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Pinch analysis for a sugar plant production capacity 4000 TCD has been carried out to reduce its energy consumptions. The plant has ten evaporators that can be configured to several multiple effect evaporators. It has been running with five-effect evaporator (quintuple) scheme. To maximize energy utilization within the plant, three multiple effect evaporator schemes were evaluated. They are triple effect evaporator, quadruple effect evaporator, and quintuple effect evaporator as the benchmark. The result shows that the quintuple effect evaporator yields the highest energy efficiency by about 10%. Options to achieve such target is to use low pressure steam only for the first effect and to use steam bleeding from the first effect to heat a tertiary juice heater. With this proposed scenario, sugar dryer, wash water RVF unit and wash water HGF unit no longer need external steam for its operation.

In this review, analysis of triple-impact vapour ingestion refrigeration framework involving a high, medium and low-temperature generator is characterized. This review suggests the solar power-related triple impact vapour retention refrigeration for heating and cooling applications in dairy industries that should be developed. In this review, the paper investigates solar heat and cooling is practised in modern dairy applications. With improved advancements and scaled-down costs, the solar-powered energy guarantees to reduce power charges builds countries’ energy security through reliance on a special, unfathomable resource, redesigned practicality, limited defilement, cut down the costs of diminishing an unsafe barometrical deviation, and keeps oil subordinate costs lower than something different. The important source of heating is considered from solar-based by using different solar oriented heat advancements. The results indicate that solar power-related triple impact vapour retention refrigeration for heating and cooling applications in dairy industries. Different operating temperatures are measured during the implementation and find an optimal food processing condition in the dairy industry. Thus, this observed study gives hands to develop an efficient renewable system for processing industrial dairy operation using solar power. Implementing renewable energy sources in the dairy industries promotes overall energy consumption and lower the total expenditure of industrial processing, respectively.

This paper presents the energy analysis of a triple effect absorption compression (hybrid) cycle employing ammonia water as working fluid. The performance parameters such as cooling capacity and coefficient of performance of the hybrid cycle is analyzed by varying the temperature of evaporator from −10 °C to 10 °C, absorber and condenser temperatures in first stage from 25 °C to 45 °C, degassing width in both the stages from 0.02 to 0.12 and is compared with the conventional triple effect absorption cycle. The results of the analysis show that the maximum cooling capacity attained in the hybrid cycle is 472.3 kW, at 10 °C evaporator temperature and first stage degassing width of 0.12. The coefficient of performance of the hybrid cycle is about 30 to 65% more than the coefficient of performance of conventional triple effect cycle.

This paper deals with the energy and exergy analysis of triple-effect LiBr–water absorption system. Mathematical models have been developed using an engineering equation solver (EES) to simulate th...

In the present work, an absorption-compression cascade refrigeration system (ACCRS) has been analyzed theoretically for low temperature cooling applications. It comprises of a triple effect H2O-LiBr series flow vapor absorption refrigeration system in higher temperature section associated with vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) system using R1234yf refrigerant in lower temperature section. The cascade system provides lower temperature i.e. 223.15–263.15 K for freeze drying, pharmaceuticals, chemical and petroleum industry at lower running cost using waste available from the exhaust of gas turbine or steam turbine to run the triple effect vapor absorption refrigeration system which reduces the overall high grade energy (electricity) consumption of the cascade system. Moreover, the use of R1234yf protects the environment from global warming and ozone depletion. Energetic and exergetic analysis have been performed for the parametric investigation of the system. An EES software based computational model has been formulated for the computation of performance parameters. The analysis determines the effect of generator temperature (448.15–473.15 K), absorber temperature (298.15–313.15 K) and evaporator temperature (223.15–263.15 K) on the energetic (COP) and exergetic (exergetic-efficiency, exergy destruction rate and exergy destruction ratio performances of the system. The results illustrate that the electricity savings of triple effect cascade system are 45.84% in comparison to conventional VCR cycle. The COP and exergetic-efficiency of VCR circuit in the cascade system boost up by 85.26% and 85.28% respectively. The COP and exergetic efficiency of triple effect cascade system are higher than that of single and double effect absorption compression cascade refrigeration systems. The system circulation pump and absorber are the sites of lowest and highest irreversibility in comparison to the other system components.

Combinations of drugs are available in the market only to produce a single effect. To overcome this, a combination of three drugs namely α-arbutin, glutathione, and grape seed extract, are used to benefit the triple effect on the skin. The set forth study to formulate and evaluate medicated cosmetic cream in an effective curative strategy for derma to produce a triple effect. Medicated cosmetic cream containing triple bioactive agents formulated by the O/W dispersion method. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out for characterization. The formulated cream assessed for physical appearance, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, particle size analysis, spreadability, percentage yield, drug content, diffusion studies, release kinetics, acute dermal toxicity studies, and short-term stability studies. FT-IR and DSC studies revealed that no chemical interaction existed between the drug and excipients used. The optimized formula A5 revealed to be off white, semisolid, pleasant odor, smooth & slippery texture, non-greasy smear, easy to remove, and homogenous. The A5 cream exhibited a pH of 5.89, Viscosity of 1597.73 CPS, Spreadability of 20.86 g.cm/sec., the Particle size of 0.237%, Percentage yield of 98.8%, Drug content of 99.22 at 289 nm, 99.75 at 200 nm and 100.1 at 286 nm. The optimized cream demonstrated prolonged drug release 94.41% at 289 nm, 92.68 at 200 nm, and 92.78 at 286 nm up to 12 hrs. The optimized cream remained stable after the heating-cooling cycle at 4° C, 45° C and at room temperature. Furthermore, acute dermal toxicity studies showed the optimized formulation to be non-irritant, with no erythema, and no edema. The present study signified that the multiple combinations showed a better synergistic effect, superior efficacy, and multiple activities that resulted in the best, smooth, and stable medicated cosmetic cream.

The serration flow behavior for Cu47Zr47Al6 and (Cu47Zr47Al6)99Sn1 (at. %) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) was investigated through statistical analysis. The statistical analysis reveals that the (Cu47Zr47Al6)99Sn1 BMG has more stable self-organized critical (SOC) dynamics. The chemical heterogeneities formation in the microstructure has a triple effect on the deformation dynamics, which leads to high ductility for the (Cu47Zr47Al6)99Sn1 BMG.

The integration of teaching and scientific research is the core and foundation of modern university education. Under the current performance evaluation mechanism of university quantitative evaluation, the university's "paying much more attention on researching other than teaching" education ideology is deeply ingrained. The teaching and scientific research shows obvious disadvantages such as segmentation, utilitarian, hollow, and superficial. This article attempts to start from the analysis of the mechanism of academic ability on teaching ability, and proposes a triple effect model of feedback, linkage and diffusion among them. It proposes the strategies to promote the teachers' teaching ability and integrated development of teaching and research on the basis of the core concept of "academic teaching".

A series of ionic liquids (ILs) composed by choline (Ch) as a cation and different amino acids (AA) as anions and their respective aqueous mixtures were prepared using different [Ch][AA] contents in a range of 0.4-46 mol % IL. These solvents were used for the first time to achieve an eco-friendlier Paraoxon degradation. The results show that [Ch][AA]/water mixtures are an effective reaction medium to degrade Paraoxon, even when the IL content in the mixture is low (0.4 mol % IL) and without the need of an extra nucleophile. Both the kinetics and the degradation pathways of pesticides depend on the nature of the AA on [Ch][AA] and the amount of an IL present in the mixture. We have demonstrated that in those mixtures with a low amount of [Ch][AA], the hydrolysis reaction is the main pathway for Paraoxon degradation, showing a catalytic effect of the IL. However, as the percentage of [Ch][AA] increases in the mixture, the nucleophilic attack of [Ch][AA] is evident. Finally, the aim of this study was to provide evidence of a promising and biocompatible methodology to degrade a toxic compound (Paraoxon) using a minimal quantity of an IL designed totally from natural resources. Fil: Pavez, Paulina. Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Figueroa, Roberto. Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Medina, Mayte. Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Millán, Daniela Andrea. Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada; Chile Fil: Falcone, Ruben Dario. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; Argentina Fil: Tapia, Ricardo. Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile

Thermodynamic analysis of LiBr–H2O single, double and triple effect vapour absorption cycles has been carried out using LPG and CNG as sources of energy. Optimization of operating temperatures in single to triple effect cycles has been carried out for maximum COP of the system and minimum gas requirement in it at desired temperatures in evaporator, absorber and main condenser using iterative technique. In single effect cycle, optimum temperatures in main generator have been obtained, while in double effect cycle, low pressure generator, high pressure condenser and main generator temperatures have been optimized. In triple effect cycle having three condensers and three generators, condenser temperatures (Tc3 and Tc4) and generator temperatures (Tg2, Tg3 and Tg) have been optimized. The maximum COP of triple effect cycle goes up to 1.955 which is around 132% higher than single effect cycle with its gas requirement reduced to around 122% at the same conditions.

In this paper a comparative study was performed between five classes of LiBr/water absorption refrigeration systems to investigate the influence of various operating parameters on the coefficient of performance, the thermal loads of the components, the exergetic efficiency and the total change in the exergy of systems. The exergetic analysis of all system’s components was done after their energy analysis. The half effect, single effect, series class of double effect, parallel class of double effect and triple effect absorption refrigeration cycles were compared together in this study. The exergetic evaluation of the thermodynamic flows, which go through this cycle, was performed for a refrigerating capacity 300 kW. According to energetic and exergetic analysis, the results showed that the coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency increases from the half effect, to the single, double and triple effect refrigeration system while total exergy change approximately decreases. Furthermore, it was found that there is an optimum generator temperature where the COP and exergy efficiency of the five configurations of absorption refrigeration systems is maximum and the total exergy change becomes minimum.

In order to improve the efficiency of the adsorption refrigeration cycle, this study proposes a triple-effect adsorption refrigeration cycle equipped with a compressor. This cycle can run in order to create a large variation in adsorbent concentration range by the compressor, even if there is little temperature variation in the desorption and adsorption processes. The objective of this study is to clarify the effect that regulating adsorption pressure using a compressor has on the adsorption refrigeration cycle, and to that end cycle efficiency was calculated using a static analysis based on a state of equilibrium. As a results from the simulation, the triple-effect cycles can operate by regulating adsorption pressure. Both COP and exergy efficiency can be improved by a factor of 1.2 if the cycled is regulated the adsorption pressure of each cycle rather than using a shared adsorption pressure. For heat sources in the temperature range of 70–100 °C, this method is superior in terms of COP and exergy efficiency. COP values of approximately 1.7–1.8 can be obtained, which is three times higher than single-effect cycles. The triple-effect cycles have one-third the SCE of single-effect cycles but about the same SCE as double-effect cycles.

In recent years, rigorous research has been carried out on the use of membrane contactors to design compact absorbers for absorption cooling systems and to extend their use in small scale applications. Moreover, the use of new working fluid mixtures has been suggested for the absorption cooling systems to cope with the limitations and problems associated with the conventional working fluid mixtures. In this study, water/(LiBr + LiI + LiNO 3 + LiCl) with mass compositions in salts of 60.16%, 9.55%, 18.54% and 11.75%, respectively, and water/(LiNO 3 + KNO 3 + NaNO 3 ) with mass compositions in salts of 53%, 28% and 19%, respectively, were investigated for air-cooled and multi-stage high temperature absorption cooling systems, respectively. Results show that a 25% increase in the absorption rate can be achieved by using water/(LiBr + Li + LiNO 3 + LiCl) when compared to water/LiBr at air-cooling thermal conditions. Furthermore, an absorption rate as high as 0.00523 kg/m 2 s is achieved when the water/(LiNO 3 + KNO 3 + NaNO 3 ) working fluid mixture is used in the membrane-based absorber of the third stage of a triple effect absorption cooling cycle. In addition, the pressure drop percentage in the case of water/(LiNO 3 + KNO 3 + NaNO 3 ) working fluid mixture is significantly lower than the water/LiBr and water/(LiBr + LiI + LiNO 3 + LiCl) working fluid mixtures because of the higher operating pressure.

In this study, the performances of four novel solar integrated systems are compared with the help of energy and exergy analyses. The systems either use a single unit or two units of a triple effect absorption refrigeration system for cooling production through utilization of hot water obtained at the solar collector exit. The power cycles are based on organic Rankine and Kalina cycles. For the systems with two absorption refrigeration system units, it was found that when the system is integrated with the Kalina cycle, it provides better performance in terms of power, efficiency and irreversibility rate. At solar radiation intensities of 640 W/m2 (low) and 950 W/m2 (high), the net powers obtained from the Kalina cycle are respectively 7.17% and 7.35% more while its irreversibility are 16.23% and 16.28% less compared to those of an R245fa operated organic Rankine cycle. In a different arrangement, when one unit of the absorption refrigeration system is replaced by another isopentane based organic Rankine cycle, no doubt the cooling output reduces but the net power of the system with one organic Rankine cycle (isopentane based) and one Kalina cycle increases in an average by 22.82%at the two solar radiation intensities. This increase in average net power output is however less (9.84%) for the system with two organic Rankine cycles.

The research paper deals with performance evaluation of a triple effect vapour absorption machine based on lithium bromide solution. The triple effect VAM at the National Institute of Solar Energy also has a provision of storage of heat and cool in PCM (phase change material) where excess heat from the solar field at peak hours is stored and the excess cooling effect generated at part load is stored in different PCM chambers when no radiation is available, especially at night time. The water in this mixture is the absorbent or refrigerant and Lithium Bromide is the absorber. The required heat source temperature is usually above 80°C for single-effect machines and the COP is in the range of 0.6 to 0.7. In triple effect systems, COP of 1.7 has been demonstrated at 2100C.

This paper presents an experimental investigation and performance analysis of a novel triple-effect vertical concentric tubular solar desalination unit. The productivity and thermal efficiency of the device for three operational modes (e.g., single-, double- and triple-effect) were tested and compared under the fixed heating power and controlled heating temperature conditions, respectively. The temperature in different measured points in the device was tested. Also, Gain Output Ratio (GOR) of the system was calculated for three operational modes. The experimental results indicate that the fresh water production for the triple-effect mode can reach 1.162 kg/h at the heat input of 400 W. The GOR of the device for the double-effect and triple-effect modes can reach about 1.21 and 1.89 under the condition of fixed heat input. The experimental results are then compared with the numerical results, and it is found that the trend of the experimental results is consistent with the theoretical water production rate. The economic analysis results show that the production cost of water is about 6.6 $/ton, which implies an excellent application prospects of the designed desalination device.

It is shown that a highly-efficient chemical activation of the cement-containing composite mixture with the help of a new generation nanostructural additive makes it possible to develop high-strength finegrained and heavy-weight concretes with the improved strength and deformation characteristics. The recommended nanostructural additive has an increased triple effect: reactive, catalytic, and plasticizing. The use of the proposed additive many times increases the hydration activity of the hardening system, exerting a double energy effect on it, chemical and thermal, thus making it possible to develop the composite building material of a new level of physical and mechanical properties.

In this article authors focus on the analysis of the whole set of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) indicators for the elimination of double or triple effects within the next construction of methods for measuring corporate performance. They build on their previously published results (in Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2012). The partial actual selected results of a recently undertaken currently project entitled 'Construction of Methods for Multifactorial Assessment of Company Complex Performance in Selected Sectors' were used. This project was solved the research teams of the Faculty of Business and Management of Brno University Technology and Faculty of Business and Economics of Mendel University in Brno since 2011. Further theoretical resources in the environmental, social and corporate governance area, known indicator databases (namely Global Reporting Initiative), comparative analysis, resp. syntheses for identifying possible of common indicator properties were identified to classify indicator subsets to preclude double or even triple effect based on mathematical set theory (Venn diagrams). The indicator analysis in constructed multi-factorial methods contributes to precise decision making in management to improve corporate performance.

This chapter reports on our literature study in moral philosophy and psychology for choosing conceptual viewpoints close to LP-based reasoning. These viewpoints fall into three moral facets tackled in this book. First, we study moral permissibility, taking into account the Doctrines of Double Effect, Triple Effect, and Scanlonian contractualism. Second, we look into the dual-process model that stresses the interaction between deliberative and reactive processes in delivering moral decisions. Finally, we discuss the role of counterfactual thinking in moral reasoning.

Since the industrial revolution, humankind’s demand for a better lifestyle and comfort has considerably increased. In order to meet such demands, an increasing number of energy-consuming technological devices and products are introduced almost every day.