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In this study, a trisodium citrate (TSC)-assisted hydrothermal method is utilized to prepare three-dimensional hydroxyapatite (3D HA). Understanding the role of TSC in the preparation of 3D HA crystals may provide valuable methods to design advanced biomaterials. As one of the indexes of solution supersaturation, the initial pH (ipH) value can not only directly affect the nucleation rate, but also affect the growth of HA crystals. In this work, the effect of the ipH on the microstructure, particle size distribution, and specific surface area of the 3D HA is explored. Results showed that the morphology of 3D HA transformed from a bundle to a dumbbell ball and then a dumbbell with an increase in the ipH. A corresponding mechanism of such a structural evolution was proposed, providing inspiration for the fabrication of innovative 3D HA structures with enhanced biological functionality and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, convenient, efficient and environmentally benign method has been developed for the synthesis of benzo[3,4-a]phenazin-5-ol as well as benzo[f]pyrido[2,3-b]quinoxalin-5-ol derivatives via the condensation of lawsoneand o-phenylenediamines or pyridine-2,3-diamines respectively by using a catalytic amount of trisodium citrate as an efficient, commercially available and low cost organo-catalyst in aqueous ethanol at room temperature. Mild reaction conditions, use of metal-free organocatalyst, nontoxic solvent, energy efficiency, no column chromatographic separation, gram scale production and reusability of the catalyst containing solvent media are some of the notable advantages of our developed protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Irrigating solutions are vital in endodontics, serving to meticulously disinfect root canals, enzymatically dissolve pulpal remnants, and facilitate thorough flushing to eradicate microorganisms. This intricate process ensures optimal microbial control, tissue dissolution, and debris removal, contributing to enhanced endodontic outcomes and overall oral health in clinical practice. Aim: To evaluate the contact angle of Trisodium Citrate (TSC) Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP) and Biosynthesised AgNPs when used in root canal irrigation. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted at White Lab, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, from January 2023 to August 2023. A total of 40 single-rooted dentine samples extracted from human teeth were utilised. Ethical clearance was duly obtained. The samples were categorised into four groups (n=10 each). The groups underwent distinct irrigation processes, including Biosynthesised AgNPs from Azadirachta Indica (Group-1), Chemically synthesised AgNPs from Trisodium citrate (Group-2), 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (Group-3), and Distilled Water (DW) as the control (Group-4). The contact angle of the tested irrigants was thoroughly evaluated in all the samples using an Ossila goniometer. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Statistical tests used were Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A p-value of

Introduction: Irrigating solutions are vital in endodontics, serving to meticulously disinfect root canals, enzymatically dissolve pulpal remnants, and facilitate thorough flushing to eradicate microorganisms. This intricate process ensures optimal microbial control, tissue dissolution, and debris removal, contributing to enhanced endodontic outcomes and overall oral health in clinical practice. Aim: To evaluate the contact angle of Trisodium Citrate (TSC) Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP) and Biosynthesised AgNPs when used in root canal irrigation. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted at White Lab, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, from January 2023 to August 2023. A total of 40 single-rooted dentine samples extracted from human teeth were utilised. Ethical clearance was duly obtained. The samples were categorised into four groups (n=10 each). The groups underwent distinct irrigation processes, including Biosynthesised AgNPs from Azadirachta Indica (Group-1), Chemically synthesised AgNPs from Trisodium citrate (Group-2), 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (Group-3), and Distilled Water (DW) as the control (Group-4). The contact angle of the tested irrigants was thoroughly evaluated in all the samples using an Ossila goniometer. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Statistical tests used were Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Group-1 and Group-2 showed significantly low contact angles (p=0.002) compared to the other irrigants like 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and water used as control. There was no statistically significant difference among the tested irrigants, with TSC AgNPs and A. Indica AgNPs showing the best results followed by NaOCl and distilled water. Conclusion: The AgNPs in prepared root canals can serve as a good alternative as an irrigating solution. Biosynthesised AgNPs are equivalent to Trisodium citrate AgNPs in regard to wettability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a trisodium citrate (TSC)-assisted hydrothermal method is utilized to prepare three-dimensional hydroxyapatite (3D HA). Understanding the role of TSC in the preparation of 3D HA crystals may provide valuable methods to design advanced biomaterials. As one of the indexes of solution supersaturation, the initial pH (ipH) value can not only directly affect the nucleation rate, but also affect the growth of HA crystals. In this work, the effect of the ipH on the microstructure, particle size distribution, and specific surface area of the 3D HA is explored. Results showed that the morphology of 3D HA transformed from a bundle to a dumbbell ball and then a dumbbell with an increase in the ipH. A corresponding mechanism of such a structural evolution was proposed, providing inspiration for the fabrication of innovative 3D HA structures with enhanced biological functionality and performance.

The biomedical applications of the noble metal nanoparticles have been the field of interest, especially in cancer therapy. In this paper, the synthesis of spherical silver and gold nanoparticles and their apoptotic activity against breast cancer cells is reported. The chemicals reduction method is used to synthesize nanoparticles. Two different types of surfactants i.e., citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles have crystalline phase with average size in the range of 25-30 nm and possess negative surface charge. In vitro studies of nanoparticles against breast cancer cells (MCF-7), were performed. The results show the significant cytotoxicity of nanoparticles against the cancer cell line and found to be mediated by DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing hierarchical and ultrathin‐structured metal sulfides is beneficial for achieving high‐efficiency hydrogen evolution catalysts. Herein, ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) hollow nanoflowers (HNFs) composed of ultrathin nanosheets are creatively synthesized via a facile trisodium citrate‐mediated and stirring‐assisted solvothermal method. Experimental results reveal that the synergy effect of ethanol, trisodium citrate, and continuous stirring during solvothermal synthesis process play a significant role in optimizing microstructure as well as physicochemical properties of as‐prepared ZIS samples. Importantly, the fabricated ZIS HNFs with the thinnest nanosheets (2.28 nm) manifest the highest average photocatalytic hydrogen generation rate of 301.5 μmol h−1, which is 2.3 times higher than that of the pristine ZIS microspheres composed of nanoparticles with Pt as the cocatalyst and triethanolamine (TEOA) as the sacrificial agent and outperforms most reported ZnIn2S4‐based materials under similar testing conditions. Moreover, the optimized sample also shows a hydrogen generation rate of 0.53 μmol h−1.in pure water without any cocatalyst. This controllable agitation of the reaction mixture during the hydro/solvothermal synthesis process offers an eco‐friendly and scalable approach for tuning the microstructure of nanomaterials with enhanced performance for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile trisodium citrate-assisted hydrothermal route was demonstrated for the synthesis of α-MoO3 nanostructures. Trisodium citrate concentration-dependent morphological evolution of α-MoO3 was achieved in hydrothermal process. The morphological evolution from nanorods to nanoplates was observed with increase in trisodium citrate concentration, owing to its shape directing effect by hindering the growth of α-MoO3 crystal along [001] direction. The time-dependent hydrothermal experimental results suggested that the formation and growth of α-MoO3 nanorods proceed through 'Ostwald ripening-splitting' mechanism. The synthesised α-MoO3 nanorods were successfully used to produce Zn – α-MoO3 coatings on mild steel using an acid sulphate bath, and the corrosion behaviour of the generated coatings was also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors can be called electrostatic double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) or pseudo-capacitors based on their energy storage mechanism. Pseudo-capacitors with metal oxide electrodes that transmit electric charge offer great application power but low stability. This study aims to characterize trisodium citrate (TSC) modified NiCo2O4/rGO electrodes as a preliminary study for the NiCo2O4 nanoparticle pseudo-capacitor. The materials were characterized using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer), FT-Raman (Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). All of these analyses confirmed that NiCo2O4 was manufactured successfully using TSC. At XRD, the angles of 2????, namely 45.04 and 53.34°, matched the plane of the cubic phase nanorod crystals of NiCo2O4 with values of 400 and 511, respectively. In the Raman examination, the presence of rGO, which increased the crystallinity of NiCo2O4 nanoparticles, was confirmed. FTIR analysis indicated that the 1550-1600 cm−1 corresponds to a C=C functional group in an aromatic ring or a C=O ????-???? structure, and the wavenumber of 2300 cm−1 corresponds to the OH group in TSC, an alkanoate derivative. SEM analysis determined that NiCo2O4 nanoparticles with 1 mmol TSC are the ideal material for supercapacitor electrodes, as the structure is the most uniform, soft, and tidy. Further analysis is needed to confirm the stability of the modified material.

Constructing hierarchical and ultrathin‐structured metal sulfides is beneficial for achieving high‐efficiency hydrogen evolution catalysts. Herein, ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) hollow nanoflowers (HNFs) composed of ultrathin nanosheets are creatively synthesized via a facile trisodium citrate‐mediated and stirring‐assisted solvothermal method. Experimental results reveal that the synergy effect of ethanol, trisodium citrate, and continuous stirring during solvothermal synthesis process play a significant role in optimizing microstructure as well as physicochemical properties of as‐prepared ZIS samples. Importantly, the fabricated ZIS HNFs with the thinnest nanosheets (2.28 nm) manifest the highest average photocatalytic hydrogen generation rate of 301.5 μmol h−1, which is 2.3 times higher than that of the pristine ZIS microspheres composed of nanoparticles with Pt as the cocatalyst and triethanolamine (TEOA) as the sacrificial agent and outperforms most reported ZnIn2S4‐based materials under similar testing conditions. Moreover, the optimized sample also shows a hydrogen generation rate of 0.53 μmol h−1.in pure water without any cocatalyst. This controllable agitation of the reaction mixture during the hydro/solvothermal synthesis process offers an eco‐friendly and scalable approach for tuning the microstructure of nanomaterials with enhanced performance for various applications.

The study of the green reductant effects to produce reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been completed successfully. The reduction of graphene oxide (GO) was carried out chemically using various reductants such as ascorbic acid (rGO-AA), gallic acid (rGO-AG), and trisodium citrate (rGO-NS). The GO was prepared using the Tour method at a temperature of 65 ? for 6 hours with potassium permanganate: graphite weight ratio 1:3.5. The results showed that rGO-AA had the highest electrical conductivity value of 755.70 S/m, with characteristics such as a surface area of 255.93 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.61 cm3/g, an average pore diameter of 7.10 nm, ID/IG ratio of 1.93, and three graphene layers in the material nanostructure stack. Therefore, it can be concluded that the reduction of GO with ascorbic acid (rGO-AA) is the most effective in producing rGO.

Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) microspheres have aroused wide concern in biofields because of their excellent biological and surface properties. However, the facile preparation of CHA microspheres from organic compounds, especially the microstructural transformation during synthesis, has been rarely reported. In this work, CHA microspheres with an average diameter of 2.528 μm and a BET surface area of 51.0658 m2/g were synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method at 180 °C for 10 h by using calcium chloride, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, and trisodium citrate (TSC) with a molar ratio of TSC to Ca of 1:2. The effects of hydrothermal treatment temperature and molar ratio of TSC to Ca on the morphology of the products were investigated. As a chelating agent, TSC is crucial to the formation of CHA microspheres during the hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation process. A possible mechanism of the microstructural transformation from bundle to dumbbell, dumbbell ball, and finally, microspheres regulated by TSC and urea was proposed. The CHA microspheres can be used as effective drug carriers for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of novel structured Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) by chemical etching has attracted the most attention to PBA derivatives with outstanding performance. In this work, the unprecedented PBA orthogonal frustums are first prepared from nanocubes through a selective chemical etching approach using trisodium citrate as an etchant. The citrate ions can chelate with nickel species from the edges/corners of NiCo-PBA nanocubes and then disintegrate NiCo-PBAs resulting in the generation of NiCo-PBA orthogonal frustums. The derived CoNi 2 S 4 /Co 0.91 S composites still inherit the original orthogonal frustum structure and possess outstanding supercapacitor performance. This study develops a popularized method to construct novel structured PBAs and brings inspiration for designing PBA-based electrodes with advanced electrochemical performance., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Introduction: The shoot up of antimicrobial resistance leading to the Multidrug Resistance (MDR) phenomenon in clinical pathogens has forced us to develop novel technologies to cease this global threat immediately. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be a breakthrough solution to this dilemma due to its magnetic properties and biocompatibility. Non toxic and biocompatible applications of magnetic nanoparticles can be enriched further by special surface coating with organic or inorganic molecules. Aim: To determine the antibacterial activity of green synthesised iron oxide nanoparticles against various clinical isolates. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from June 2021 to April 2022. This study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (SRMMCH&RC), Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. Nanoparticles underwent surface modifications and characterisation using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Absorption Spectra, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) followed by charge characterisation through agarose gel electrophoresis. Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method was used for screening the sensitivity and resistance pattern of 50 selected isolates and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was assessed using MIC Microbroth Dilution technique with the help of resazurin. Tukey post-hoc multiple comparisons test to analyse the zone of inhibition of antibacterial efficacy. Results: Out of the four different concentrations of bare and coated nanoparticles (0.0375 mg/mL, 0.07 mg/mL, 0.15 mg/mL, 0.3 mg/mL), bare nanoparticles inhibited the growth of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at 0.3 mg/mL while citrate coated nanoparticles inhibited the growth at 0.15 mg/mL, 0.018 mg/mL, 0.0375 mg/mL, 0.07 mg/mL, and 0.15 mg/mL dilutions were used in case of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR K. pneumoniae) and MDR Escherichia coli, from which both organisms were inhibited at 0.15 mg/mL of bare and coated nanoparticles. Conclusion: Iron nanoparticles synthesised from the marine algae Chaetomorpha antennina could be used in the future as a drug carrier or as an antimicrobial agent.

Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) microspheres have aroused wide concern in biofields because of their excellent biological and surface properties. However, the facile preparation of CHA microspheres from organic compounds, especially the microstructural transformation during synthesis, has been rarely reported. In this work, CHA microspheres with an average diameter of 2.528 μm and a BET surface area of 51.0658 m2/g were synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method at 180 °C for 10 h by using calcium chloride, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, and trisodium citrate (TSC) with a molar ratio of TSC to Ca of 1:2. The effects of hydrothermal treatment temperature and molar ratio of TSC to Ca on the morphology of the products were investigated. As a chelating agent, TSC is crucial to the formation of CHA microspheres during the hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation process. A possible mechanism of the microstructural transformation from bundle to dumbbell, dumbbell ball, and finally, microspheres regulated by TSC and urea was proposed. The CHA microspheres can be used as effective drug carriers for biomedical applications.

In this work, we present the effect of trisodium citrate (TSC) addition via a hydrothermal method on the morphological, compositional, structural, and optical changes of fluorine-doped zinc oxide (FZO) on silicon substrates. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed vertically aligned nanorods for FZO and pebble and block-like microstructures of different sizes upon TSC addition. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a hexagonal structure for all the samples. Upon addition of TSC, the sample growth along the c-axis was inhibited strongly and the growth along the a-axis was developed. The crystallite size increased from 28.73 nm to 30.38 nm upon addition of TSC. The oxygen deficiency and, the presence of zinc, oxygen, fluorine, and sodium in the studied samples were confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Ultraviolet (UV)-visible analysis revealed the optical energy band gap increment from 3.204 eV to 3.241 eV with TSC addition. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis revealed a significant improvement in the intensity ratio of the near band emission to deep level emission from 5.44 to 12.59 upon TSC addition, indicating crystal quality improvement. Both UV–visible and PL analyses showed that the studied samples were blue-shifted upon TSC addition. The different morphologies with promising properties could be employed in different applications, eliminating the complexity and reducing cost in the fabrication of hybrid structures, and nano/microcomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major causative agents in human and animal and the alarming growth of vancomycin resistant MRSA is the main driving force for the development of a new methodology to restore the antibacterial activity against MRSA. In the present study, gold nanoparticles (GNP) were synthesized using the chlorauric acid and trisodium citrate dehydrate. The gold nanoparticles and vancomycin bound gold nanoparticles (VBGNP) were characterized by using UV-vis spectrophotometer, SEM, TEM, AFM and XRD. The nanoparticles exhibit maximum absorbance at 520-524 nm in the UV spectrum. In SEM the size of the (GNP) and (VBGNP) decreases from 40 to 20 nm. The TEM average diameter of the VBGNPs was found to be (10-40) as the size of the particles was asymmetrical. A thin layer around 1-2 nm of drug which indicates the adsorption of vancomycin on the surface of GNPs. The antibacterial mechanism of GNPs particles interact with the building elements of the bacterial cell outer membrane, causing structural changes, and increase the adsorption of VBGNPs showed high antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of self-assembled 3D flower-like NaY1-x (WO4)2:xSm3+ (x = 0, 0. 005, 0. 010, 0. 015, 0. 020, 0. 025, 0. 030) powders were prepared by hydrothermal method and high temperature sintering, with trisodium citrate as the anchoring agent. The phase structure, morphology, composition and luminescence properties were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), infrared spectrum(FT-IR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), respectively. The results show that the synthesized samples are pure NaY(WO4)2 with tetragoonal scheelite structure. NaY(WO4)2:Sm3+ powders can be excited by a wavelength of 405 nm and exhibit a strong orange-red emission at 600 nm, corresponding to the 4G5/2 →6H7/2 magnetic dipole transition of Sm3+. The optimum doping molar fraction of Sm3+ is determined to be of 0. 015 based on the maximum intensity of fluorescence emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant nosocomial pathogen related to ventilator-associated pneumonia owing to biofilm formation. Trisodium citrate (TSC) has antibacterial activity, but there is little research on the effect of TSC on biofilm formed by K. pneumoniae. The aims of this study were to evaluate the inhibitory effect of 4% TSC on K. pneumoniae biofilm formation and to determine the best time of TSC addition for biofilm inhibition. Methods: A total of 45 K. pneumoniae strains isolated from tracheal tip and sputum specimens were included. Modified Congo red agar was used to screen for biofilm production. Biofilm-positive strains were cultured for 4 days. TSC (4%) was added either initially or 3 days later. Crystal violet staining was used to quantify biofilm mass by measuring the optical density at 570 nm (OD570). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe biofilm morphology. Results: The OD570 was significantly lower in the 4% TSC group than that in the no-TSC group during the 4-day experiment. Compared with addition of TSC after 3 days, initial TSC addition resulted in a significant absorbance decrease (Day 4, 0.63 ± 0.11 later-TSC group vs. 0.41 ± 0.16 initial-TSC group). As observed by SEM, bacteria were stacked most densely in the no-TSC group on Day 4. In contrast, few bacteria were observed when TSC was added initially, whilst bacteria were obviously dispersed when TSC was added after 3 days. Conclusion: TSC can inhibit K. pneumoniae biofilm formation and has the best effect when added initially.

Herein, we prepared silver nanopentagons as colorimetric sensor to detect Cr3+ ions in aqueous solution in the presence of citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone as stabilizer were utilized to anti-aggregate the silver nanopentagons. The non-functionalized silver nanopentagons provided a high-selective detection system for Cr3+ ions in aqueous solution. The result showed that Cr3+ ions could induce silver nanopentagons change to nanoparticles and aggregate, resulting in the color change from lime-green to pink. Therefore, the proposed detection system offered an effective visualizing monitor for Cr3+ ions by naked eye and quantitative detection by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The detection for Cr3+ ions could be rapidly completed within 30 min, and the limit of detection could be up to 50 × 10–6 M (S/N = 3). The ratio of the absorbance (A550 nm and A392 nm) was linear to the concentration of Cr3+ ions from 80 µM to 10 mM. The result also illustrated the proposed system would specifically recognize Cr3+ ions from other tested heavy metal ions without the shielding reagent of metal ions. Silver nanopentagons as colorimetric sensor exhibited a great promising potential for Cr3+ ions in aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of Lateral Flow Immunochromatography Assay can be divided into two levels; standardizing membrane characteristics and optimizing molecular level immunoassay reaction between analyte and detector molecules. In the preliminary phase the reaction specificity of capture and detector antibodies with the analyte has to be checked with other techniques like ELISA. Molarity and pH of conjugation buffer have prime importance in the immunoreaction among analyte and antibodies. Epitope mapping of the capture and detector antibodies is also recommended to confirm the specificity of the assay. Standardization of membrane characteristics directly relates to the sensitivity of the assay through its porosity, hydrophobicity, protein holding/releasing capacity and wicking rate. Under optimised condition a perfect Lateral Flow Immunochromatography Assay should have high on-rate (target binding efficiency), low off-rate (target releasing efficiency) and low Cross-reactivity. In this manuscript, we share our experience, especially on developmental strategies and troubleshooting, that we have experienced during Lateral Flow Immunochromatography Assay kit development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Effective root canal cleaning and sealing are essential for a successful endodontic procedure. For the purpose of disinfecting root canals, both herbal and non-herbal medications are recommended. This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Azadirachta indica /neem and chemically synthesized AgNPs from trisodium citrate (TSC) against oral pathogens to be further used as an irrigant in endodontic treatment. Materials and methods To synthesize  A. indica  AgNPs, powdered fresh A. indica  leaves were weighed, added to double distilled water, heated for 30 minutes, and then combined with silver nitrate solution. TSC was also used to create TSC AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ocular observation, and the ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectrum were used to characterize the AgNPs. Studies were conducted on the extract's characteristics, including its cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity. Results The hue shift and peak on the UV-vis spectrophotometer were signs that AgNPs were forming. The XRD pattern showed that the sample included crystalline AgNPs, mostly spherical ones. By using SEM, the presence of AgNPs was also verified. AgNPs that were synthesized showed antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus   faecalis . Compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs, A. indica AgNPs showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, a bigger zone of inhibition (ZOI), and less cytotoxic action. Conclusion This study demonstrates the minimal cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of A. indica AgNPs against E. faecalis . This suggests that they might also be employed as root canal cleaners. Before experimenting with animals or cell lines in clinical trials for endodontic treatment, further research should be done., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Chandran et al.)

Preparation of manganese ferrite (MnFe2 O4) nanorods by the reduction of akaganeite seeds in the presence of oleylamine is reported. The Mn‐doped β‐FeOOH akaganeite seeds have been processed by the hydrolysis of metal‐chloride salts in the presence of polyethylenimine (PEI) surfactant. The hydrophobic oleylamine capped nanorods are made hydrophilic using trisodium citrate as a phase transferring agent. The nanorods form with an aspect ratio of 5.47 and possess a high magnetisation value of 69 emu/g at an applied magnetic field of 1.5 T. The colloidal water dispersion of nanorods exhibits superior heating efficiency by the application of alternating magnetic field (AMF). A specific absorption rate value of 798 W/g is achieved at an applied AMF of field strength 500 Oe and frequency 316 kHz. Further, the citrate functionalised nanorods are capable of attaching with doxorubicin (DOX) electrostatically with a loading efficiency of 97% and the drug release is pH responsive. The DOX loaded nanorods show a promising effect on the apoptosis of MCF‐7 as experimented in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guo-Lin Hong,1 Hai-Ling Zhao,2,3 Hao-Hua Deng,3 Hui-Jing Yang,4 Hua-Ping Peng,3 Yin-Huan Liu,5 Wei Chen3 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Fuzhou Second Hospital of Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350007, People’s Republic of China Background: The preparation and biological applications of ultra-small graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with accurate-controlled size are of great significance. Methods: Here in, we report a novel procedure involving pyrolysis of trisodium citrate and subsequent ultrafiltration for fabricating monolayer GQDs with ultra-small lateral size (1.3±0.5 nm). Results: The GQDs exhibit blue photoluminescence with peak position independent of excitation wavelength. The quantum yield of GQDs is measured to be 3.6%, and the average fluorescence lifetime is 2.78 ns. Conclusion: Because of high stability and low toxicity, GQDs are demonstrated to be excellent bioimaging agents. The ultra-small GQDs can not only distribute in the cytoplasm but also penetrate into the nuclei. We ensure that this work will add a new dimension to the application of graphene materials for nanomedicine. Keywords: graphene quantum dots, fluorescence, cell imaging, trisodium citrate, pyrolysis

Antibacterial and UV-protective cotton fabrics were produced with an in-situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles using trisodium citrate as reductive agent and microwave irradiation for starting the synthesis reaction. The creation of silver nanoparticles with different morphologies such as quasi-spherical and cubic nanoparticles was confirmed by the SEM images. The EDS pattern of the loaded sample confirmed the uniform silver loading on the surface of cotton fibers as well as their crystal structure was approved by the X-ray diffraction pattern. Increasing reaction temperature (80, 100, 120, and 140 °C) caused a significant decrease up to 75% in the average diameter of nanoparticles and narrowing the size distribution. Also, increasing amounts of trisodium citrate (0, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) in the synthesizing solution resulted in a decrease up to of 59% in the average diameter and prevented agglomeration of nanoparticles. The FTIR spectra confirmed that the highest absorbed water in the loaded cotton samples was achieved in the highest concentration of trisodium citrate. The antibacterial properties of loaded cotton samples significantly depended on the reaction temperature as well as trisodium citrate concentration. The loaded cotton fabrics showed active antibacterial properties with inhibition zones of 16–18.5 mm against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Moreover, the prepared AgNP cotton fabrics demonstrated excellent UV-rays blocking properties with a high rate of ultraviolet protection factor value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste generated from industrial processing of seafood is an enormous source of commercially valuable proteins. One among the underutilized seafood waste is shrimp waste, which primarily consists of head and carapace. Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) is the widely cultivated shrimp in Asia and contributes to 90 % of aggregate shrimp production in the world. This work was focused on extraction as well as purification of value-added proteins from L. vannamei waste in a single step aqueous two phase system (ATPS). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and trisodium citrate system were chosen for the ATPS owing to their adequate partitioning and less toxic nature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented for the optimization of independent process variables such as PEG molecular weight (2000 to 6000), pH (6 to 8) and temperature (25 to 45 °C). The results obtained from RSM were further validated using a Multi-objective genetic algorithm (MGA). At the optimized condition of PEG molecular weight 2000, pH 8 and temperature 35 °C, maximum partition coefficient and protein yield were found to be 2.79 and 92.37 %, respectively. Thus, L. vannamei waste was proved to be rich in proteins, which could be processed industrially through cost-effective non-polluting ATPS extraction, and RSM coupled MGA could be a potential tool for such process optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple one step wet-chemical method assisted by trisodium citrate was employed in the synthesis of BiOBr applied as a photocatalyst. Photocatalytic activity of the BiOBr was investigated for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible light irradiation (λ>420 nm). The results indicated that trisodium citrate is more favorable to the formation of hierarchical architectures and reduces the particle size of BiOBr photocatalyst. BiOBr with hierarchical architectures exhibiting significantly higher catalytic activity than that with ordinary nanostructure. The significant improvement could be attributed to the high specific surface area (24.14 m2·−1), average pore sizes (34.09 nm) and average pore volume (0.24 cm3·g−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is regarded as most economically important disease of dairy animals in Pakistan. The cure rate of mastitis with use of antibiotics/antibacterials is often quite poor. In addition, use of these agents leads to undesirable residues in milk and poses several problems to milk processing industry. Therefore, measures other than the use of antibiotics/antibacterials are being investigated to improve mastitis cure rate and to circumvent the problem. Keeping these considerations in view, the current study was planned to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a non-antibiotic, non-proprietary antibacterial preparation for the treatment of clinical bubaline mastitis. For this purpose, buffaloes (n=40) suffering with clinical mastitis were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups viz. group I and group II. The animals of group I (n=20) were treated with combination of trisodium citrate (TSC; 40 g), vitamin C (10 g), zinc sulphate (3 g) and copper sulphate (1 g) for 7 days. Group II (n=20) was treated with routine mastitis therapy i.e. tylosin at dose rate of 10 mg/kg, I/M along with amoxicillin & clavulanic acid combination at total dosage of 600 mg I/mm infusion daily for 5 days. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated based on grading of improvement, surf field mastitis test (SFMT) scores and microbiological examination. Regarding grading of improvement, 50% animals of group I recovered clinically while corresponding value for group II was 45%. The SFMT based cure rates for clinical mastitis in groups I and II were 70.21% and 72.09%, respectively. Administration of allocated treatments to the buffaloes affected with clinical mastitis led to a quarter based bacteriological cure rate of 66.67% in group I and 65.12% in group II. It was concluded that administration of non-antibiotic, non-proprietary formulation containing trisodium citrate, vitamin C, zinc sulphate and copper sulphate resulted in almost equivalent therapeutic results in buffaloes affected with clinical mastitis compared to antibiotic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is one of the most significant problems to the dairy all over the world. In addition to production losses, mastitis also deteriorates the chemical, and physical properties of milk which ultimately leads to poor shelf life of processed milk. The present study was designed to evaluate a non-proprietary, non-antibiotic preparation containing trisodium citrate, Vitamin C, Zinc sulphate and Copper sulphate in treating sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cows. For this purpose, cows suffering from subclinical mastitis (n=40) were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The animals of group A (n=20) were treated orally with a combination of tri-sodium citrate (40 gm), vitamin C (10 g), zinc sulphate (3 g) and copper sulphate (1 g) for 7 days. Group B was treated with standard mastitis therapy (Tylosin at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg for three days intramuscular and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid at 600 mg intramammary infusion daily for five days). The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated through surf field mastitis test (SFMT) scores and microbiological examination. The findings of the study revealed that administration of oral non-antibiotic formulation resulted in a better quarter based SFMT cure rate. The values observed for SFMT based cure rates in sub-clinically mastitic cows at the termination of study were 90.90% and 88.46% for groups A and B, respectively. The observed bacteriological cure rate for group A (tri-sodium citrate, vit. C, ZnSO4 and CuSO4) was 72.73%, and 69.23% for group B (antibiotic). The findings of the current study showed that the use of a combination therapy of nonantibiotic chemicals has potential impact on treating sub-clinical mastitis in dairy animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the form of nanospheres from a few nm to 100 nm in diameter were synthesized in a controlled manner using a combination of two reducing agents: sodium borohydride (SBH) and trisodium citrate (TSC). The influence of the size of AgNPs on antibacterial activity was investigated with different concentrations of AgNPs on two types of bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus resistant (SA) while the positive control was Ampicillin (Amp) 50 μ g/ml and the negative control was water. AgNPs were investigated for morphology, size and size distribution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The optical properties of the AgNPs were investigated by recording their UV-vis absorption spectra. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was determined using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the antibacterial ability of AgNPs depends on both concentration and particle size. With a particle concentration of 50 μ g ml -1 , the antibacterial ability is the best. The smaller the particle size, the higher the antibacterial ability. The simultaneous use of two reducing agents TSC and SBH is the novelty of the article to synthesize AgNPs particles that are uniform in shape and size while controlling the particle size. On that basis, their antibacterial performance is increased., (© 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

Abstract This study aimed to solve the problems of the weak acid-induced gelation ability of camel milk by the synergistic effect of trisodium citrate and microbial transglutaminase (mTGase). As the trisodium citrate concentration increased from 0 to 30 mmol/L, the final storage modulus of mTGase-treated camel milk acid gels increased from 11.9 ± 0.3 to 72.5 ± 2.4 Pa, the firmness increased from 0.7 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.1 N, and water holding capacity increased from 41.0 ± 1.8% to 99.6 ± 0.8%. A denser gel network structure with the smallest pore size was observed with 30 mmol/L trisodium citrate, which was selected as the optimum concentration. The number average diameter of the casein particles decreased significantly from 183.5 ± 5.9 to 37.4 ± 3.0 nm and the degree of crosslinking of the acid gel increased significantly from 19.3 ± 1.2% to 38.9 ± 2.4% in the presence of trisodium citrate. This study indicated that smaller casein particles with a higher level of covalent crosslinking can form a camel milk gel with better textural properties, which has enormous potential for manufacture of acid-induced camel milk gel products. Highlights • Stable camel milk acid gel can form using trisodium citrate and transglutaminase. • The textural properties of camel milk gel were dependent on trisodium citrate concentrations. • Casein micelles were dissociated into smaller particles by trisodium citrate. • Smaller casein particles revealed a higher level of covalent crosslinking. • Small particles could form camel skim milk gel with better textural properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, trisodium citrate was used as draw solute in forward osmosis (FO) due to its biodegradability and easy reuse after FO dilution. The effect of operating conditions on FO performance was investigated. The study focused on the long-term flux performance and membrane fouling when surface water was used as feed solution. A water flux of 9.8 LMH was observed using 0.5 M trisodium citrate as draw solution in PRO mode. In the long-term FO process, trisodium citrate showed a slight decrease in total flux loss (13.06%) after 20 h of operation. The membrane fouling was significantly reduced after a two-step physical cleaning. A considerable flux recovery (> 95%) of the fouled membrane was finally obtained. Therefore, this study proves the superiority of trisodium citrate as draw solution and paves a new way in applying FO directly for surface water reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of trisodium citrate (TSC), tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) at different concentrations (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%) on the physicochemical, textural and rheological properties of milk protein concentrate (MPC) 80 based processed cheese product (PCP) was investigated. In comparison with all PCPs, TSC containing PCPs exhibited no oiling off with superior meltability and flowability. Textural properties revealed that hardness decreased with increasing concentration of emulsifying salt (ES). PCP sample containing SHMP showed maximum hardness. At a constant temperature, G' and G'' increased with increasing angular frequency. The melting point of TSC (2.0 & 2.5%) containing PCP samples were 70°C & 74°C, respectively. This study suggests, use of TSC at 2.5% level in manufacturing PCPs using MPC and butter can result in a processed cheese like product. However, more processing interventions are needed for improving the textural and sensorial characteristics of the PCPs. [Display omitted] • MPC in combination with butter, water and optimal ES can produce an acceptable PCP. • Good meltability and flowability was observed in TSC added samples of PCPs. • Hardness decreased with increasing concentrations of all ES. • PCPs with TSC at 2.0% and 2.5% showed melt on 70 °C and 74 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work was to create a novel sensing material using different sizes of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) embedded in agarose hydrogel (AG) encapsulated fibre optic sensors. AuNPs (4 nm–40 nm) were synthesized using the chemical reduction method with a reducing agent of sodium borohydride (1% w/v) and trisodium citrate (40 mM). The core of the fibre optic was coated either using a single-layer (4 nm AuNPs, 15 nm AuNPs and AG) or two-layer coating (Au-AG) with the first layer being AG then followed by AuNPs (4 nm or 15 nm). The signal resulting from the AuNPs-AG coated fibre optic probe was tested using spectroscopy with a scanning range from 200 to 1000 nm to establish which sample generated the highest sensing signal. The result demonstrated that the smaller size of AuNPs provides a higher signal compared to a larger size, while the two-layered coating of 4 nm Au-AG significantly boosts the signal of the fibre optic sensor up to 47%. The overall performance of the 4 nm Au-AG coated fibre optic probe was highly promising, demonstrating a refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 3669.8 ± 5.232 RIU−1, with an R2 value of 0.9802. This optimized configuration of coating materials presents the sensor platform as an excellent candidate for further exploration in designing specific sensing applications, such as gas sensors or biosensors. Its remarkable ability to enhance sensor sensitivity holds great promise for advancing sensing technologies. [Display omitted] • Systematic study of gold NPs loaded agarose hydrogel as a novel sensing platform. • The size of gold NPs plays a significant role in the sensor performance. • Smaller sizes of gold NPs coated fibre optics generated higher signals. • Agarose hydrogel increases the presence of gold NPs loaded onto the probes. • Combining hydrogel-gold NPs significantly improves the fibre-optic sensor signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing robust silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with good shape and dispersibility is of particular interest in analytical applications. Herein, monodispersibility AgNPs with the average size of 20 nm have been successfully prepared via one-pot method using sodium borohydride and trisodium citrate as co-reductants. The introduction of sodium borohydride greatly accelerated the rate of nucleation, which can effectively solve the problem of broad size distribution. Both shape and dispersibility of AgNPs can be effectively adjusted by simple control of refluxing time or concentrations of the sodium borohydride. We also studied the voltammetric characteristics of the AgNPs using Ag/AgCl solid-state voltammetry. An intense and stable current peak at a low potential could be obtained, which could provide a unique advantage in analytical applications.