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Combination concepts of radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibition are currently of high interest. We examined imaging findings, acute toxicity, and local control in patients with melanoma brain metastases receiving programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors and/or robotic stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Twenty-six patients treated with SRS alone ( n = 13; 20 lesions) or in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy ( n = 13; 28 lesions) were analyzed. Lesion size was evaluated three and six months after SRS using a volumetric assessment based on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) and acute toxicity after 12 weeks according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Local control after six months was comparable (86%, SRS + anti-PD-1, and 80%, SRS). All toxicities reported were less than or equal to grade 2. One metastasis (5%) in the SRS group and six (21%) in the SRS + anti-PD-1 group increased after three months, whereas four (14%) of the six regressed during further follow-ups. This was rated as pseudoprogression (PsP). Three patients (23%) in the SRS + anti-PD-1 group showed characteristics of PsP. Treatment with SRS and anti-PD-1 antibodies can be combined safely in melanoma patients with cerebral metastases. Early volumetric progression of lesions under simultaneous treatment may be related to PsP; thus, the evaluation of combined radioimmunotherapy remains challenging and requires experienced teams.

Immuno-oncological therapy concepts have already achieved great success in the treatment of a number of advanced malignancies, thereby rapidly gaining access to clinical practice. Immuncheckpoint inhibitors are also being reviewed in the adjuvant setting. In malignant melanoma, they have already shown efficacy. Different combination strategies of Immuncheckpoint inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical evaluation to further improve treatment outcomes. However, this has so far also been associated with a significantly increased immune-mediated rate of side effects. Effective and safe immuno-oncology requires good clinical management of immune-mediated side effects. Radiological assessment is challenging under immunotherapy and requires new standards (iRECIST). Encouraging is the fact that immunotherapy also causes long-term remissions in some of the patients. This raises the hope for a fundamentally curative potential of immuno-oncological therapeutic approaches., Competing Interests: MS: Berater- und/ oder Vortragshonorare (Roche, Novartis, Amgen, BMS, MSD). Reisekostenerstattung (Amgen). Ch.B: Beraterhonorare (BMS). Ca.B.: Berater- und/oder Vortragshonorare (Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Incyte, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis). Cl.B: Beraterhonorare (MSD, BMS, MERCK). Local PI in clinical trials (MSD, BMS, MERCK). ST und MTN: Keine Interessenskonflikte, (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Purpose: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) includes heterogeneous presentation of the disease including lymph node involvement and large tumour volumes with infiltration of the mediastinum, heart or spine. In the treatment of stage III NSCLC an interdisciplinary approach including radiotherapy is considered standard of care with acceptable toxicity and improved clinical outcome concerning local control. Furthermore, gross tumour volume (GTV) changes during definitive radiotherapy would allow for adaptive replanning which offers normal tissue sparing and dose escalation., Methods: A literature review was conducted to describe the predictive value of GTV changes during definitive radiotherapy especially focussing on overall survival. The literature search was conducted in a two-step review process using PubMed®/Medline® with the key words "stage III non-small cell lung cancer" and "radiotherapy" and "tumour volume" and "prognostic factors"., Results: After final consideration 17, 14 and 9 studies with a total of 2516, 784 and 639 patients on predictive impact of GTV, GTV changes and its impact on overall survival, respectively, for definitive radiotherapy for stage III NSCLC were included in this review. Initial GTV is an important prognostic factor for overall survival in several studies, but the time of evaluation and the value of histology need to be further investigated. GTV changes during RT differ widely, optimal timing for re-evaluation of GTV and their predictive value for prognosis needs to be clarified. The prognostic value of GTV changes is unclear due to varying study qualities, re-evaluation time and conflicting results., Conclusion: The main findings were that the clinical impact of GTV changes during definitive radiotherapy is still unclear due to heterogeneous study designs with varying quality. Several potential confounding variables were found and need to be considered for future studies to evaluate GTV changes during definitive radiotherapy with respect to treatment outcome.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in the treatment of patients with adrenal metastases in oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Patients and Methods: Between November 2012 and May 2015, fifteen patients with oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer and adrenal metastases were treated with the Cyberknife® system. The primary endpoint was local control., Results: The 1-year and 2-year local control rates were 60% and 46.6%, respectively. The differences in local control for patients with metachronous and synchronous metastases reached statistical significance (p=0.00028). Two-year overall survival of 91.2% for patients with metachronous metastases was also more favourable compared to patients with synchronous adrenal metastases with 42.8%., Conclusion: Extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy with the Cyberknife® is a safe and non-invasive technique that extends the therapeutic spectrum in the treatment of patients with adrenal metastases in oligometastatic NSCLC., (Copyright© 2017, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Radiotherapy is an established local treatment in patients with various malignancies. Systemic responses following local irradiation have been described as abscopal effects. Modern cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown impressive response rates and prolongation of survival even in heavily pretreated patients with advanced solid malignancies and lymphomas. Radiotherapy has been shown to modulate immune response, and its application in the context of immune checkpoint inhibition has recently evolved into an active field of research. Prospective studies investigating combination treatment are currently ongoing and will answer questions as to the optimal schedule and radiation dosing. This short review focuses on the immunomodulatory role of radiotherapy and the use of immune checkpoint inhibition with a special focus on Hodgkin lymphoma.