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The author proposes in this paper to question the impact on personality of the main evolutions of social organization during the last centuries. Starting from the postulate that the social organization determines the structure of the subjectivity, the author underlines, according to the work of Marcel Gauchet, the gradual transition from a "traditional personality", immersed in the community, to a "contemporary personality" who ignores his inscription in the community. This lack of enrollment in the community could determine the emergence of some kind of psychiatric disorders (identity disorders, borderline states, depression, behavioral disorders in children), related to the greatest narcissistic vulnerability of subjects, more delivered to themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: We choose to examine the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+), considered as one of the most used and representative measure for personality disorders as they are referenced in the DSM-IV. The PDQ-4+ is a self-report questionnaire assessing the ten personality disorders and the two additional personality disorders derived from the DSM-IV. Participants must answer by true or false to the 99 items, each item represents a personality disorder' criteria. Few researches have pointed out the psychometric properties of the original version of the PDQ-4+. Validating studies on the French version have been rarely conducted and only among students and teenagers. Clinical samples have been laid aside. Objective: Considering the importance of the assessment of personality disorders, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the main psychometric properties of the French version of the PDQ-4+ as a screening tool for borderline, antisocial, schizotypal, schizoid, obsessional-compulsive, narcissistic, histrionic, paranoid, dependent and avoidant personality disorders, in a psychiatric population. Materials and methods: A sample of 137 French psychiatric patients completed the French versions of the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality disorder-IV (SIDP-IV) and the PDQ-4+. Convergent validity, sensibility, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and internal consistency have been evaluated. Results: The level of agreement between the PDQ-4+ and the SIDP-IV was very low for the majority of personality disorders and low for the dependent personality disorder. The sensitivity was high for antisocial and borderline personality disorders and moderate or low for the other. Only dependent (0.44) and borderline (0.39) personality disorders had a moderate predictive positive value, associated with a high negative predictive value (0.82 and 0.79). The other personality disorders had a low positive predictive value (ranged from 0.00 to 0.28) and a high negative predictive value (ranged from 0.76 to 1.00). The specificity was high for five disorders and moderate for the other. Internal consistency of the PDQ-4+ and its subscales was unsatisfying. Correlation coefficients between each PDQ-4+ subscales were low or moderate. Conclusions: As other self-report measure, the PDQ-4+ screened more personality disorders than the clinical interview. Besides, even if the two diagnostic methods evaluated more borderline and avoidant personality disorders, level of agreements for each personality disorder were generally low, in concordance with previous studies. Only dependent personality disorder emerged with low agreement, moderate specificity and positive predictive value, and high sensitivity and negative predictive value. The influence of the cut-off scores on these results could be raised. The internal consistency for each personality disorders was unsatisfying and lower than other French and international validating studies. The psychometric properties of the French version of the PDQ-4+ were overall unsatisfying. This tool allows a large screening of personality disorders and thus only appears as a useful method to screen a global personality disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé: Objectifs: Depuis la publication de la troisième édition du Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux de la classification américaine (DSM-III), les syndromes cliniques psychiatriques et les troubles de la personnalité figurent sur deux axes distincts, les axes I et II. Dans la cinquième révision du manuel (DSM-5), publiée en mai 2013, cette distinction est supprimée et les troubles de la personnalité figurent désormais parmi les autres troubles mentaux. L’objectif de ce travail est de tenter d’en repérer les enjeux cliniques et épistémologiques. Méthode: Cette distinction a surtout eu l’intérêt d’attirer l’attention des praticiens sur la personnalité des patients indépendamment de leurs diagnostics psychiatriques. Sa justification scientifique paraît cependant actuellement insuffisante. De nombreux arguments plaident en faveur d’une continuité entre les deux axes et de remaniements nosographiques des troubles anxieux, des troubles dépressifs et des troubles de la personnalité. Cette mise au point résume les principales tendances qui se sont fait jour dans les dix dernières années à propos de la classification des troubles de la personnalité, avec une insatisfaction grandissante vis-à-vis du modèle catégoriel traditionnel et un intérêt croissant pour une perspective dimensionnelle. Ces tendances sont illustrées par les recommandations rédigées par le groupe de travail sur la personnalité et les troubles de la personnalité pour le DSM-5. Résultats: Les critiques du monde scientifique vis-à-vis de ces recommandations ont été vives. L’article résume les principaux arguments développés de part et d’autre et l’évolution de la réflexion du groupe de travail jusqu’aux décisions finales rendues publiques en décembre 2012. Il n’existe pas de véritable consensus sur le meilleur modèle dimensionnel à retenir, même si le système le mieux étudié est sans conteste le modèle à cinq facteurs, dit des Big Five. Discussion: Ce système a surtout été testé en psychologie et son applicabilité à la psychopathologie, certainement envisageable, nécessite des aménagements et des travaux complémentaires de validation avant d’être définitivement adopté. Conclusion: Le retour à une perspective mono-axiale pour les troubles de la personnalité justifie aussi une réflexion approfondie sur les limites de la normalité et sur la définition générale d’un trouble mental qui n’a jamais fait l’objet d’un réel consensus dans notre profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a qualitative research with phenomenological orientation. The purpose was to know the self-perceptions of an alleged perpetrator of mobbingat work. The type of study was the analysis of a case and the participant was selected by opportunity sampling. The information was obtained through the technique of in-depth interviews and data were analyzed by the phenomenological method for know how the participant perceived herself in her role as perpetrator of mobbing at work. It was built a categories scheme from the interviewed experiences based on phenomenological interpretation. The aim was the establishment of sense and significance of information provided. The findings show the preparation, staging, deliberation, intent to harm and abuse of the perpetrator in the commission of typical mobbing behaviors. Furthermore, the data suggest the presence of a personality disorder and antisocial paranoid type in the mobbing perpetrator. We also identified the use of union representation power to obstruct the victim's professional development within the institution. It is recommended qualitative studies with involving all actors in the process of mobbing at work [perpetrators, victims and witnesses]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The link between sexual risk-taking and substance use, on one hand, and the link between sexual risk-taking and life events, on the other hand, is well established in the literature. Novelty seeking has been identified as a risk factor in these relationships. However, a few studies have examined simultaneously the link between sexual-related risk behavior, personality attributes, substance use and life events. The current study assessed the relationship between personality attributes (personality disorder and novelty seeking), substance use and life events in sexual risk-taking in a sample of college students. Results showed that substance use, antisocial and impulsive behaviours and novelty seeking contribute to the self-reported sexual risk-taking. Implications of these data and the existing literature on personality, substance use, life events and sexual risk-taking are discussed with regards to the direction of future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé: La question de troubles de la personnalité est « centrale » en matière de responsabilité pénale ; c’est donc un problème qu’il faut analyser soigneusement du point de vue des concepts validés et dont il faut revoir les fondements au vu des conséquences qu’ils peuvent avoir dans les expertises psychiatriques et psychologiques. Le « trouble de la personnalité » questionne tout d’abord la pertinence du concept de personnalité même et de son utilisation comme vecteur d’exclusion et de normalisation des différences interpersonnelles. Les troubles de la personnalité posent la question de la maladie mentale au sein de laquelle le concept de troubles de la personnalité représente une lacune non négligeable. L’utilisation au quotidien de ce concept par les cliniciens renvoi souvent à une interprétation de leur part pouvant refléter une incompréhension de l’Autre ; l’Autre qui ne partage pas les mêmes valeurs et normes sociales. Il faut donc être attentif à ne pas instrumentaliser un phénomène psychologique dont la validité reste à établir afin qu’il ne puisse être un outil d’interprétation à charge et travailler à des recommandations consensuelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a sample of 60 male Italian subjects imprisoned at a juvenile detention institute (JDI), psychopathological aspects of the AXIS II were described and the validity of a psychopathological dimensional approach for describing criminological issues was examined. The data show that the sample has psychopathological characteristics which revolve around ego weakness and poor management of relations and aggression. Statistically these psychopathological characteristics explain 85% of criminal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A large number of psychotherapies were proposed to depressed patients. The behavioural and cognitive therapies showed their efficacity. This short-term therapy improves quickly the symptoms and prevent around 30% of relapse. Many patients having suffered from depression undergo unipolar depression relapses during the 5years following the treatment. Therefore international guidelines, including pharmacological and psychological interventions, were published to prevent these relapses. Nowadays a combined treatment is most often prescribed. This paper presents the behaviour and cognitive models of depression. This brief psychotherapy works on the depressed symptoms (engaging the patients in a large number of pleasant activities), on hopelessness cognitions and on the own psychological vulnerability (named cognitive schemata). The activation of depressed schemata is correlated with relapse. The indication of TCC in depressed patient is discussed after two ou three sessions (“case conceptualisation”) performed by a cognitive and behaviour therapist. This professional has preliminary learnt the theory and practice during a specific training. This article reviews main studies including the cognitive and behavioral therapy in depressed uni- and bipolar patients. Results are discussed in terms of acceptability, feasibility, and efficacy. A case study confirms the relevance of this approach. New cognitive and behaviour programmes were developed during 20years with recurrently depressed patients, these included additional booster sessions sometimes combined with well-being therapy and even with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The new approaches were assessed in pilot studies and their results will have to be confirmed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The test concept (Weiss and Sampson, 1986 ) is presented. Its origins in Freud''s works are briefly evoked and its place within the theory of pathogenic beliefs by Weiss presented. We present also the remaining elements of Weiss’ psychoanalytic theory which are objectives, obstacles, traumas and insight. Every step of the reflection is illustrated with case examples, drawn from the literature. A recent development of the test concept is presented and applied to the psychotherapy of personality disorders (Sachse, 2003 ). Finally, the authors give brief examples of tests having occurred in their own practice as psychotherapists and discuss the models by comparing them among each other. Conclusions are drawn concerning the usefulness of the test concept for psychotherapy practice and research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: In addition to the clinical factors of the diagnoses of mental pathology in general and schizophrenia in particular, and in addition to the social factors being able to precipitate or contextualise the recourse to the violence of these patients, the question of the comorbidity appears to have to be raised. Indeed, personality disorders, in particular antisocial personality disorder, substances abuse and the comorbidities raise the relevance to wonder about the existence of typologies of patients violent one, understand, envisage and also direct the assumption of responsibility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, recurrent, and often disabling disorder. Comorbid emotional and personality disorder are common and can serve to complicate both course of illness and treatment outcome. Controlled trials with adults have shown cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) that includes exposure and response prevention (ERP) to be highly effective for treating the disorder. It means exposing the patient to the very thing that causes fear and anxiety, and using all his strength to simply accept the experience instead of relying on compulsions to counteract it. The basic concept of CBT is: by changing the behavior, the patient eventually changes how he thinks and feels. CBT usually works fairly quickly, and it relies mostly on action, not insight. In this article we describe a cognitive-behavioral group treatment for both OCD symptoms and comorbid personality disorder. By an evaluable patient analysis; statistically and clinically significant pretreatment to posttreatment change occurred in OCD diagnostic status and severity. Some personality traits also changed. The results of this study, the first to evaluate this dimension of the personality disorders comorbidities in the OCD and their evolution with a behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, are very encouraging. Indeed, evolution of the fields and facets of the personality changed positively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Widespread and long-standing dissatisfaction with the current DSM-IV diagnostic system for the personality disorders (PDs) revolves around five specific issues: use of a dichotomous, categorical model; extremely high rates of comorbidity within the PDs, as well as with Axis I disorders; excessive heterogeneity within the PDs; nonempirically derived diagnostic cut-offs and limited coverage of the personality pathology seen by clinicians. Many critics have suggested that the personality pathology might be better characterized using a dimensional trait model of general or pathological personality. Much research documents support relations between the PDs and the five-factor model of personality (FFM), a prominent model of general personality functioning. Recent research has examined the ability of FFM trait configurations to assess the DSM-IV PDs. Initial work focused on matching individual FFM profiles to prototypical PD profiles derived from expert ratings. Although this initial work showed that these FFM-assessed PDs performed like explicit PD assessments, the prototype matching approach was deemed cumbersome and a simpler, alternative count technique derived from the expert profiles was developed. The FFM PD counts sum the facets rated as being particularly prototypic (high or low) of a PD. The current study: The current study tests the FFM PD counts by examining their convergent and discriminant validity correlations with explicit measures of DSM-IV PD symptomatology in two clinical samples (one French; one Belgian). In addition, “receiver operator characteristics” (ROC) analyses are used to provide information on the clinical utility of the FFM PD counts. Method: The French clinical sample consisted of 100 female inpatients hospitalized for treatment of an eating disorder, whereas the Belgian clinical sample consisted of 130 psychiatric inpatients (47% women) with diverse presenting problems. Translated versions of the NEO PI-R were used to assess the FFM in each sample and to generate the FFM PD counts. DSM-IV PD symptom counts and diagnoses were obtained via structured interview in the French sample and via self-reports in the Belgian sample. Results: In the French sample, convergent validity correlations between the FFM PD counts and DSM symptom counts ranged from 0.20 to 0.65 with a median r of 0.47. In the Belgian sample, these correlations ranged from 0.17 to 0.61 with a median r of 0.45. For the French sample, the median discriminant correlations for each FFM PD ranged from −0.23 to 0.35; for the Belgian sample they ranged from −0.13 to 0.28. Finally, ROC analyses were conducted for the PDs in which 10 or more individuals met the DSM diagnosis. ROC analyses provide “areas under the curve” (AUC), as well as other diagnostic efficiency statistics. An AUC of 0.50 indicates that the FFM PD count is no better at distinguishing between those with and without a given PD diagnosis than chance. AUCs were significant for all PDs examined except for the OCPD, ranging from 0.57 to 0.94 with a mean of 0.75. Average diagnostic efficiency statistics were also generally good. Discussion: The FFM PD counts adequately assess the majority of extant DSM PDs. With the recent development of normative data and scoring sheets, these FFM counts can be applied in most clinical settings. Importantly, FFM data can be used flexibly with a focus either on the role of specific domains and facets or on specific trait configurations. Additionally, there are theoretical benefits to conceiving of PDs as constellations of FFM trait. Comorbidity is to be expected to the degree that the PDs include the same traits. The FFM PD counts are inherently dimensional, representing approximations to a prototype; thus, concerns surrounding the PDs as categories are rendered inert. Using the FFM to conceptualize the PDs allows basic research on personality to inform research on the etiology, course and treatment of the PDs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) describes the more stable and trait-liked aspects of psychopathology as “personality disorders” (PDs) and places them on a separate Axis (Axis II). Ten specific PDs (e.g., borderline) are articulated; each involves cognition, affect or behaviour that deviates from cultural norms is stable over time and causes impairment or distress for the individual and/or the immediate environment. PDs are distinguished from one another by the particular pattern of cognition, affect and behaviour. Numerous critiques of the DSM PDs have been published over the last 25 years. One of the most egregious problems is caused by the use of a categorical approach to the diagnosis of PDs in which individuals receive a diagnosis if they surpass a certain “cut-point” (e.g., five of nine borderline symptoms), but do not receive a diagnosis if they fall below the cut-off (e.g., four or fewer symptoms). These cut-points were not based on empirical data and there is little evidence to suggest that they capture distinct groups of individuals. The use of a categorical model causes a number of problems including the assumptions of homogeneity within the groups (e.g., nondisordered individuals should “look” alike) and heterogeneity across the groups (e.g., those with the disorder should not look like those without the disorder). Another concern with the PD diagnoses is the extremely high level of co-occurrence found among the PDs (e.g., avoidant and dependent PDs) and across Axes (e.g., borderline PD and major depression). If the PDs are independent, nonoverlapping constructs, then the disorders should not co-occur at the rates typically found. Opponents of the current PD diagnostic system argue that PDs need to be reconsidered using dimensional models of normal and abnormal personality traits. One increasingly popular perspective on personality pathology with empirical support involves considering PDs as extreme variants of the dimensions of the five-factor model (FFM). Many trait psychologists agree that five dimensions (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experiences, agreeableness, conscientiousness) are both necessary and sufficient to represent the underlying structure of personality traits. Within this perspective, differences between abnormal and normal functioning are thought to be more gradual and quantitative, rather than reflecting qualitative distinct categories. Numerous individual studies have suggested that measures of the FFM relate to the DSM-IV PDs in a consistent manner and that the use of the narrower facets or traits provides a richer, more discriminating description of the PD constructs. The facets of the FFM have been used successfully to translate the DSM-IV PD criteria and describe the prototypical individual with a specific PD. The considerable overlap between the FFM dimensions and PDs has led some to suggest that the latter should be conceptualized as disorders of personality. Widiger et al. suggested a four-step process to assess personality pathology, involving: assessment of an individual''s standing on the domains and traits of the FFM; screening for problems relevant to high or low standing on FFM traits; judging if the problems are of clinical significance and optionally, summarizing the personality profile in terms of a DSM-IV PD pattern. While it is unclear whether or when the FFM or a similar model of personality will be adopted for use in the DSM nosology, there is substantial evidence that such a model can be used to understand and assess personality pathology in a valid and useful manner. The ability of the FFM to resolve issues of dimensionality and comorbidity, as well as provide improved clinical utility and treatment planning, suggests significant advantages can be gained through the use of such a model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Emotion processing is supposed to play an important role in psychological dysfunctions in alcohol and drug dependency disorders (DD), as well as in personality disorders (PD). The model of “Emotional Openness” (“Ouverture émotionnelle”) provides a multidimensional framework to analyze problematic patterns of emotion processing. Within this framework, it is suggested that drug- and alcohol-dependent patients as well as borderline and antisocial patients show reduced a) “cognitive/conceptual representation” of affective states; b) “emotion regulation”; and c) “expression and communication of emotion”; but d) increased “awareness of body internal indicators” of affectivity; and e) appropriate psychological treatment is supposed to improve these patterns. Drug-dependent patients with PD comorbidity (in particular borderline or antisocial) are supposed to present even stronger deficits in (a) and (b). The hypotheses are tested with the 36-item DOE questionnaire (“Dimensions of Openness to Emotional experiences”, trait version; ), assessing six main dimensions of emotion processing as represented by the subject (French and Italian version). The instrument presents satisfying reliability coefficients (mean alphas of the scales in two recent studies (N =251; N =435) vary between 0.74 and 0.82) and good factorial validity (6-factor PCA solutions with varimax rotation solutions in the two samples are highly coherent; the mean of Tucker''s congruence coefficients is 0.93). Results of two clinical studies are presented, comparing N =71 patients (21 drug-dependent without personality disorder; 30 drug-dependent with borderline or antisocial personality; 20 dependent in-patients receiving psychological therapy) with normal control subjects (N =51 matched; N =50 reference group), including one pre-post treatment comparison. Results confirm marked deficits of DD patients concerning “conceptual representation” and “emotion regulation”, as well as a reduction of “communication/expression of emotion” but an increased “awareness of body internal indicators” of affectivity. Differences of patients with a double diagnosis correspond to effect sizes of d=–1.33 for cognitive/conceptual representation of emotions and d=–1.25 for emotion regulation; differences in emotion communication and expression are also significant but less important d=–0.44. Awareness of body internal emotion indicators is increased (d=+0.27) but does not differ significantly from the control group. As supposed, patients with a double diagnosis (DD and PD) described significantly stronger deficits in conceptual representation and emotion regulation than the patients with dependency disorder only. In the second study, a group of DD patients receiving multi-component treatment, including individual and group therapeutic intervention, according to the client-centered approach, and working on emotion processing, showed marked differences from the reference group at the beginning of the treatment (d=–0.91 for cognitive/conceptual representation, d=–0.82 for emotion regulation and d=+0.46 for awareness of bodily internal indicators). As supposed, pre-post comparisons indicate improvement with change effect sizes of d=0.99 for conceptual representation, d=0.97 for emotion regulation, as well as d=0.88 for emotion communication and expression. Furthermore, the changes following treatment are highly significant and substantial, except for the awareness of internal bodily indicators, which only slightly decreased. Patients “normalize” their emotion processing following treatment, describing increased conceptual representation and emotion regulation, as well as emotion communication and expression. Results underline the importance of dysfunctional modes of emotion processing in both pathologies, and underline the validity of applying the model and the DOE instrument. They are discussed with reference to the model of alexithymia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Andrei Bitov''s seminal novel “The Pushkin House” provides a psychosocial portrait of the Russian intelligentsia under the totalitarian Communist regime. The attack on the intelligentsia comes not simply in the form of physical extermination, but also in stamping out critical mentality as such. Bitov depicts a society in which the relationship to the country''s history, the literary tradition and even to one''s own family legacy are all seriously distorted. Memory and language lose their meaning since it is subject to change as per latest governmental mandate. Continuity with the past is severed. Not being able to come to terms with its past, the society ceases to evolve, and its development stops. The “new man” promised by social engineering turns out to experience identity diffusion, emotional lability and intense dependence on others. The protagonist of “The Pushkin House,” described in a way not unlike an extended case study, reflects the immaturity of his society that is fostered by the existing political order. Ironically, it is when the protagonist of the novel is finally able to look at himself critically and attempts to assume responsibility of his actions, that his functioning within that society is threatened. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Under the Belgian Social Defence Law (1964), mentally disordered offenders who are deemed to lack criminal responsibility have to be interned in an ‘Institution of Social Defence’ rather than in a prison. There, they are supposed to receive specialised treatment before their rehabilitation and re-insertion into the community. This paper discusses expertise practice in relation to the Social Defence Law. The paper first gives a description of the requirements of the law. The paper then presents the prevalence of clinical syndromes (axis 1) and of personality disorders (axis 2) among a sample of internees (N =98). The sample presents a high co-morbidity (2.6) of axis I syndromes, and of axis 2 personality disorders (1.7), the majority of them (64%) present both axis diagnoses. The paper also discusses the prevalence of a high psychopathy as measured by the PCL-R among internees (5-8%) as compared to prison inmates given the aim of the law of protecting the society against dangerous individuals. The paper shows that the Social Defence Law embraces a very large spectrum of psychiatric diagnoses including personality disorders and psychopathy. The following recommendations could improve expertise practices: (a) the consideration of earlier propositions relating to the improvement of the Social Defence Law; (b) a comparative research between psychiatric diagnoses of internees and of inmates; (c) a better definition of clinical criteria relating to the application of the law; (d) the implementation of a specialised observation unit before the decision to intern; (e) the need to go beyond a dichotomous conception of the ability to control; (f) the consideration of contextual factor of dangerousness; (g) encouraging the use of validated risk and clinical assessment instruments; (h) a better financing for expert work. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Personality disorders in child can be easily confused –– initially at least –– with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Because of the therapeutic and prognostic stake related to the early psychiatric care of Child Developmental Personality Disorders it is important to sensitize pédiatric and general practitioner with the clinical screening of these disorders. Indeed any premature prescription of psychostimulant treatment in these children can have regrettable consequences on their psychic functioning already precarious. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The psychiatric problems of the “homeless” population are now recognized. The aim of this article is to focus the study on a sample of this population (n = 999) asking for help in their social insertion. The results on clinical disorders (Axis I of the DSM-IV) and personality disorders (Axis II of the DSM-IV) are compared to estimations on general population and to other studies on “homeless” in France. These comparisons show the prevalences of some disorders whose symptoms involve problems in social rehabilitation. At last, measures of interaction and impact (multiplicative interactions, odd ratio, etiologic fractions) shows that these morbid associations increase the problems in the attempts to social rehabilitation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Objective: Since the publication of the DSM-5 (APA, 2013), the dimensional conception of the personality disorders is co-existing with the classical categorical paradigm. Tools have been proposed for the evaluations of five big pathological factors to be explored further according to the APA (negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism). Despite numerous works using these questionnaires (30 works in 3 years according to Al-Adjani et al., 2015), none of them have yet been translated into French. Also, the main objective of the paper is to present a French translation of the Personality Inventory for DSM -5 by Kruegger et al. (2013) in its brief form of 25 items (PID-5 BF)., Method: To reach this goal, we have employed the classic translation-retranslation method (Vallerand, 1989) and tested the consistence and the validity of this French version among a non-clinical sample (n=216) of young adults (age=31.4, SD=4.8), in joining some other questionnaires in their short forms to study the external validity of the PID-5 about the psychological distress (SCL-10, Nguyen, 1983), the categorical diagnosis of personality disorders (SAPAS, Moran et al., 2003) and the classical Big Five dimensions of the personality (BDI 10, Ramamstedt and John, 2007). The internal consistency of this translation has been studied through the classical outcomes on factor analysis for the dimensional repartitions of the items in 5 scales and Cronbach's alpha for the consistency of each found dimensions. The external validity has been explored by studying Pearson's correlations between the outcomes on each dimension of the PID-5 BF and both the clinical dimensions of SCL-10, personality dimensions of the BFI-10 or personality disorders (SAPAS)., Results: Factor analysis led to the same repartition of the 25 items as the original versions. Each of the dimensions is consistent enough (α>.65) to be taken into account as clinically significant. The items of the French version of the PID-5 BF follow the expected repartitions in 5 dimensions, which are consistent enough. Although their mean scores are significantly not different from the outcomes found by Krueger with the PID-5 200 items among another non-clinical population (n=264), one cannot say that is enough to ensure the external validity of our translation, for it uses neither the same tools nor sample. A comparison with a French translation of the PID-5 would be more significant. However, the external validity of the French version seems to be significant enough. Global score on the PID-5 is correlated both to the Global Severity Index of the SCL-10, which reflects global psychological distress, and SAPAS's score, which evaluates the suspicion of personality disorder. The clinical validity of the PID-5 is confirmed by the relationships between negative affectivity and anxiety or depression or antagonism and hostility, although the clinical scale of the SCL-10, with one item by dimension, is less sensitive than the complete original version in 90 items (DeRogatis, 1974). PID-5 score and domains are also correlated with the Big Five personality dimension and global score of personality disorders which led us to think that it is coherent with the evaluation of personality suffering (r=.34) and dimensions. The links between negative affectivity and neurosism (r=.48) or between desinhibition and extraversion (r=.32) or the negative correlation between psychoticism and conscientiousness (r=-0.16) are consistent with the expectations related both to the descriptions of the domains by the DSM and outcomes on the comparisons between PID-5 200 item scales and NEO-PI or BFI 45 items., Discussion: This translation offers enough consistency and validity to be used in future studies. This could lead us to either continue studying a more representative general population or testing its validity in focusing on a clinical sample where personality disorders are prevalent, such as homeless men or substance users. As soon as a French version of the PID-5 200 items is published, one can compare the outcomes on PID-5 BF and PID-5 to lead to estimations of personality disorders and pathological domains among French populations and explore personality disorders throughout a dimensional paradigm instead of syndromic perspective. One can also see whether the items that have been kept for each dimension are as saturated in the French version as in the original one. Among general populations, comparisons with clinical distress, syndromic personality disorders or dimensional aspect of personality could be done with complete versions of PID-5, Symptom Check-list, Personality Disorders Questionnaires or Big Five Inventory; therefore, the brief forms of any questionnaire could be used among any people whose psychological distress or side effects impaired their attention and concentration., (Copyright © 2016 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

This literature review concerns affective mentalizing in borderline addictive personality. This concept postulates the group between addictions and borderline personalities may correspond to Personality Disorders (PDs). First, we will present conceptualizations and evaluations of affective mentalizing. The latter refers to one dimension of mentalization, a process by which an individual interprets his/her mental states and those of others. Lecours and Bouchard proposed a hierarchic model: the Élaboration verbale de l'affect (EVA). They also developed an empiric methodology: the Grille de l'élaboration verbale de l'affect (GEVA). The methodological approach of Lecours fulfils the requirements made by Cho-Kain, Gunderson and Luyten, involving a narrower operationalization of the mentalization concept through the evaluation of its dimensions. Conceptualizations and evaluations enabled focus on mentalization psychopathology. Fonagy and Bateman studied this latter in the subjects with PDs, particularly in Borderline Personality Disorders (BPD). We describe mentalization failure, its etiology and consequences in the BPD. Several forms of mentalization psychopathology are identified. Its etiology is largely environmental. Fonagy and Bateman developed the optimum developmental model of mentalization and referred to it to explain etiology of mentalization failure in BPD. Consequences of mentalization failure explicate its functioning. Mentalization may be considered as essential in their comprehension and their care. Research about mentalization of PDs does not integrate addiction as one comorbidity factor. However, Allen, Fonagy and Bateman describe a bidirectional interaction between mentalization failure and addiction. We propose to examine the mentalization of Borderline Addictive Personality. This concept groups addictions and borderline personalities in just one clinical entity other than their links of co-morbidities., (Copyright © 2016 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Schemas represent a stable vision of oneself. Young's schema questionnaire-s3 (YSQ-s3) presents 90 perceptions of oneself, specifying 18 early maladaptive schemas (EMS). We studied the intensity and inter-relations of these 18 EMS and how they pool together into a specific domain., Method: Two hundred and ninety four subjects (294 patients from a French private practice in psychiatry and 12 volunteers) filled in a French version of the YSQ-s3. Item scores range from 1 to 6. Only the scores of 4 "true for me during most of my life" or higher were kept for the statistical analysis. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA)., Results: The EMS mean scores ranged from 3.4 to 12.9 and standard deviations from 5.9 to 9.7. EMS score correlations range from 0.009 to 0.55. The principal component analysis (PCA), that provides linear combinations of each EMS score, yields only one meaningful component. Indeed, the screen plot that provides the eigen values associated with each principal component, suggests keeping only the first component. This component presents a size-effect and represents the "global scores intensity". The hierarchical clustering analysis (HC) fits the 18 EMS in 5 domains (r(2) = 0.4): (1) "avoidance" (with 3 EMS: emotional deprivation, social isolation/alienation, emotional inhibition), (2)"give" (with 1 EMS: self-sacrifice), (3) "take" (with 3 EMS: entitlement/grandiosity, insufficient self-control/self-discipline, approval-seeking/recognition-seeking) (4) "awareness" (with 8 EMS: abandonment/instability, mistrust/abuse, defectiveness/shame, dependence/incompetence, vulnerability to harm or illness, enmeshment/undeveloped self, failure, subjugation) (5) "faith" (with 3 EMS: negativity/pessimism, unrelenting standards/hyper-criticalness, punitiveness). When the HC analysis is applied to the population (n = 294), it yields 6 classes of patients. The mean score of the 5 domains, described above, can describe these classes., Discussion: These 5 domains do not completely fit Young's five "primary infantile needs" domains. Only 2/3 of the EMS are correctly attributed to the "primary infantile needs" domains. The 5 domains seem closely related to the 5 dimensions of the NEO-PI-R or to the 5 domains of personality disorders (criteria b) described in the DSM-5. In our understanding the dimensions "avoidance, give, take" represent 3 types of relationship to others (on behavioral level). The dimension "awareness" represents the fears and losses (on the emotional level) and "faith" represents beliefs and consciousness (on the cognitive level). The intensity of the 5 domains inside each class of patients could guide the clinical interpretation, specifically for personality disorders., (Copyright © 2014 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: A review of the literature reveals a consensus on the high prevalence of personality disorders among sexual offenders. Studies show that there is no unique personality profile for sex offenders. In France, little research has been conducted on this population with standardized assessment tools. The objective of the present study is to identify the distribution of personality disorders among sexual offenders using a new French questionnaire, i.e. the TD12. In view of the literature, we postulate that this tool will identify the diversity of personality disorders observed by various authors, but with a higher proportion of cluster B disorders., Methodology: This study was conducted among 56 men, including 28 sex offenders aged from 21 to 70 years old, and a control group of 28 men without psychiatric disorders. The sex offenders in this study are men convicted or charged with sex offenses of various kinds: exhibitionism, the recording, distribution and possession of pornography depicting minors, aggravated corruption of a minor, sexual assault of a minor, or rape of a minor. They were examined using an inventory of dysfunctional trends recently developed by Rolland and Pichot with the aim of assessing dysfunctional personality styles. The TD-12 questionnaire is composed of 140 items describing thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It is based on the diagnostic criteria of Axis II of DSM IV-TR and consists of twelve scales that match the personality disorders described in this diagnostic manual (ten officially recognized disorders and two additional disorders)., Results: From a categorical viewpoint, results indicate rigid dysfunctional trends with regard to avoidant personality disorder in sex offenders compared to the control group (Chi(2)=9.16; P=0.005). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the number of rigid dysfunctional trends. Potentially controllable dysfunctional personality trends are identified for the dependent personality (Chi(2)=6.72; P=0.02) and the depressive personality (Chi(2)=9.63; P=0.004). Moreover, the results show differences related to type of crime. The mean score on the Docile-Dependent scale is higher among subjects who had only downloaded images of child pornography (n=8) compared to subjects who had committed at least one sexual offense against a victim (n=20) (58.75±8.43 versus 49.55±11.66, P=0.04)., Conclusion: These results are somewhat in contradiction with previous studies. The often described cluster B personalities are not significantly observed in this study. These results show the prevalence of avoidant personality disorder, which in fact corresponds to a clinically observed sex offender profile characterized by inhibition, relationship difficulties with adults, fear of being judged or rejected, and social isolation. The study also shows the value of considering the personality profile in relation to the modus operandi. It is important to continue this research on larger groups in order to refine the results., (Copyright © 2014 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Little is known about personality and personality disorders in the elderly. This paper summarizes the literature in these fields., Methods: Articles were selected using a Medline and Google Scholar search. The keywords were personality, personality disorder, aging and elderly., Results: Personality is not fixed and can change across the life-time including in the elderly. Personality disorders are frequent with a prevalence estimated between 10 and 20%. These rates are essentially equivalent to that of younger groups. Clinical presentation of these disorders may change over time. Longitudinal observations generally support that the "immature" personality disorders (cluster B), show improvement over time, while the more "mature" (clusters A and C) are characterized by a more chronic course. Many patients with late onset schizophrenia or delusional disorder have a premorbid cluster A personality. Patients with cluster C personality are also stable, and exposed, like all other personality disorders, to depression. Studies suggest that personality disorders may attenuate, re-emerge or appear de novo according to the cluster and the social context. Diagnosing personality disorders in the elderly is a complex undertaking, largely because of the difficulty encountered in distinguishing functional impairments related to personality from those related to physiological and environmental aspects of aging. Tools for assessing personality disorders exist, but there is no ideal assessment instrument for geriatric personality disorders. Psychiatric history and biographical elements have to be collected accurately. Personality disorders may seriously complicate mental and physical health and quality of life. Indeed, a greater risk of depression, suicide, dementia and social isolation is shown in this population. Different types of caring and treatment exist including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Pharmacological strategies should consider augmentation with psychotherapeutic strategies. Interventions should target the predominant presenting problems. Indeed, personality disordered elderly people are a heterogeneous group with frequent axis I comorbidities. Care should be taken on how to administer pharmacological treatment (risk of noncompliance or abuse), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and finally interaction with age-specific comorbidities. Psychotherapy has shown its effectiveness notably in the management of depression. In institutions, clinical identification of a personality disorder would inform and advise staff regarding the approach to be adopted, and also avoid negative countertransference, emphasizing the pathological aspect of the subject's personality and his/her suffering., Conclusion: Future research should develop adapted and specific diagnosis tools (dimensional and categorical mixed approach), prevention and caring in the elder population. Those studies would be able to determine the link between normal and pathological personality, mortality, depression and dementia., (Copyright © 2012 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)