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Abstract Dyspepsia still becomes a major challenge in upper gastrointestinal disease in Indonesia. This disease often correlated with Helicobacter pylori infection. However, the prevalence of this bacterium is generally low in Indonesia. Therefore, several considerations should be taken into consideration during the management of dyspepsia and H. pylori infection. “Management of dyspepsia and H. pylori infection in Indonesia: The Indonesian consensus report” comprises information gathered from 22 gastroenterology centers across Indonesia. The experts gathered to evolve a consensus, that consists of the statements, grades of recommendations, evidence levels, and rationales for the dyspepsia and H. pylori infection management for daily clinical practice. The report explains several aspects from the updated epidemiology information to comprehensive management therapy. After the experts worked together on all statements in the recommendations, the results are presented with the final agreement as a consensus to help clinicians in understanding, diagnosing, and treating dyspepsia and H. pylori infection patients in daily clinical practice in Indonesia.

Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma (PHL) is a very rare primary liver tumour. These tumours usually arise from intrahepatic vascular structures, gallbladder, or ligamentum teres. The pathogenesis of this disease is still unknown. We report a 53-year-old man with complaints of intermittent right upper abdominal pain for one month, decreased appetite, nausea, weight loss, and tea-coloured urination. The patient denied any complaints of defecation pattern. On physical examination, jaundice was present in both eyes and the whole-body skin, tenderness in the right hypochondriacal region, and enlarged liver with a lumpy surface. The laboratory examination demonstrated increased transaminase enzymes and bilirubin, while hepatitis B and C were negative. The patient underwent several tests for tumour markers, such as CA 19-9 50 (

Background: A persistent infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma even though the virus itself is non-cytopathic and does not cause cell injury. It has been asserted that liver injury in chronic HBV infection is attributed to the host immune system responding to HBV infection. Cytokines have a critical role in mediating immune responses to viral infection. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the levels of serum IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17, and TNF- α with the progress of chronic HBV infection that was determined through provisional diagnosis, patient’s age, and the levels of serum transaminases. Method: Blood samples were collected from patients with chronic hepatitis B and the levels of serum IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17, and TNF-α were measured by using ELISA. The correlation between each cytokine levels and the provisional diagnosis, patient’s age, and serum transaminases were analyzed by using the Spearman correlation test with a p value of 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of 47 samples were collected from patients with chronic hepatitis B (n=38), chronic hepatitis B with liver cirrhosis (n = 6), and chronic hepatitis B with hepatocellular carcinoma (nc = 3). A significant correlation was found between the levels of serum IFN-γ and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p = 0.04). Conclusion: The increase of serum IFN-γ and AST levels may highlight the importance of these particular cytokine and liver transaminase in the immune response to chronic HBV infection since IFN-γ is capable to induce apoptotic cell death which promotes AST release and facilitates liver injury.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections remain a significant health burden in the world, which is mainly attributed to patients who develop chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in Surakarta, Central Java Province, Indonesia has never been reported. This study aimed to investigate the demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients with hepatitis B and C who were admitted to Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta in 2019. The medical records of patients with hepatitis B (n=94) and hepatitis C (n=75) were examined, and the data were analyzed using the chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. The patients with hepatitis C were generally older, more likely to develop jaundice and ascites, and had higher levels of serum urea, creatinine, AST, and total bilirubin compared to those with hepatitis B. In conclusion, patients with HCV infection had worse clinical presentation and laboratory profiles than those with HBV infection. However, further research is needed on a wider scale to confirm this result.

Background: It has been widely known that viral hepatitis is a major cause of liver disease that can cause chronic inflammation and carcinoma. This study aimed to describe the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as regulatory T cells (CD25+ and Foxp3+ T cells) in the liver of patients with viral hepatitis in order to understand the comprehensive role of T lymphocytes in the progression of liver diseases attributed to viral hepatitis. Method: Liver biopsies were performed on adult patients presenting to a tertiary hospital in Surakarta, Indonesia with viral hepatitis from 2017 to 2018. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify cells expressing CD4+, CD8+, CD25+and Foxp3+ which represent T helper, T cytotoxic, and T regulatory cells, respectively. Additional data were retrieved from the patients’ medical records, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, viral load, and results of ultrasonography and fibroscan. Results: A total of 25 liver samples were collected from patients with chronic HBV infection (n = 21), chronic HCV infection (n = 2), acute HBV infection (n = 1), and from a with multiple liver nodules. The liver injury is minimum in all patients. The study found that CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were predominant whilst the frequency of T regulatory cells is generally low. Conclusions: The findings indicate the involvement of intrahepatic T helper and T cytotoxic in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. These liver infiltrating T cell subsets may be readily differentiated into regulatory T cells expressing CD25+ and Foxp3+ in order to prevent severe inflammation and maintain disease chronicity.

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to diagnose in early stage. Malignant bile duct obstruction is a severe complication of pancreatic cancer, which can lead to poor outcomes including cholangitis, delayed treatment, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality. Perendoscopic placement of stents is a method widely used in the management of various malignant and benign pancreatico-biliary abnormalities. A 70-year-old woman came to Dr Moewardi General Hospital in Surakarta with the chief complaint of yellowish skin and eyes since one month before hospital admission. Patient was diagnosed with obstructive jaundice due to suspected of advanced stage pancreatic cancer. Subsequently, patient underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) which revealed an intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts dilatation due to pancreatic tumor which infiltrated common bile duct, thus self expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement was performed. Furthermore, patients received palliative therapy due to inadequate chemotherapy requirement.

Mekanika kuantum menunjukkan bahwa lubang hitam memiliki temperatur sebagai indikasi dapat mengemisikan partikel. Persamaan transfer panas secara general mengandung operator Laplacian yang sifatnya dipengaruhi oleh ruang. Kelengkungan ruang-waktu di daerah sekitar lubang hitam sangat besar sehingga operator Laplacian untuk menghitung distribusi temperaturnya merupakan Laplacian ruang lengkung. Persamaan Fourier untuk lubang hitam Schwarzschild bergantung pada jarak dan radius Schwarzschild. Pada keadaan tunak solusi dari komponen radius mengandung polinomial Legendre dan solusi dari komponen sudut ruang mengadung fungsi spherical harmonics. Untuk kasus dengan persamaan diferensial terhadap waktu bernilai konstan solusi menyimpulkan bahwa temperatur bertambah seiring waktu. Hasil yang telah didapatkan secara umum dapat digunakan untuk menentukan distribusi temperatur pada ruang lengkung akibat suatu objek bermassa M. Koreksi ini sekaligus menggambarkan peristiwa transfer panas dalam konteks relativitas umum.Quantum mechanics show that black hole has temperature that indicated that black hole can emit particles. {0>Persamaan transfer panas secara general mengandung operator Laplacian yang sifatnya dipengaruhi oleh ruang.Generally the heat transfer equation contains Laplacian operators that is influenced by space. {0>Kelengkungan ruang-waktu di daerah sekitar lubang hitam sangat besar sehingga operator Laplacian untuk menghitung distribusi temperaturnya merupakan Laplacian ruang lengkung.The space-time arch in the surrounding of black hole is very big so that Laplacian operators to calculate the temperature distribution is the arch space Laplacian. {0>Persamaan Fourier untuk lubang hitam Schwarzschild bergantung pada jarak dan radius Schwarzschild.Fourier equation for Schwarzschild black hole is depended on the distance and radius of Schwarzschild. {0>Pada keadaan tunak solusi dari komponen radius mengandung polinomial Legendre dan solusi dari komponen sudut ruang mengadung fungsi spherical harmonics.At ateady state the dolution od radius component containing Legendre polynomial and the solution of component corner containing spherical harmonics function. {0>Untuk kasus dengan persamaan diferensial terhadap waktu bernilai konstan solusi menyimpulkan bahwa temperatur bertambah seiring waktu.For the case with differential equationon the constant time, the solution is that temperature will increase over time. {0>Hasil yang telah didapatkan secara umum dapat digunakan untuk menentukan distribusi temperatur pada ruang lengkung akibat suatu objek bermassa M. Koreksi ini sekaligus menggambarkan peristiwa transfer panas dalam konteks relativitas umum.The result can generally be used to determine the distribution of temperature in the arch space due to mass object M. This correction can at once reflects the heat transfer phenomenon in context of general relativity.

Since the discovery of the radiation belt decades ago, there still remain some fundamental questions as to which one is the mechanism responsible for the acceleration of electrons. Ground-based Pc5 magnetic pulsation during the process of increasing of 2-MeV electron fluxes has been analyzed. First, a filter bandpass in the period range of 150-600 seconds has been used to localize the Pc5 waves. Second, we then applied a wavelet transform procedure, whereby the Morlet function as a mother wavelet was selected to analyze Pc5 wave packets. First, we show that dynamic pressure of solar wind controls the power of Pc5 magnetic pulsations. Second, by performing a cross-spectrum analysis of Pc5 wavelet during electron radiation belts we show that the wavelet power of Pc5 magnetic pulsations which is associated with a maximum wavelet cross spectrum show a similar change of Pc5 pulsations occurs during radiation belt events. Increasing of electron fluxes which is initiated by the presence of large power of Pc5 magnetic pulsations has been observed. This indicates that Pc5 magnetic pulsations could play a role in the acceleration and transport mechanism of the electron radiation belt. Also, 4-5 days from the beginning of increasing of electron fluxes we observed globally, a depression in the power of Pc5 magnetic pulsations as well as a monotonically decreasing of the solar wind dynamic pressure. On the other hand, during the end period of the electron belt, we also observed a sudden increasing of Pc5 power. We suggest that during the expansion periode of the outer electron radiation belt outward to interplanetary electron belt pressure that will reduce the solar wind dynamic pressure and consequently a decrease occurs in the power of Pc5 magnetic pulsation. And, in the end period of the electron radiation belt the electron fluxes back to its normal level and consequently a sudden increase of the Pc5 solar wind dynamic pressure occurs and that sudden increase also drives the sudden increasing power of Pc5 magnetic pulsations.

This study seeks to find a formula on how Islamic law contributes to Indonesian criminal law reform, particularly in the imposition of theft, by utilizing Sharur's Boundary Theory (Naẓariyyah al-Ḥudūd). This field of research is considered imperative because the implementation of Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2012 concerning Adjustments to the Limits on Misdemeanor Crimes and the Number of Fines in the Criminal Code (Misdemeanor Crimes) is felt to have not been maximized. This study uses normative juridical research methods, with descriptive-qualitative analysis. It can be deducted from this study that the theory of the boundaries of the ijtihad area determines the punishment in Islamic. The punishment for the crime of theft, the amputation of the hands mentioned in the Qur'an, is the maximum form of punishment. Thus, it is possible that there are punishment in other forms that fall under the category of cutting off one's hand, based on several verses of the Qur’an, including in Al-Māʾidah 5:38, al-Isrāʾ 17:33, al-Baqarah 2:178, and al-Nisāʾ 4:92. Even though this opinion may raise objections, for the purposes of reforming Indonesian Criminal Law, it is suggested that this opinion is still relevant for consideration. The study emphasizes the significance of understanding and considering Sharur's boundary theory for judges to make informed decisions in Sentencing.

This study seeks to find a formula on how Islamic law contributes to Indonesian criminal law reform, particularly in the imposition of theft, by utilizing Sharur's Boundary Theory (Naẓariyyah al-Ḥudūd). This field of research is considered imperative because the implementation of Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2012 concerning Adjustments to the Limits on Misdemeanor Crimes and the Number of Fines in the Criminal Code (Misdemeanor Crimes) is felt to have not been maximized. This study uses normative juridical research methods, with descriptive-qualitative analysis. It can be deducted from this study that the theory of the boundaries of the ijtihad area determines the punishment in Islamic. The punishment for the crime of theft, the amputation of the hands mentioned in the Qur'an, is the maximum form of punishment. Thus, it is possible that there are punishment in other forms that fall under the category of cutting off one's hand, based on several verses of the Qur’an, including in AlMāʾidah 5:38, al-Isrāʾ 17:33, al-Baqarah 2:178, and al-Nisāʾ 4:92. Even though this opinion may raise objections, for the purposes of reforming Indonesian Criminal Law, it is suggested that this opinion is still relevant for consideration. The study emphasizes the significance of understanding and considering Sharur's boundary theory for judges to make informed decisions in Sentencing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can invade the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and cause GI bleeding. Although HCC invasion to the GI tract is rare, its prognosis is very poor. Here, we reported a 67-year-old man with GI bleeding manifestation. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) showed lesions in gaster and duodenal, while abdominal CT confirm a solid epigastric mass with invasion to gaster. We performed a laparotomy biopsy, while the diagnosis of HCC was established by histopathological and IHC studies. Because of its difficulty to diagnose and its ability to masquerade as other GI bleeding, it is important to increase awareness about the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The longstanding doctrine of land occupation in international law has been an important instrument in determining the acquisition of sovereignty and ownership of land. The doctrine suggests that land belongs to those who first discover and occupy it. Indeed, this doctrine provides a very effective formula to resolve a dispute on the ownership of a piece of land or even an island. Interestingly, a similar doctrine also exists in Islamic law, which is referred to as ihya al-mawat. It is an Arabic term that literally means to turn unused land into use. This article studies the concept of ihya al-mawat across the historical journey of Islamic civilisation, and provides a comparative analysis of the Islamic doctrine of ihya al-mawat with the doctrine of land occupation in international law. Although the research in this article does not find any inferential process between the two doctrines in respective legal systems, a good understanding of similarities and differences between the two doctrines that developed in different legal traditions is useful to appreciate their possible coherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Belajar Mengeja” merupakan suatu game edukasi yang dirancang untuk memberikan solusi media pembelajaran yang efektif selain pembelajaran formal yang ada di dalam kelas. Game “”Belajar Mengeja” menampilkan fitur-fitur yang mendukung dalam proses untuk mengeja, yaitu fitur mengeja kata, fitur mencocokkan gambar, fitur mengeja huruf, dan fitur mengeja kalimat. Game “Belajar Mengeja” tersedia dalam 4 level permainan dalam masing-masing fiturnya dengan memiliki tingkat kesulitan yang beragam. Game “Belajar Mengeja” merupakan game berbasis mobile yang dibuat pada platform android dengan menggunakan aplikasi Corona SDK. Corona SDK didalam aplikasinya menggunakan ekstensi data yang berbasis Lua, dimana Lua memiliki ekstensi data yang ringan dan mudah untuk dioprasikan sehingga sangat cocok digunakan untuk membuat game. Kata Kunci : game, mobile, mengeja, edukasi, android, Corona SDK