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Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) is one such novel approach which helps to increase user acceptance by virtue of rapid disintegration, self-administration without water or chewing. ODTs are solid unit dosage forms like the conventional tablets containing super disintegrants, which help them to disintegrate and/or disperse rapidly in the mouth within few seconds. The orodispersible tablet of Paroxetine hydrochloride was prepared by using direct compression method and the tablet were formulated using various concentration of Kyron T-314 as disintegrating agent, PVP K-30 as binder, F melt Type C as diluent, Sodium Saccharin as sweetening agent, talc as lubricant and Aerosil as glidant respectively. All the batches were prepared according to Factorial design. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various parameters like hardness, dissolution, friability, weight variation, disintegration time. Batch F5 was found to be the best batch as the disintegration time is minimum (26seconds) and better drug release profile. Orodispersible tablets of Paroxetine Hydrochloride were successfully formulated by which first pass metabolism could be avoided and faster onset of action could be achieved.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for efficient SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) preventative vaccines to limit the burden and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Intranasal immunization is a promising technique for preventing COVID-19 because the nasal mucosa acts as a first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 entrance before the virus spreads to the lungs. Nasal vaccination has many advantages over traditional vaccine administration methods. These include the simplicity of administration without the use of needles, which decreases the risks of needle stick injuries and disposal. This channel also provides simple access to a crucial portion of the immune system that can stimulate other mucosal sites throughout the body. By targeting immunoglobulin A (IgA), antibodies found only in the mucosa, an intranasal vaccination would elicit immunological responses in the nose, throat, and lungs. Potential pathogens are trapped by the mucosa, which acts as a physical barrier to prevent them from entering the body. Given this, the intranasal vaccine would prevent virus transmission via exhaled droplets or aerosols because there would be no virus in the body to expel .There are several intranasal vaccines for protection against sars-cov2 are under preclinical and clinical trials .The key challenge is in Designing delivery strategies that take into account the wide range of diseases, populations, and healthcare delivery settings that stand to benefit from this unique mucosal route should be prioritized. Keywords: COVID-19, Intranasal vaccine, Immunoglobulin A, Permeation

Plant engineering technology has been working effectively since last 30 years. Commercialization of different product using plant engineering is encouraging us to develop effective treatment and this progress takes too much effort and time, but still many candidate vaccines for use in humans are in clinical trials. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are basically self-constructed structures departed from viral antigens which copy the organization of similar viruses but without viral genome. This technology offers several pros in terms of safety, immunogenicity and stability in production over vaccines derived from pathogen formulation. Now, many pharmaceutical companies are working in this technology to develop effective treatment against various diseases. This review discusses how plant engineering technology works for diseases and regulations relevant to the development of plant-based vaccines in the treatment of viruses like Hepatitis B, Ebola, Papilloma, Norwalk, Influenza, HIV and Covid-19. Keywords: Plant engineering technology, Virus-like Particles, Pathogens, Antibodies.

The objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate bi-layer tablets of Ketorolac tromethamine, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with short half-life, that are characterized by initial burst drug release in the stomach and comply with the release requirements of sustained-release products. Each of the proposed bi-layer tablets is composed of an immediate-release layer and a sustained-release layer, anticipating rapid drug release that starts in the stomach to rapidly alleviate the symptoms and continues in the intestine to maintain protracted analgesic effect. Gastro retentive Bi-Layer tablets of Ketorolac Tromethamine were prepared by using hydrophilic polymers with direct compression on floating – matrix technology and evaluated. Ketorolac tromethamine is freely soluble in water, so it is suitable to develop it as gastro retentive bi-layer tablets using hydrophilic polymers. The developed formulation is equivalent to calculated theoretical drug profile in view of its in vitro release. Immediate release layer was prepared by using dry granulation method in which ac-di sol used as a disintigrant for immediate release of drug. Sustained release layer formulated by using HPMC as release retardant, two grades of HPMC that are HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M used to get sustained release profile for 24 hr. Various trial batches are taken to get desired release profile. Ketorolac tromethamine release from the developed floating formulation followed Higuchi model and nonFickian diffusion is found to be the main mechanism of drug release. The manufacturing procedure was found to be reproducible and formulations were stable after one month of stability studies. Keywords: FTIR; Gastro retentive bilayer; ketorolac tromethamine; in vitro release; stability; higuchi.

Evaluation of the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Cassia occidentalis seeds in neutrophil adhesion test in Rats. The effect of oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia occidentalis seeds on neutrophil has been studied and is compared with control group on rats. The differential leukocyte count (DLC) was performed by fixing the blood smears and staining with leucofine and percent neutrophils in each sample was determined. After the initial counts, blood samples were incubated with 80 mg/ml of nylon fibers for 10 min at 37ºC. Supplementation with hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia occidentalis seedss significantly decreased neutrophil adhesion. The results indicate that the seed of Cassia occidentalis is endowed with protected neutrophil adhesion. Keywords: Cassia occidentalis, Neutrophil, analysis of variance

Evaluation of the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Cassia occidentalis leaves in neutrophil adhesion test in Rats. The effect of oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia occidentalis leaves on neutrophil has been studied and is compared with control group on rats. The differential leukocyte count (DLC) was performed by fixing the blood smears and staining with leucofine and percent neutrophils in each sample was determined. After the initial counts, blood samples were incubated with 80 mg/ml of nylon fibers for 10 min at 37ºC. Supplementation with hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia occidentalis leaves significantly decreased neutrophil adhesion. The results indicate that the leaf of Cassia occidentalis is endowed with protected neutrophil adhesion. These effects could conclude that Cassia occidentalis has an antiasthmatic property. Keywords: Cassia occidentalis, Neutrophil adhesion, analysis of variance