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The article formulates the state of the problem of improving the theoretical calculation of the nanofiltration kinetic characteristics in the time cycle of separation of industrial solutions containing copper(II), iron(III), trisodium phosphate and OP-10 (a wetting agent used in electroplating, a product of treating a mixture of mono- and dialkylphenols with ethylene oxide) using the equations of convective diffusion, hydrodynamics and mass transfer. To calculate the kinetic characteristics of the nanofiltration process, the mathematical model was improved by numerically solving the equations of convective diffusion, the Navier–Stokes equation and the flow continuity equation in a polar coordinate system with initial and boundary conditions. The theoretical results obtained in the process of an analytical solution of the system of equations allow calculating changes in concentrations in the permeate and retentate tracts and the permeate volume during nanofiltration separation. The acceptability of the developed nanofiltration method for separating solutions is assessed by comparing the calculated data according to the mathematical model with the experimental data obtained on the nanofiltration unit during separation of solutions containing copper(II), iron(III), trisodium phosphate and OP-10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trisodium phosphate (TSP) is a non‐toxic waste obtained from alkaline cracking as part of the processing of monazite ore. After simple purification, TSP can be utilized in many applications; however, it is used as a catalyst in this study. It is characterized using Thermogravimetric analysis , X‐ray diffraction analysis, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller, and Temperature‐programmed desorption of carbon dioxide and optimized in the transesterification reaction. After recrystallization and calcination at 350 °C for 0.5 h, the form of the TSP was tetragonal, with a 2.61 m2/g surface area and 537.4 x 10‐6 mol/g basic sites. Trisodium phosphate can therefore be utilized effectively as a solid base catalyst for the transesterification of palm oil. Three biodiesel production parameters were investigated: the methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1–24:1), catalyst concentration (1–10%), and reaction time (30 to 240 min). The experiments were designed using the Box–Behnken response surface method. As a result, the optimum conditions for biodiesel production are a 22:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 4% catalyst concentration, and 200 min reaction time. The optimal fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content is 99.79%, with an error between actual and predicted FAME of 0.21%. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jujube fruit (cv. Sanxing) were soaked in 0.5 mg/mL trisodium phosphate solution for 10 min after harvest to study its effects on key enzymes activities and phenolic compounds accumulation in reactive oxygen species metabolism and phenylpropanoid pathway during storage at room temperature. Results showed that trisodium phosphate promoted hydrogen peroxide content during the entire storage time and peaked at 4 d and 10 d. Additionally, trisodium phosphate treatment distinctly increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase on days 4~12 d and 4~8 d of storage (P

The objectives of this study are to perform the mathematical description of the formation of a sediment layer on the surface of membranes due to concentration polarization on the basis of the semi-integral method of solving the convective diffusion equation, to optimize the process of ultrafiltration and determine the sediment layer on the surface of a membrane, and to calculate the membrane operation time and the filtrate volume in a steady-state regime before regeneration. Minimization results show that the lowest function value of 1.32583 and 1.32112 is given by the Wolfram Mathematica software for the Na3PO4 concentrations of 0.5 and 1 kg/m3, respectively. It is established that concentration polarization attains the maximum admissible value of 1.32583 and 1.298 for the solutions with concentrations of 0.5 and 1 kg/m3 at 2.43 and 2.52 s from the beginning of the separation process, respectively. The propagation of concentration polarization throughout the entire channel length requires 5500 and 5710 s, respectively. Afterwards, the membranes require regeneration to maintain the necessary level of purification. In these time periods, 0.191 and 0.173 L of filtrate are formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium oxychloride inorganic adhesive was made with magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride aqueous solution as the main raw materials, and trisodium phosphate as retarder, and inorganic plywood was prepared by cold pressing at room temperature. The microscopic structure and initial setting time of inorganic adhesive, as well as physical and mechanical properties of plywood were detected. The results show that adding trisodium phosphate can effectively prolong the initial setting time of magnesium oxychloride adhesive. The elastic modulus and flexural strength of plywood decreased with the increase of the amount of trisodium phosphate. The water absorption rate was the highest and the flame retardancy was the lowest when the amount of trisodium phosphate is 0.6%. When the amount of trisodium phosphate is 0.8%, the 518 phase content in the adhesive is the highest, and the internal bonding strength of plywood is the highest, reaching 0.58 MPa. The comprehensive properties of adhesive and plywood are the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study is projected to regard as characteristics related to the viability of the preparation of methyl ester from Mesua ferrea oil through transesterification using Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) and Tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4). Na3PO4 and K3PO4 have high catalytic properties intended for the reaction of transesterification and cost-effective compared to other catalysts. The transesterification process was undergone at diverse operating constraints such as methanol to oil molar ratio (4:1 to 12:1), catalyst concentration (0.75 to 1.75%), and reaction temperature (55-70oC). The duration of transesterification was fixed at 60 min. The maximum yield was obtained at a molar ratio of 8:1 and a catalyst concentration of 1.25% at a reaction temperature of 65oC for the duration of one hour. The yield of Mesua ferrea oil methyl ester (MFOME) with K3PO4 catalyst has specified more compared to Na3PO4. Further, the MFOME was analyzed for physic-chemical properties and all the properties were found to be matched with ASTM standards. Particularly, the superior cetane number was achieved with MFOME. The biodiesel yield of RSM predicted values using both catalysts were well correlated with experimental results.

This study was designed to determine the effect of decontamination on the shelf life of whole rainbow trouts. For this purpose 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP), 2.5% acetic acid (AA), 2.5% lactic acid (LA), 1200 ppm acidified sodium chloride (ASC) and control (tap water) were used as decontaminants. After the decontamination process, the samples were stored in cold storage and subjected to microbiological and chemical analyzes on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15. Mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae and coliform bacteria were enumerated for the evaluation of microbiological quality, whereas pH, total volatile alkaline nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were determined for the evaluation of the chemical quality of fish samples. The study was repeated 3 times and 6 fish were used in each group corresponding to 108 fish in total. Microbiological samples were evaluated with a modification in USDA/FSIS chicken carcass method. The data of microbiological analysis showed that decontamination provided a significant improvement on the microbiological quality and the decontaminants used in this study extended the microbiological shelf life of rainbow trout. However, acidic decontaminants and TSP caused some changes in the physical properties of rainbow trouts. On the other hand, the use of CPC extended the shelf life of rainbow trouts without adversely affecting the texture. The microbiological sampling protocol used in this study was proved to be easier to apply and gave coherent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Trisodium phosphate (TSP), generally recognized as safe (GRAS), could control postharvest diseases and maintain fruit quality. However, changes of fruit quality and sucrose metabolism in harvested jujube after TSP treatment remain largely unknown. In the current study, jujube fruit (cv. sanxing) was used to study the effects of TSP on storage quality and sucrose metabolism during storage at 20 ± 2 °C with 40–50% relative humidity (RH). RESULTS: The results showed that 0.5 g L−1 TSP treatment reduced weight loss and reduced sugar content, suppressed the reduction of fruit firmness, maintained ascorbic acid (AsA) content and inhibited respiratory rate of jujube fruit. In addition, TSP treatment also reduced acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI) activities in sucrose metabolism in jujube fruit. Sucrose synthase‐cleavage (SS‐c), sucrose synthase‐synthesis (SS‐s) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activities were also suppressed by TSP treatment. CONCLUSION: Treatment with TSP could effectively reduce enzymes activities in sucrose metabolism and maintain storage quality of jujube fruit during storage. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black spot caused by Alternaria alternata is an important postharvest disease of apple fruit. In this study, apple fruit (cv. Golden delicious) was used as the materials to study the effects of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/mL trisodium phosphate (TSP) dipping treatment on lesion development of fruit inoculated with A. alternata. In vitro test was conducted to investigate the effect of TSP on mycelia growth of A. alternata. The optimal concentration of TSP was screened to assay its effect on the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes, the content of H 2 O 2 and phenylpropane metabolites in apple fruit. The results showed that the different concentrations of TSP significantly inhibited mycelia growth of A. alternata and indicated dose dependent. TSP treatment also inhibited lesion development of apple fruit inoculated with A. alternata. According these results, 0.5 mg/mL TSP was chose for the following study. The results also indicated that TSP treatment enhanced the activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, increased H 2 O 2 accumulation and total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and lignin contents in apple fruit. All these results suggest that enhanced disease resistance in apple fruits by TSP against A. alternata is associated with increasing anti-oxidative enzymes activities and accumulation of phenylpropane metabolites. • Trisodium phosphate treatment decreased lesion development on apple fruit. • Trisodium phosphate activated H 2 O 2 accumulation and anti-oxidative enzymes activities. • Phenylpropane metabolites increased after trisodium phosphate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Good floatability of fluorite and barite were obtained by use of NaOL. • Effect of TSP on the flotation separation of fluorite and barite was attempted. • TSP exhibited selective depressant effect on barite flotation in the presence of NaOL. • Zeta potential experiments confirmed the separation mechanism in this study. Abstract In this paper, trisodium phosphate (TSP) was utilized for the flotation separation of fluorite from barite. Micro-flotation results showed that good floatability of both fluorite and barite was obtained at around pH 8.5 using sodium oleate (NaOL) as a collector. TSP showed a selective depression for barite, and flotation separation of fluorite from barite was achieved using TSP as a depressant and NaOL as a collector. Zeta potential measurements indicated that the addition of TSP prior to NaOL did not prevent the adsorption of NaOL on fluorite surface while it prevented NaOL to adsorb on barite surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A simple single-stage method, based on refluxing edible carrot with aqueous trisodium phosphate (TSP) has been reported to synthesize blue color luminescent carbon dots (CDs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image showed that CDs are almost spherical in shape and the size is around 3–8 nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H NMR spectroscopy study revealed that the carbohydrates present in the carrot undergone carbonization to produce luminescent CDs. Optimization study indicate that refluxing 5 g of carrot in 80 mM TSP aqueous solution for 120 min is adequate to produce highly luminescent blue CDs. The CDs produced are used as luminophore to image bacteria through fluorescence microscopy. CDs have membrane good permeability and minimum toxicity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The CDs capability for direct reduction of silver ions to elemental silver (Ag0) and gold ions to elemental gold (Au0) without additional reducing and stabilizing agent was demonstrated. The resulting Ag and Au nanoparticles have a size of 8–22 nm and 5–15 nm, respectively. The catalytic activity of nanoparticles in the hydrogenation reaction was investigated. The results suggest that the nanoparticles had high catalytic activity in the sodium borohydride mediated hydrogenation of nitroaromatic compounds. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Easily adaptable procedure to synthesis carbon dots was reported. • CDs has good membrane permeability to label live cells. • CDs reduces silver and gold ions into nanoparticles. • Silver and gold nanoparticles exhibit good catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electroplating & Finishing is the property of Electroplating & Finishing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highlights • Trisodium phosphate (TSP) inhibited the respiratory intensity and maintained the quality of apples. • TSP treatment maintained higher energy level in apples. • TSP has the potential to delay fruit senescence during storage. Abstract The effects of postharvest trisodium phosphate (TSP) dipping (0.5 mg/mL) on the quality and mitochondrial energy metabolism of apple fruit (cv. Golden delicious) were studied. The results indicated that TSP treatment inhibited the respiration intensity, delayed the increase of weight loss, and inhibited the decrease of flesh firmness, ascorbic acid (AsA), titratable acid (TA) and soluble solids content (SSC) of apple fruit. The results also indicated that TSP treatment delayed the decline of the content of ATP, ADP and energy charge of apple fruit, and enhanced the activity of H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase. These results suggested that TSP could maintain the quality of apple fruit by mediating respiration and mitochondrial energy metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to assess the ability of a number of chemicals (acetic Acid (AA), citric acid (CA) lactic acid (LA), sodium decanoate (SD) and trisodium phosphate (TSP)) to reduce microbial populations (total viable count, Campylobacter jejuni , Escherichia coli , Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes ) on raw beef using an immersion system. The following concentrations of each chemical were used: 3 & 5% for AA, CA, LA, SD and 10 &12% for TSP. Possible synergistic effects of using combinations of two chemicals sequentially (LA + CA and LA + AA) were also investigated. L*, a* and b* values were measured before and after treatments and ΔE* values were calculated in order to determine any changes in the color of meat due to the use of these chemicals. In general, all chemical treatments resulted in significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced bacterial counts when compared to untreated controls. The greatest reductions were obtained by using LA3%, SD5%, AA5%, LA5% and SD3% for TVC, C. jejuni, E. coli, S . typhimurium and L. monocytogenes , respectively. However, no significant difference in microbial load was observed between the different concentrations of each chemical used ( p > 0.05). The application of combinations of chemical immersion treatments (LA3% + AA3% and LA3% + CA3%) did not result in further significant reductions in microbial populations when compared to single chemical treatments ( P < 0.05). Assessment of color changes in meat following the application of chemical immersion treatments indicated that using AA or CA at either concentration and LA at 5% led to an increase in the ΔE* value of > 3 immediately after treatment and after 24 h storage. The remaining treatments did not result in significant changes to the color of raw beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen of public health concern and is often associated with contaminated poultry. This pathogen can adhere to surfaces in food processing facilities leading to the formation of biofilms. Antimicrobial treatments during poultry processing represents a mechanism to control biofilms. This study investigated the effect of trisodium phosphate (TSP) and sodium hypochlorite (SH) on biofilms of two strains each of S . Enteritidis, two strains each of S . Typhimurium, and one strain of S . Senftenberg on stainless steel, glass and polyurethane. Biofilms were grown on surfaces without soiling or with soiling (chicken juice) applied before or after biofilm formation. Biofilms on all surfaces were treated (TSP: 8, 10 and 12% (w/v), pH 11.5 and SH: 40, 50 and 60 ppm, pH 5.5) for 10 min. Untreated controls and controls using water were included for all the experiments. Bacterial numbers in biofilms were determined by plating on thin layer xylose lysine deoxycholate medium. If numbers were below the limit of detection (1.81 log cfu/cm 2 ) biofilms were enriched in buffered peptone water before plating to establish the presence of live cells. All TSP treatments rendered cells uncountable except for four specific combinations of bacteria, soiling and surfaces at the 8% treatment level. In cases where numbers were below detection, live cells were present for some combinations of bacteria, soiling and surfaces at all TSP levels. All SH treatments rendered cells uncountable on unsoiled stainless steel and glass for all strains. In these cases strains were alive at 40 ppm on stainless steel. On polyurethane cells were only uncountable for one strain at 60 ppm and live cells were detected in this case. All SH treatments resulted in countable numbers of cells for all strains on soiled surfaces. Trisodium phosphate has strong potential as a sanitizer to reduce biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. on abiotic surfaces during poultry processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Na 3 PO 4 lowers the temperature for the partial decomposition of dolomite. • The partial decomposition of Na 3 PO 4 -doped dolomite involves multiple steps. • Magnesian calcite forms in the partial decomposition of Na 3 PO 4 -doped dolomite. • The Mg content in magnesian calcite depends on calcination conditions. Dolomite calcination is of important industrial significance in versatile scenarios. This paper reports the effect of trisodium phosphate on dolomite decomposition. The thermogravimetric tests showed that the dolomite with 1.0 wt. % Na 3 PO 4 (Na 3 PO 4 -dolomite) partially decomposed into MgO and magnesian calcite (Mg-CaCO 3) and the formed Mg-CaCO 3 then decomposed subsequently. The Na 3 PO 4 lowered the temperature and significantly enhanced the rate of partial decomposition of dolomite. The change in the apparent activation energy (178.5-104.0 kJ/mol) versus the conversion indicated that multiple steps were involved in the partial decomposition of Na 3 PO 4 -dolomite. In the partial decomposition, Mg-CaCO 3 with different Mg contents and MgO formed as final products. The Mg content of the Mg-CaCO 3 was dependent on the calcination conditions. High-magnesian calcite (>10 mol% Mg) was obtained by calcining Na 3 PO 4 -dolomite at 873 K within 60 min. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal inactivation of normal and starved cells of Salmonella Enteritidis on chicken skin previously exposed to different concentrations of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) or tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) was investigated. Inoculated skin was pretreated with different concentration of ASC or TSP, packaged in bags, and then immersed in a circulating water bath at 60 to 68 °C. The recovery medium was Hektoen enteric agar. D-values, determined by linear regression, for normal cells on chicken skin, were 2.79, 1.17 and 0.53 min whereas D-values for starved cells were 4.15, 1.83 and 0.66 at 60, 64 and 68 °C, respectively. z-values for normal cells were 3.54 and for starved cells were 2.29. Pretreatment of Salmonella Enteritidis cells with 0 to 200 ppm of ASC or 0 to 1.0 % TSP resulted in lower D-values at all temperatures. Sensory results indicated no significance differences for control and treatments. Thus, results of this study indicated that pretreatment of chicken skin with ASC or TSP increased sensitivity of Salmonella Enteritidis to heat without affecting organoleptic quality of chicken meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little work has been reported on the use of commercial antimicrobials against foodborne pathogens on duck meat. We investigated the effectiveness of trisodium phosphate (TSP) and sodium hypochlorite (SH) as antimicrobial treatments against Campylobacter and Salmonella on duck meat under simulated commercial water chilling conditions. The results were compared to the same treatments on well-studied chicken meat. A six strain Campylobacter or Salmonella cocktail was inoculated (5 ml) at two dilution levels (10 4 and 10 8 cfu/ml) onto 25 g duck or chicken meat with skin and allowed to attach for 10 min. The meat was exposed to three concentrations of pH adjusted TSP (8, 10 and 12% (w/v), pH 11.5) or SH (40, 50 and 60 ppm, pH 5.5) in 30 ml water under simulated spin chiller conditions (4 °C, agitation) for 10 min. In a parallel experiment the meat was placed in the antimicrobial treatments before inoculation and bacterial cocktails were added to the meat after the antimicrobial solution was removed while all other parameters were maintained. Untreated controls and controls using water were included in all experiments. Bacterial numbers were determined on Campylobacter blood-free selective agar and Mueller Hinton agar or xylose deoxycholate agar and tryptone soya agar using the thin agar layer method for Campylobacter and Salmonella , respectively. All TSP concentrations significantly (p < 0.05) reduced numbers of Campylobacter (~ 1.2–6.4 log cfu/cm 2 ) and Salmonella (~ 0.4–6.6 log cfu/cm 2 ) on both duck and chicken meat. On duck meat, numbers of Campylobacter were less than the limit of detection at higher concentrations of TSP and numbers of Salmonella were less than the limit of detection at all concentrations of TSP except one. On chicken meat, numbers of Campylobacter and Salmonella were less than the limit of detection only at the lower inoculum level and higher TSP concentrations. By contrast only some of the concentrations of SH significantly (p < 0.05) reduced numbers of Campylobacter and Salmonella (~ 0.2–1.5 log cfu/cm 2 ) on both duck and chicken meats. None of the SH treatments resulted in numbers of either pathogen being less than limit of detection. Results indicate that chicken meat has the ability to effectively protect Campylobacter and Salmonella against the impact of trisodium phosphate and sodium hypochlorite while duck meat does not. This study suggests that trisodium phosphate has a strong potential for application in a commercial poultry processing to reduce Campylobacter and Salmonella specifically on duck meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobamoviruses induce crop diseases that are responsible for significant economic losses around the world. Like other tobamoviruses, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus ( CGMMV) forms highly stable particles that can persist for long periods on plant debris, in soil and on seed surfaces. These particles serve as a primary source of infection, infecting seedlings from which the virus can then be mechanically transmitted to other neighbouring plants. Contaminated seeds also provide a route for the movement of the virus between countries and its introduction into new areas. Effective seed disinfection treatments and the use of uncontaminated seed may reduce the global prevalence of this virus. Several treatments based on the use of heat or chemicals have been reported to effectively eliminate CGMMV and other tobamoviruses from seeds. An evaluation of these treatments on highly contaminated seed lots revealed inconsistent results, which encouraged the construction of a more accurate detection method that combines morphological, serological, molecular and biological analyses in one protocol. The detection of viable (infectious) viral particles in seed treated with heat, trisodium phosphate or a combined treatment, indicates that these treatments are insufficient. The serological detection of CGMMV in the inner parts of infected seeds provides a possible explanation for the inconsistent efficacy of these treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trisodium phosphate (TSP) has been shown to be effective for control of food-borne bacteria, but little is known about its activity against phytopathogenic fungi that cause plant diseases. Here we show that TSP application reduced disease development of brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola on jujube and peach fruits. The efficiency of TSP was positively correlated with its concentrations. Analysis of the influence of pH on efficiency of TSP indicated that the inhibitory effect of TSP against M. fructicola was only partially influenced by its alkaline pH. TSP directly inhibited spore germination, germ tube elongation, and mycelial growth of M. fructicola in the culture medium. To further investigate the mechanisms by which TSP inhibited fungal growth, we detected the integrity of the plasma membrane of M. fructicola . Our result show that TSP treatment resulted in the loss of plasma membrane integrity, leading to the release of intracellular contents such as soluble proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Taken together, our data suggest that TSP was effective for controlling postharvest disease caused by M. fructicola on jujube and peach fruits and this antifungal activity was directly related to the disruption of cell membrane of the fungal pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research focussing on the use of chemicals to decontaminate poultry carcasses to reduce pathogenic and spoilage organisms has increased in recent years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 12% (w/v) trisodium phosphate (TSP), 2% (w/v) citric acid (CA) and 5% (w/v) capric acid sodium salt (CP) in reducing Campylobacter, total viable counts and total Enterobacteriaceae counts on poultry. These chemicals were also used in various combinations (TSP + CA, TSP + CP and CA + CP) to determine if sequential treatments would enhance microbial reductions. TSP (1.9-2.3 log10 cfu cm2) and CP (2.2-2.4 log10 cfu cm2) gave the largest Campylobacter jejuni reductions while TSP was the most effective at reducing TVC (0.9 log10 cfu cm2) and TEC (0.9 log10 cfu cm2). TSP + CP was the most effective combination treatment (2.9 log10 cfu cm2) for reducing C. jejuni counts and was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than any of the single chemical treatments, with the exception of CP treatment against strain 1146 (2.4 log10 cfu cm2). The TVC and TEC populations proved more resistant to combination treatments as only TSP + CP showed a significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced reductive efficacy in comparison to single CP treatment. This study provides further data on the efficacy of a number of potential chemicals used alone and in combination for the decontamination of raw poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost-effective and acceptable decontamination technologies that can be readily applied to the broiler-processing industry have been proposed as a strategy to reduce pathogenic organisms on carcasses and improve food safety. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of combining chemical and ultrasonication processes to reduce Campylobacter, total viable counts (TVCs) and total Enterobacteriaceae counts (TECs) on broiler carcasses. Drumsticks were inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni and immersed in 12 % ( w/ v) trisodium phosphate (TSP), 2 % ( w/ v) citric acid (CA) or 5 % ( w/ v) capric acid sodium salt (CP) solutions for 1 min, while ultrasonication was performed at 40, 60 or 80 kHz. In addition, chemicals were administered in sequential combination (TSP + CA, TSP + CP or CA + CP) while ultrasonication was performed at the frequencies mentioned. The sequential treatment of TSP and CP with ultrasonication at 80 kHz achieved the greatest reductions for C. jejuni (4.5-4.6 log colony forming units (CFU)/cm) and TVC (1.9 log CFU/cm). Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to the sequential application of CA and CP and ultrasonication at 80 kHz (2 log CFU/cm). This study demonstrated that combining chemical decontaminants with ultrasonication can significantly ( p < 0.05) enhance reductions in bacterial populations compared to chemical treatments applied alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]