Jacquens L, Klinguer A, Chiltz A, Adrian M, and Héloir MC
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Protecting vineyards from cryptogamic diseases such as downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola , generally requires a massive use of phytochemicals. However, the issues on unintentional secondary effects on environment and human health, and the occurrence of P. viticola resistant strains, are leading to the development of alternative strategies, such as the use of biocontrol products. In this paper, we evidenced the ability of a plant extract to protect grapevine from P. viticola . Further experiments carried out both on cell suspensions and on plants revealed that plant extract activates typical defense-related responses such as the production of H
2 O2 , the up-regulation of genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and stilbene synthase, as well as the accumulation of resveratrol or its derivative piceid. We also brought to light a strong direct effect of PE on the release and motility of P. viticola zoospores. Furthermore, we found out that PE application left dried residues on leaf surface, impairing zoospores to reach stomata. Altogether, our results highlight the different modes of action of a new biocontrol product able to protect grapevine against downy mildew.- Published
- 2018
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21. Correction: The Sulfated Laminarin Triggers a Stress Transcriptome before Priming the SA- and ROS-Dependent Defenses during Grapevine's Induced Resistance against Plasmopara viticola.
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Gauthier A, Trouvelot S, Kelloniemi J, Frettinger P, Wendehenne D, Daire X, Joubert JM, Ferrarini A, Delledonne M, Flors V, and Poinssot B
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088145.].
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- 2018
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22. Combined enzymatic and metabolic analysis of grapevine cell responses to elicitors.
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Krzyzaniak Y, Negrel J, Lemaitre-Guillier C, Clément G, Mouille G, Klinguer A, Trouvelot S, Héloir MC, and Adrian M
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- Vitis cytology, Metabolome physiology, Plant Cells enzymology, Plant Proteins metabolism, Vitis enzymology
- Abstract
Elicitors trigger plant defense responses, including phytoalexin production and cell-wall reinforcement. Primary metabolism plays an important role in these responses as it fuels the associated energetic costs and provides precursors for the synthesis of the numerous secondary metabolites involved in defenses against pathogens. In this context, we aimed to determine whether oligosaccharidic elicitors differing in their capacity to activate defense-associated secondary metabolism in grapevine would differently impact primary metabolism. To answer this question, cell suspensions were treated with two elicitors: an oligogalacturonide, and the β-glucan laminarin. Enzymatic activity assays together with targeted (HPLC) and global (GC-MS) analyses of metabolites were next performed to compare their impact on plant primary or secondary metabolism. The results showed that the oligogalacturonide, which induced the highest level of the phytoalexin resveratrol and the highest activity of stilbene synthase, also induced the highest activity of shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of lignin. The oligogalacturonide-induced defenses had a significant impact on primary metabolism 24 h following elicitor treatment, with a reduced abundance of pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate, together with an increase of a set of metabolites including carbohydrates and amino acids. Interestingly, an accumulation of galacturonate and gentiobiose was observed in the oligogalacturonide- and laminarin-treated cells, respectively, suggesting that both elicitors are rapidly hydrolyzed in grapevine cell suspension cultures., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
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- 2018
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23. Alterations in Grapevine Leaf Metabolism Occur Prior to Esca Apoplexy Appearance.
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Magnin-Robert M, Adrian M, Trouvelot S, Spagnolo A, Jacquens L, Letousey P, Rabenoelina F, Harir M, Roullier-Gall C, Clément C, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Vallat A, Abou-Mansour E, and Fontaine F
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- Cyclotrons, Fourier Analysis, Fungi physiology, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Genetic Association Studies, Glutathione metabolism, In Situ Hybridization, Mass Spectrometry, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Metabolome genetics, Plant Leaves genetics, Plant Proteins genetics, Plant Proteins metabolism, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Reproducibility of Results, Vitis genetics, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Leaves microbiology, Vitis metabolism, Vitis microbiology
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Esca disease is one of the major grapevine trunk diseases in Europe and the etiology is complex, since several inhabiting fungi are identified to be associated with this disease. Among the foliar symptom expressions, the apoplectic form may be distinguished and characterized by sudden dieback of shoots, leaf drop, and shriveling of grape clusters in a few days that can ultimately induce the plant death. To further understand this drastic event, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to characterize responses of leaves during the period preceding symptom appearance (20 and 7 days before foliar symptom expression) and at the day of apoplexy expression. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide signatures for the apoplectic leaves and most changes concerning the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and phenylpropanoids. In deciphering glutathione-S-transferase (GST), its preferential location in phloem, correlated with the upregulation of GST genes and a decrease of the glutathione level, offers further support to the putative role of glutathione during apoplexy expression.
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- 2017
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24. Proteomics towards the understanding of elicitor induced resistance of grapevine against downy mildew.
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Lemaître-Guillier C, Hovasse A, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Recorbet G, Poinssot B, Trouvelot S, Daire X, Adrian M, and Héloir MC
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- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant drug effects, Glucans pharmacology, Plant Leaves drug effects, Plant Leaves microbiology, Plant Proteins drug effects, Vitis physiology, Disease Resistance, Peronospora pathogenicity, Plant Diseases microbiology, Proteomics methods, Vitis microbiology
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Elicitors are known to trigger plant defenses in response to biotic stress, but do not systematically lead to effective resistance to pathogens. The reasons explaining such differences remain misunderstood. Therefore, elicitation and induced resistance (IR) were investigated through the comparison of two modified β-1,3 glucans applied on grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaves before and after inoculation with Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew. The sulfated (PS3) and the shortened (H13) forms of laminarin are both known to elicit defense responses whereas only PS3 induces resistance against downy mildew. The analysis of the 2-DE gel electrophoresis revealed that PS3 and H13 induced distinct proteomic profiles after treatment and pathogen inoculation. Our results point out that the PS3-induced resistance is associated with the activation of the primary metabolism especially on amino acids and carbohydrates pathways. In addition, few proteins, such as the 12-oxophytodienoate reductase (OPR-like) related to the OPDA pathway, and an Arsenite-resistance protein (Serrate-like protein) could be considered as useful markers of induced resistance., Significance: One strategy to reduce the application of fungicides is the use of elicitors which induce plant defense responses. Nonetheless, the elicitors do not systematically lead to resistance against pathogens. The lack of correlation between plant defense activation and induced resistance (IR) requires the investigation of what makes the specificity of elicitor-IR. In this study, the two β-glucans elicitors, sulfated (PS3) and short (H13) laminarins, were used in the grapevine/Plasmopara viticola interaction since only the first one leads to resistance against downy mildew. To disclose IR specificity, proteomic approach has been employed to compare the two treatments before and after P. viticola inoculation. The analysis of the 2-DE revealed that PS3 and H13 induced distinct proteomic profiles after treatment and pathogen inoculation. Significant increase of the number of proteins regulated by PS3, relative to both H13 and time-points, is correlated with the resistance process establishment. Our results point that the PS3-induced resistance requires the activation of the primary metabolism especially on amino acids and carbohydrates pathways. In addition, few proteins, such as the 12-oxophytodienoate reductase (OPR-like) related to the OPDA pathway, and an Arsenite-resistance protein (Serrate-like protein) could constitute useful markers of PS3 induced resistance., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2017
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25. Metabolic Fingerprint of PS3-Induced Resistance of Grapevine Leaves against Plasmopara viticola Revealed Differences in Elicitor-Triggered Defenses.
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Adrian M, Lucio M, Roullier-Gall C, Héloir MC, Trouvelot S, Daire X, Kanawati B, Lemaître-Guillier C, Poinssot B, Gougeon R, and Schmitt-Kopplin P
- Abstract
Induction of plant resistance against pathogens by defense elicitors constitutes an attractive strategy to reduce the use of fungicides in crop protection. However, all elicitors do not systematically confer protection against pathogens. Elicitor-induced resistance (IR) thus merits to be further characterized in order to understand what makes an elicitor efficient. In this study, the oligosaccharidic defense elicitors H13 and PS3, respectively, ineffective and effective to trigger resistance of grapevine leaves against downy mildew, were used to compare their effect on the global leaf metabolism. Ultra high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) analysis allowed us to obtain and compare the specific metabolic fingerprint induced by each elicitor and to characterize the associated metabolic pathways. Moreover, erythritol phosphate was identified as a putative marker of elicitor-IR.
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- 2017
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26. RhizoTubes as a new tool for high throughput imaging of plant root development and architecture: test, comparison with pot grown plants and validation.
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Jeudy C, Adrian M, Baussard C, Bernard C, Bernaud E, Bourion V, Busset H, Cabrera-Bosquet L, Cointault F, Han S, Lamboeuf M, Moreau D, Pivato B, Prudent M, Trouvelot S, Truong HN, Vernoud V, Voisin AS, Wipf D, and Salon C
- Abstract
Background: In order to maintain high yields while saving water and preserving non-renewable resources and thus limiting the use of chemical fertilizer, it is crucial to select plants with more efficient root systems. This could be achieved through an optimization of both root architecture and root uptake ability and/or through the improvement of positive plant interactions with microorganisms in the rhizosphere. The development of devices suitable for high-throughput phenotyping of root structures remains a major bottleneck., Results: Rhizotrons suitable for plant growth in controlled conditions and non-invasive image acquisition of plant shoot and root systems (RhizoTubes) are described. These RhizoTubes allow growing one to six plants simultaneously, having a maximum height of 1.1 m, up to 8 weeks, depending on plant species. Both shoot and root compartment can be imaged automatically and non-destructively throughout the experiment thanks to an imaging cabin (RhizoCab). RhizoCab contains robots and imaging equipment for obtaining high-resolution pictures of plant roots. Using this versatile experimental setup, we illustrate how some morphometric root traits can be determined for various species including model (Medicago truncatula), crops (Pisum sativum, Brassica napus, Vitis vinifera, Triticum aestivum) and weed (Vulpia myuros) species grown under non-limiting conditions or submitted to various abiotic and biotic constraints. The measurement of the root phenotypic traits using this system was compared to that obtained using "classic" growth conditions in pots., Conclusions: This integrated system, to include 1200 Rhizotubes, will allow high-throughput phenotyping of plant shoots and roots under various abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. Our system allows an easy visualization or extraction of roots and measurement of root traits for high-throughput or kinetic analyses. The utility of this system for studying root system architecture will greatly facilitate the identification of genetic and environmental determinants of key root traits involved in crop responses to stresses, including interactions with soil microorganisms.
- Published
- 2016
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27. An ethoxylated surfactant enhances the penetration of the sulfated laminarin through leaf cuticle and stomata, leading to increased induced resistance against grapevine downy mildew.
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Paris F, Krzyżaniak Y, Gauvrit C, Jamois F, Domergue F, Joubès J, Ferrières V, Adrian M, Legentil L, Daire X, and Trouvelot S
- Subjects
- Carbon Radioisotopes, Cholesterol metabolism, Diffusion, Disaccharides pharmacology, Fluorescence, Kinetics, Plant Stomata anatomy & histology, Plant Stomata drug effects, Plant Stomata ultrastructure, Polysaccharides chemistry, Sucrose metabolism, Vitis drug effects, Waxes metabolism, Disease Resistance drug effects, Ethylene Oxide chemistry, Oomycetes drug effects, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Stomata physiology, Polysaccharides pharmacology, Surface-Active Agents pharmacology, Vitis microbiology
- Abstract
Some β-1,3-glucans and particularly sulfated laminarin (PS3) are known as resistance inducers (RIs) in grapevine against the downy mildew. However, their efficacy in vineyard is still often too low, which might be caused by a limited penetration through the leaf cuticle following spray application. We used (14) C-sucrose uptake experiments with grapevine leaves in order to select a surfactant as saccharide penetration enhancer. Our results showed that although sucrose foliar uptake was low, it was strongly enhanced by Dehscofix CO125 (DE), a highly ethoxylated surfactant. Fluorescent saccharides were then produced and laser scanning microscopy was used to analyze their foliar diffusion pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana and grapevine. Interestingly, sucrose and PS3 were seemingly able to penetrate the leaf cuticle only when formulated with DE. Diffusion could preferentially occur via stomata, anticlinal cell walls and trichomes. In grapevine, PS3 penetration rate was much higher on the stomateous abaxial surface of the leaf than on the adaxial surface. Finally, using DE allowed a higher level of downy mildew control by PS3, which corroborated diffusion observations. Our results have practical consequences for the improvement of treatments with saccharidic inducers on grape. That is, formulation of such RIs plays a critical role for their cuticular diffusion and consequently their efficacy. Also, spray application should preferentially target the abaxial surface of the leaves in order to maximize their penetration., (© 2015 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)
- Published
- 2016
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28. Analysis of the Molecular Dialogue Between Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) and Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Reveals a Clear Shift in Defense Mechanisms During Berry Ripening.
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Kelloniemi J, Trouvelot S, Héloir MC, Simon A, Dalmais B, Frettinger P, Cimerman A, Fermaud M, Roudet J, Baulande S, Bruel C, Choquer M, Couvelard L, Duthieuw M, Ferrarini A, Flors V, Le Pêcheur P, Loisel E, Morgant G, Poussereau N, Pradier JM, Rascle C, Trdá L, Poinssot B, and Viaud M
- Subjects
- Botrytis pathogenicity, Cell Wall genetics, Cell Wall metabolism, Cell Wall microbiology, Cyclopentanes metabolism, Fruit growth & development, Fruit microbiology, Gene Expression Profiling methods, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Gene Ontology, Host-Pathogen Interactions genetics, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Oxylipins metabolism, Plant Diseases microbiology, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Resveratrol, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Salicylates metabolism, Sesquiterpenes metabolism, Stilbenes metabolism, Virulence genetics, Vitis growth & development, Vitis microbiology, Phytoalexins, Botrytis genetics, Disease Resistance genetics, Fruit genetics, Plant Diseases genetics, Vitis genetics
- Abstract
Mature grapevine berries at the harvesting stage (MB) are very susceptible to the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea, while veraison berries (VB) are not. We conducted simultaneous microscopic and transcriptomic analyses of the pathogen and the host to investigate the infection process developed by B. cinerea on MB versus VB, and the plant defense mechanisms deployed to stop the fungus spreading. On the pathogen side, our genome-wide transcriptomic data revealed that B. cinerea genes upregulated during infection of MB are enriched in functional categories related to necrotrophy, such as degradation of the plant cell wall, proteolysis, membrane transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and detoxification. Quantitative-polymerase chain reaction on a set of representative genes related to virulence and microscopic observations further demonstrated that the infection is also initiated on VB but is stopped at the penetration stage. On the plant side, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis and metabolic data revealed a defense pathway switch during berry ripening. In response to B. cinerea inoculation, VB activated a burst of ROS, the salicylate-dependent defense pathway, the synthesis of the resveratrol phytoalexin, and cell-wall strengthening. On the contrary, in infected MB, the jasmonate-dependent pathway was activated, which did not stop the fungal necrotrophic process.
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- 2015
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29. Molecular Interactions of β-(1→3)-Glucans with Their Receptors.
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Legentil L, Paris F, Ballet C, Trouvelot S, Daire X, Vetvicka V, and Ferrières V
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- Adjuvants, Immunologic genetics, Agaricales genetics, Agaricales metabolism, Antigens, CD genetics, Antigens, CD immunology, Edible Grain genetics, Edible Grain metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase genetics, Glycolipids immunology, Glycolipids metabolism, Humans, Lectins, C-Type genetics, Macrophage-1 Antigen genetics, Mannose-Binding Lectins genetics, Mannose-Binding Lectins immunology, Receptors, Scavenger genetics, Receptors, Scavenger immunology, Signal Transduction, Stramenopiles genetics, Stramenopiles metabolism, Adjuvants, Immunologic metabolism, Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase immunology, Lectins, C-Type immunology, Macrophage-1 Antigen immunology, beta-Glucans metabolism
- Abstract
β-(1→3)-Glucans can be found as structural polysaccharides in cereals, in algae or as exo-polysaccharides secreted on the surfaces of mushrooms or fungi. Research has now established that β-(1→3)-glucans can trigger different immune responses and act as efficient immunostimulating agents. They constitute prevalent sources of carbons for microorganisms after subsequent recognition by digesting enzymes. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with both roles are not yet clearly understood. This review focuses on the variety of elucidated molecular interactions that involve these natural or synthetic polysaccharides and their receptors, i.e., Dectin-1, CR3, glycolipids, langerin and carbohydrate-binding modules.
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- 2015
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30. Sesquiterpene volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are markers of elicitation by sulfated laminarine in grapevine.
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Chalal M, Winkler JB, Gourrat K, Trouvelot S, Adrian M, Schnitzler JP, Jamois F, and Daire X
- Abstract
Inducing resistance in plants by the application of elicitors of defense reactions is an attractive plant protection strategy, particularly for grapevine (Vitis vinifera), which is susceptible to severe fungal diseases. Although induced resistance (IR) can be successful under controlled conditions, in most cases, IR is not sufficiently effective for practical disease control under outdoor conditions. Progress in the application of IR requires a better understanding of grapevine defense mechanisms and the ability to monitor defense markers to identify factors, such as physiological and environmental factors, that can impact IR in the vineyard. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are well-known plant defense compounds that have received little or no attention to date in the case of grape-pathogen interactions. This prompted us to investigate whether an elicitor, the sulfated laminarin (PS3), actually induces the production of VOCs in grapevine. An online analysis (proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole mass spectrometry) of VOC emissions in dynamic cuvettes and passive sampling in gas-tight bags with solid-phase microextraction-GC-MS under greenhouse conditions showed that PS3 elicited the emission of VOCs. Some of them, such as (E,E)-α-farnesene, may be good candidates as biomarkers of elicitor-IR, whereas methyl salicylate appears to be a biomarker of downy mildew infection. A negative correlation between VOC emission and disease severity suggests a positive role of VOCs in grape defense against diseases.
- Published
- 2015
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31. Carbohydrates in plant immunity and plant protection: roles and potential application as foliar sprays.
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Trouvelot S, Héloir MC, Poinssot B, Gauthier A, Paris F, Guillier C, Combier M, Trdá L, Daire X, and Adrian M
- Abstract
Increasing interest is devoted to carbohydrates for their roles in plant immunity. Some of them are elicitors of plant defenses whereas other ones act as signaling molecules in a manner similar to phytohormones. This review first describes the main classes of carbohydrates associated to plant immunity, their role and mode of action. More precisely, the state of the art about perception of "PAMP, MAMP, and DAMP (Pathogen-, Microbe-, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) type" oligosaccharides is presented and examples of induced defense events are provided. A particular attention is paid to the structure/activity relationships of these compounds. The role of sugars as signaling molecules, especially in plant microbe interactions, is also presented. Secondly, the potentialities and limits of foliar sprays of carbohydrates to stimulate plant immunity for crop protection against diseases are discussed, with focus on the roles of the leaf cuticle and phyllosphere microflora.
- Published
- 2014
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32. The sulfated laminarin triggers a stress transcriptome before priming the SA- and ROS-dependent defenses during grapevine's induced resistance against Plasmopara viticola.
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Gauthier A, Trouvelot S, Kelloniemi J, Frettinger P, Wendehenne D, Daire X, Joubert JM, Ferrarini A, Delledonne M, Flors V, and Poinssot B
- Subjects
- Cell Death drug effects, Cell Membrane drug effects, Cell Membrane metabolism, Cyclopentanes pharmacology, Disease Resistance drug effects, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant drug effects, Oomycetes drug effects, Oxylipins pharmacology, Plant Diseases genetics, Plant Diseases immunology, Plant Diseases parasitology, Plant Immunity drug effects, Plant Immunity genetics, Signal Transduction genetics, Stress, Physiological drug effects, Stress, Physiological genetics, Transcriptome drug effects, Vitis genetics, Vitis parasitology, Vitis physiology, beta-Glucans pharmacology, Disease Resistance genetics, Glucans pharmacology, Oomycetes physiology, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Salicylic Acid pharmacology, Transcriptome genetics, Vitis immunology
- Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is susceptible to many pathogens which cause significant losses to viticulture worldwide. Chemical control is available, but agro-ecological concerns have raised interest in alternative methods, especially in triggering plant immunity by elicitor treatments. The β-glucan laminarin (Lam) and its sulfated derivative (PS3) have been previously demonstrated to induce resistance in grapevine against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). However, if Lam elicits classical grapevine defenses such as oxidative burst, pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins and phytoalexin production, PS3 triggered grapevine resistance via a poorly understood priming phenomenon. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular mechanisms of the PS3-induced resistance. For this purpose we studied i) the signaling events and transcriptome reprogramming triggered by PS3 treatment on uninfected grapevine, ii) grapevine immune responses primed by PS3 during P. viticola infection. Our results showed that i) PS3 was unable to elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration variations, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation but triggered a long lasting plasma membrane depolarization in grapevine cells, ii) PS3 and Lam shared a common stress-responsive transcriptome profile that partly overlapped the salicylate- (SA) and jasmonate-(JA)-dependent ones. After P. viticola inoculation, PS3 specifically primed the SA- and ROS-dependent defense pathways leading to grapevine induced resistance against this biotroph. Interestingly pharmacological approaches suggested that the plasma membrane depolarization and the downstream ROS production are key events of the PS3-induced resistance.
- Published
- 2014
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33. Image analysis methods for assessment of H2O2 production and Plasmopara viticola development in grapevine leaves: application to the evaluation of resistance to downy mildew.
- Author
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Kim Khiook IL, Schneider C, Heloir MC, Bois B, Daire X, Adrian M, and Trouvelot S
- Subjects
- Disease Resistance, Plant Leaves metabolism, Reproducibility of Results, Vitis metabolism, Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, Oomycetes growth & development, Plant Diseases parasitology, Plant Leaves parasitology, Vitis parasitology
- Abstract
The grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) provokes severe damages and destroys the harvest in the absence of an effective protection. Numerous fungicide treatments are thus generally necessary. To promote a sustainable production, alternative strategies of protection including new antifungal molecules, resistant genotypes or elicitor-induced resistance are under trial. To evaluate the relevance of these strategies, resistance tests are required. In this context, three image analysis methods were developed to read the results of tests performed to assess P. viticola sporulation and mycelial development, and H(2)O(2) production in leaves. They have been validated using elicitors of plant defenses. These methods are reliable, innovative, rapid, and their modular concept allows their further adaptation to other host-pathogen systems., (© 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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34. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in Plasmopara viticola-infected grapevine leaves.
- Author
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Gamm M, Héloir MC, Bligny R, Vaillant-Gaveau N, Trouvelot S, Alcaraz G, Frettinger P, Clément C, Pugin A, Wendehenne D, and Adrian M
- Subjects
- Carbohydrate Metabolism, Chlorophyll metabolism, Enzymes genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Glucose-1-Phosphate Adenylyltransferase genetics, Glucose-1-Phosphate Adenylyltransferase metabolism, Hexoses analysis, Hexoses metabolism, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Oomycetes pathogenicity, Photosynthesis physiology, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Leaves microbiology, Polysaccharides analysis, Polysaccharides metabolism, RNA, Plant genetics, Starch analysis, Trehalose metabolism, Vitis enzymology, Vitis genetics, Vitis microbiology, alpha-Amylases genetics, alpha-Amylases metabolism, beta-Amylase genetics, beta-Amylase metabolism, Enzymes metabolism, Oomycetes growth & development, Plant Diseases microbiology, Starch metabolism, Vitis physiology
- Abstract
The oomycete Plasmopara viticola is responsible for downy mildew, a severe grapevine disease. In infected grapevine leaves, we have observed an abnormal starch accumulation at the end of the dark period, suggesting modifications in starch metabolism. Therefore, several complementary approaches, including transcriptomic analyses, measurements of enzyme activities, and sugar quantification, were performed in order to investigate and to understand the effects of P. viticola infection on leaf starch and-to a larger extent-carbohydrate metabolism. Our results indicate that starch accumulation is associated with an increase in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity and modifications in the starch degradation pathway, especially an increased α-amylase activity. Together with these alterations in starch metabolism, we have observed an accumulation of hexoses, an increase in invertase activity, and a reduction of photosynthesis, indicating a source-to-sink transition in infected leaf tissue. Additionally, we have measured an accumulation of the disaccharide trehalose correlated to an increased trehalase gene expression and enzyme activity. Altogether, these results highlight a dramatic alteration of carbohydrate metabolism correlated with later stages of P. viticola development in leaves.
- Published
- 2011
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35. beta-aminobutyric acid primes an NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species production during grapevine-triggered immunity.
- Author
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Dubreuil-Maurizi C, Trouvelot S, Frettinger P, Pugin A, Wendehenne D, and Poinssot B
- Subjects
- Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis immunology, Arabidopsis microbiology, Calcium metabolism, DNA Primers, Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism, Kinetics, Phytophthora immunology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Nicotiana microbiology, Vitis genetics, Vitis metabolism, Vitis microbiology, Aminobutyrates pharmacology, NADPH Oxidases metabolism, Phytophthora pathogenicity, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Vitis immunology
- Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the process of priming are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the early signaling events triggered by beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a well-known priming-mediated plant resistance inducer. Our results indicate that, in contrast to oligogalacturonides (OG), BABA does not elicit typical defense-related early signaling events nor defense-gene expression in grapevine. However, in OG-elicited cells pretreated with BABA, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of the respiratory-burst oxidase homolog RbohD gene were primed. In response to the causal agent of downy mildew Plasmopara viticola, a stronger ROS production was specifically observed in BABA-treated leaves. This process was correlated with an increased resistance. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) abolished this primed ROS production and reduced the BABA-induced resistance (BABA-IR). These results suggest that priming of an NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production contributes to BABA-IR in the Vitis-Plasmopara pathosystem.
- Published
- 2010
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36. Are grapevine stomata involved in the elicitor-induced protection against downy mildew?
- Author
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Allègre M, Héloir MC, Trouvelot S, Daire X, Pugin A, Wendehenne D, and Adrian M
- Subjects
- Abscisic Acid pharmacology, Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism, Immunity, Innate, Light, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Leaves microbiology, Plant Stomata microbiology, Plant Stomata radiation effects, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Vitis radiation effects, Oomycetes physiology, Plant Stomata physiology, Vitis microbiology
- Abstract
Stomata, natural pores bordered by guard cells, regulate transpiration and gas exchanges between plant leaves and the atmosphere. These natural openings also constitute a way of penetration for microorganisms. In plants, the perception of potentially pathogenic microorganisms or elicitors of defense reactions induces a cascade of events, including H(2)O(2) production, that allows the activation of defense genes, leading to defense reactions. Similar signaling events occur in guard cells in response to the perception of abscisic acid (ABA), leading to stomatal closure. Moreover, few elicitors were reported to induce stomatal closure in Arabidopsis and Vicia faba leaves. Because responses to ABA and elicitors share common signaling events, it led us to question whether stomatal movements and H(2)O(2) production in guard cells could play a key role in elicitor-induced protection against pathogens that use stomata for infection. This study was performed using the grapevine-Plasmopara viticola pathosystem. Using epidermal peels, we showed that, as for ABA, the elicitor-induced stomatal closure is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in guard cells. In plants, we observed that the protection against downy mildew induced by some elicitors is probably not due only to effects on stomatal movements or to a guard-cell-specific activation of ROS production.
- Published
- 2009
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37. A beta-1,3 glucan sulfate induces resistance in grapevine against Plasmopara viticola through priming of defense responses, including HR-like cell death.
- Author
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Trouvelot S, Varnier AL, Allègre M, Mercier L, Baillieul F, Arnould C, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Klarzynski O, Joubert JM, Pugin A, and Daire X
- Subjects
- Cell Death drug effects, Cyclopentanes pharmacology, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant drug effects, Genes, Plant, Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism, Oomycetes cytology, Oomycetes growth & development, Oomycetes ultrastructure, Oxylipins pharmacology, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Leaves cytology, Plant Leaves drug effects, Plant Leaves microbiology, Plant Leaves ultrastructure, Plant Stomata drug effects, Plant Stomata microbiology, Plant Stomata ultrastructure, Spores drug effects, Up-Regulation drug effects, Vitis cytology, Vitis genetics, Glucans pharmacology, Immunity, Innate drug effects, Immunity, Innate immunology, Oomycetes physiology, Plant Diseases immunology, Vitis immunology, Vitis microbiology
- Abstract
Sulfated laminarin (PS3) has been shown previously to be an elicitor of plant defense reactions in tobacco and Arabidopsis and to induce protection against tobacco mosaic virus. Here, we have demonstrated the efficiency of PS3 in protecting a susceptible grapevine cultivar (Vitis vinifera cv. Marselan) against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) under glasshouse conditions. This induced resistance was associated with potentiated H2O2 production at the infection sites, upregulation of defense-related genes, callose and phenol depositions, and hypersensitive response-like cell death. Interestingly, similar responses were observed following P. viticola inoculation in a tolerant grapevine hybrid cultivar (Solaris). A pharmacological approach led us to conclude that both callose synthesis and jasmonic acid pathway contribute to PS3-induced resistance.
- Published
- 2008
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38. Stomatal deregulation in Plasmopara viticola-infected grapevine leaves.
- Author
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Allègre M, Daire X, Héloir MC, Trouvelot S, Mercier L, Adrian M, and Pugin A
- Subjects
- Abscisic Acid metabolism, Plant Epidermis cytology, Plant Epidermis microbiology, Plant Leaves cytology, Vitis physiology, Water, Oomycetes physiology, Plant Epidermis physiology, Plant Leaves microbiology, Plant Leaves physiology, Vitis microbiology
- Abstract
In grapevine, the penetration and sporulation of Plasmopara viticola occur via stomata, suggesting functional relationships between guard cells and the pathogen. This assumption was supported by our first observation that grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Marselan) cuttings infected by P. viticola wilted more rapidly than healthy ones when submitted to water starvation. Here, complementary approaches measuring stomatal conductance and infrared thermographic and microscopic observations were used to investigate stomatal opening/closure in response to infection. In infected leaves, stomata remained open in darkness and during water stress, leading to increased transpiration. This deregulation was restricted to the colonized area, was not systemic and occurred before the appearance of symptoms. Cytological observations indicated that stomatal lock-open was not related to mechanical forces resulting from the presence of the pathogen in the substomatal cavity. In contrast to healthy leaves, stomatal closure in excised infected leaves could not be induced by a water deficit or abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. However, ABA induced stomatal closure in epidermal peels from infected leaves, indicating that guard cells remained functional. These data indicate that the oomycete deregulates guard cell functioning, causing significant water losses. This effect could be attributed to a nonsystemic compound, produced by the oomycete or by the infected plant, which inhibits stomatal closure or induces stomatal opening; or a reduction of the back-pressure exerted by surrounding epidermal cells. Both hypotheses are under investigation.
- Published
- 2007
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39. Colonization of flax roots and early physiological responses of flax cells inoculated with pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum.
- Author
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Olivain C, Trouvelot S, Binet MN, Cordier C, Pugin A, and Alabouvette C
- Subjects
- Calcium metabolism, Cell Culture Techniques methods, Cells, Cultured, Flax cytology, Fusarium cytology, Fusarium growth & development, Fusarium pathogenicity, Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Roots cytology, Flax microbiology, Fusarium physiology, Plant Roots microbiology
- Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum includes nonpathogenic strains and pathogenic strains that can induce necrosis or tracheomycosis in plants. The objective of this study was to compare the abilities of a pathogenic strain (Foln3) and a nonpathogenic strain (Fo47) to colonize flax roots and to induce early physiological responses in flax cell culture suspensions. Both strains colonized the outer cortex of the root; however, plant defense reactions, i.e., the presence of wall appositions, osmiophilic material, and collapsed cells, were less frequent and less intense in a root colonized by Foln3 than by Fo47. Early physiological responses were measured in flax cell suspensions confronted with germinated microconidia of both strains. Both pathogenic (Foln3) and nonpathogenic strains (Fo47) triggered transient H(2)O(2) production in the first few minutes of the interaction, but the nonpathogenic strain also induced a second burst 3 h postinoculation. Ca(2+) influx was more intense in cells inoculated with Fo47 than in cells inoculated with Foln3. Similarly, alkalinization of the extracellular medium was higher with Fo47 than with Foln3. Inoculation of the fungi into flax cell suspensions induced cell death 10 to 20 h postinoculation, with a higher percentage of dead cells observed with Fo47 than with Foln3 beginning at 14 h. This is the first report showing that early physiological responses of flax cells can be used to distinguish pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of the soil-borne fungus F. oxysporum.
- Published
- 2003
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40. Wanted: pathogenesis-related marker molecules for Fusarium oxysporum.
- Author
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Recorbet G, Steinberg C, Olivain C, Edel V, Trouvelot S, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S, and Alabouvette C
- Abstract
Although Fusarium oxysporum pathogens cause severe wilts in about 80 botanical species, the mechanisms of pathogenicity and symptom induction are poorly understood. Knowledge about the genetic and biochemical pathways involved in the pathogenesis of F. oxysporum would be invaluable in getting targets for both fungicide development and search for biocontrol agents. In this respect, we described the main approaches that have been developed to identify some mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of F. oxysporum. During the last decades, the potential functions triggering of F. oysporum pathogenicity have mainly been investigated by comparing soilborne pathogenic strains with nonpathogenic ones with regards to the analysis of the pre- and infection stages and of the resulting plant-fungus interactions. The relatively recent progress in the molecular biology of this fungus has allowed complementary approaches to be developed in order to identify key factors involved in F. oxysporum pathogenicity. Screening mutants of F. oxysporum for loss of virulence led to the successful identification of some pathogenesis-related factors, such as hydrophobicity or attachment of germlings. Taken together, the strategies described above support the idea that changes in fungal metabolism is also of importance in triggering of F. oxysporum pathogenesis.
- Published
- 2003
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41. Recovery of Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 Mutants Affected in Their Biocontrol Activity After Transposition of the Fot1 Element.
- Author
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Trouvelot S, Olivain C, Recorbet G, Migheli Q, and Alabouvette C
- Abstract
ABSTRACT To investigate the biocontrol mechanisms by which the antagonistic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 is active against Fusarium wilt, a Fot1 transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis approach was adopted to generate mutants affected in their antagonistic activity. Ninety strains in which an active Fot1 copy had transposed were identified with a phenotypic assay for excision and tested for their biocontrol activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. lini on flax in greenhouse experiments. Sixteen strains were affected in their capacity to protect flax plants, either positively (more antagonistic than Fo47) or negatively (less antagonistic). The molecular characterization of these mutants confirms the excision of Fot1 and its reinsertion in most of the cases. Moreover, we demonstrate that other transposable elements such as Fot2, impala, and Hop have no transposition activity in the mutant genomes. The phenotypic characterization of these mutants shows that they are affected neither in their in vitro growth habit nor in their competitiveness in soil compared with wild-type strain Fo47. These results show that mutants are not impaired in their saprophytic phase and suggest that the altered biocontrol phenotype should likely be expressed during the interaction with the host plant.
- Published
- 2002
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