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A sensitive, confirmatory ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry based on modified QuEChERS was developed and validated to detect five organotin compounds (tributyltin chloride (TBT), triphenyltin chloride (TPT), trimethyltin chloride (TMT), azocyclotin and cyhexatin) in classical tropical fruits (mango, pineapple and banana). Fruits samples were ultrasonically extracted with methanol and subsequently purified by graphitized carbon black adsorbents. Five organotins were separated on a C18 column with the mobile phase of a mixture of methanol and 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid, and detected by MS/MS under multiple reaction monitoring mode. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), recovery and precision. Results were linear in their corresponding concentration ranges, with coefficients of determination (r) bigger than 0.999. The average LODs (S/N = 3) of the method for TBT, TPT, TMT, azocyclotin and cyhexatin were 1.3, 3.5, 3.2, 5.1 and 1.7 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries (n = 5) at three spiked levels (0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) ranged from 69 to 103% with relative standard deviations of 2.1–11.9%. The method is simple, effective, accurate and non-derivatized, and meets the routine monitoring requirements for trace organotins in tropical fruits.

Group 14 (tetrel) elements potentially provide a region of low electronic density (σ-hole) and elevated electrostatic potential, which acts as an electrophilic site to form attractive interactions ...

Triphenyltin chloride (TPhT) is an organotin compound that causes intensive toxicological risk to the environment and humans. A detection method with high sensitivity and stability is therefore desired to better detect TPhT. In this study, a novel SERS substrate was prepared by sputtering an ultra-thin Au layer on a honeycomb-like silver nanoarray fabricated via the nanosphere lithography method. The ultra-thin Au layer was formed by sputtering the intermittent Au nanoparticles on the silver nanoarray, resulting in bimetallic coupling with dramatically increased hotspots and extremely high SERS enhancement with an analytical enhancement factor (AEF) of 6.08 × 109 using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as the probe molecule. Based on density functional theory (DFT) simulations, the Raman characteristic peaks of TPhT at 999 cm-1 and 655 cm-1 were selected for TPhT detection. The AEF of the SERS substrate HC5-AgAu was calculated to be 3.38 × 106 with the detection concentration of TPhT down to 10-10 M. The as-prepared honeycomb-like silver-gold bimetallic SERS substrate demonstrated great stability and sensitivity for TPhT detection, which might also be applied in monitoring many other environmental pollutants.

Poly(vinyl chloride) degrades when exposed to ultraviolet light for long durations, therefore, the photostability of polymeric materials should be enhanced through the application of additives. New organotin complexes containing 4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid were synthesized and their role as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers were evaluated. The reaction of 4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid and appropriate di- or trisubstituted tin chloride (triphenyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, and dimethyltin dichloride) in methanol under reflux gave the corresponding tin-naphthalene complexes with yields of 75%–95%. Elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques including infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (proton and tin) were used to confirm their structures. The tin complexes were added to poly(vinyl chloride) to produce thin films that irradiated with ultraviolet light. Various parameters were assessed, such as the weight loss, formation of specific functional groups, changes in the surface due to photoirradiation, and rate constant of photodegradation, to test the role played by the organotin complexes to reduce photodegradation in polymeric films. The results proved that organotin complexes acted as photostabilizers in these circumstances. The weight loss, formation of fragments containing specific functional groups, and undesirable changes in the surface of polymeric films were limited in the presence of organotin complexes. Organotin complexes containing three phenyl groups showed the most desirable stabilization effect. These act as efficient primary and secondary photostabilizers, and as decomposers for peroxides. In addition, such an additive inhibits the dehydrochlorination process, which is the main cause of poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation.

Crystal and molecular structures of new triorganotin complexes have been determined via X-ray diffraction. These complexes include, among others, the second polymorph of Ph3Sn(thiocytosine), the double complex salt Ph3Sn(methimazole)2·Ph3SnCl2, and five-coordinated triphenyltin chloride with methimazole, tetrahydopyrimidine-2-thione, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Hirshfeld surface analysis allowed for better visualization and precise pinpointing of the differences between polymorphs as well as easier analysis of intermolecular interactions. All of the new structure of the Ph3Sn(L)Cl type displayed interesting thermal features and therefore were also analyzed via thermogravimetric analysis/simultaneous thermal analysis/differential scanning calorimetry methods. These analyses showed the different ways in which these complexes underwent thermal decomposition. In some cases, to solve the problems that arose, powder X-ray diffraction analyses have also been performed.

The combined effect of polystyrene (PS) particles and triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl) to the green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa was studied. The 96 h IC50 of TPTCl to the green algae C. pyrenoidosa was 30.64 μg/L. The toxicity of PS particles to C. pyrenoidosa was size-dependent, with the 96 h IC50 at 9.10 mg/L for 0.55 μm PS but no toxicity observed for 5.0 μm PS. The exposure to 0.55 μm PS led to damage on structure of algal cells, which could in turn cause inhibition on photosynthesis and population growth of the green algae. TPTCl concentrations in test medium were lowered by 15–19% at presence of 0.55 μm PS particles, indicating a reduced bioavailability of TPTCl. In spite of this reduced bioavailability, the presence of PS increased the toxicity of TPTCl, which might be attributed to facilitated uptake of TPTCl by the green algae after the damage of cell structure. The overall results of the present study provided important information on the effect of PS on the bioavailability and toxicity of TPTCl to phytoplankton species.

Marine organisms are naturally exposed to different environmental pollutants including organic pollutants and nanoparticles. The interactive effects between nanoparticles and other chemicals on aquatic organisms have raised concerns regarding the potential of nanomaterials as the vector for other chemicals. In the present study, the effect of nano zinc oxide (nZnO) on the bioavailability of triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl) was studied, and their combined acute and reproductive toxicity to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus were evaluated. At experimental concentration ranges of nZnO in this study, the percentage of dissolution of Zn2+ was relative stable (from 62% to 66%), and nZnO did not affect the bioavailability of TPTCl to the copepods. The acute toxicity of binary mixtures of nZnO/TPT was equivalent to that of the mixture of Zn2+/TPT. In agreement with the decrease in TPTCl's LC50 values at the presence of nZnO, their interacting effect was synergistic based on response addition response surface model, and the interacting parameter was modelled to be −1.43. In addition to acute toxicity test, reproductive toxicity tests revealed that exposure to nZnO and TPTCl didn't affect the successful mating rate and the number of nauplii in the 1st brood, but they extended the time for the eggs to hatch from 2.53 days to 3.94 and 3.64 days, respectively. The exposure to nZnO/TPTCl mixture delayed the time to hatch to 5.78 days.

The title polymer [HCO2Sn(C6H5)3]n was isolated by serendipitous from reaction in ethanol 96 % between bis-(monocyclohexyl ammonium) 2-carboxyethyl hydrogen phosphonate, {(CyNH3)2[CO2CH2CH2PO2(OH)]} and triphenyltin chloride, SnPh3Cl. The polymer crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with Z = 4, a = 14.7091 (18) Å, b = 15.4133 (19) Å, c = 14.7639 (18) Å, β = 94.242 (2)° and V = 3338.0 (7) Å3. The structure consists of an infinite chain propagating along the crystallographic a-axis direction with bidentate formate anions. The O2SnC3 core is organized into a trans-trigonal bipyramidal like-arrangement.

Triorganotins belong to toxic components present predominantly in antifouling paints for marine vessels. Tributyltin/triphenyltin at pico- or nanomolar concentrations in sea water are known to induce an irreversible sexual abnormality in females of over 190 marine species, an "imposex" phenomenon - the superimposition of male genitalia on a female. Moreover, trialkyltins and triaryltins function as potent nuclear retinoid X receptors (RXR) agonists. In mammals, triorganotin compounds induce immunosuppressive, metabolic, reproductive or developmental effects. Toxic effects of triorganotins warrant the need for monitoring of their long-lasting presence in the environment. This study brings novel data on the stability of two triorganotin compounds in artificial sea water model obtained by applying ultra-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. Stability of tributyltin and triphenyltin chlorides was studied for 180 days and the degradation kinetic parameters were obtained. Tributyltin chloride was the less stable with the degradation kinetic parameters Kdeg = 0.00014 day-1 and t1/2 = 4950 days (13.6 years). Kdeg of the more stable triphenyltin chloride was determined to be Kdeg = 0.00006 day-1 with t1/2 = 11550 days (31.6 years). Since similar stability data of triorganotin compounds were not published previously, we report high stability for both tested compounds, which indicates a significant environmental problem when these substances enter sea water and later coastal sediments.

Triorganotins are popular among chemists due to their potential biological properties against bacteria, fungi, and cancer cell lines. However, they have limited applications due to their poor water solubility. We hypothesize that solubility can be improved when the complex exhibits partial ionic characteristics. Therefore, it is our research goal to synthesize triphenyltin complexes that possess ionic characteristics. Syntheses of the ionic triphenyltin complex involved the reaction of a diprotic carboxylic acid, with triphenyltin chloride in the presence of di-isopropylamine. However, a tin-carbon cleavage reaction was observed, as IR/NMR spectroscopy and X-ray Crystallography studies showed that an ionic diphenyltin complex was successfully obtained in the reaction. The ionic complex consists of a diphenyltin anionic moiety, two oxalate ligands are observed coordinating to the tin atom in the bidentate mode, and two diisopropylammonium as the counterions. The anionic diphenyltin moieties has a distorted octohedral geometry with two carbons and two oxygens atom occupying the equatorial positions and two oxygen atoms occupying the axial positions. The ionic complex is essentially a 1-D polymer chain through an extensive hydrogen-bonding network between the oxalate groups (OCO) and the N atom from the ammonium cations. Compared to the similar reaction with triphenyltin hydroxide, which resulted in ionic triphenyltin complexes, cleavage of one phenyl group was observed for the first time in the reaction with triphenyltin chloride. Future studies will be focused on the mechanistic studies on the Sn-C cleavage. Citation Format: Jade Witter, Xueqing Song, Tajera Henry, William Li. Synthesis and structural analysis on an ionic diphenyltin complex as a potential anticancer agent [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1297.

The intensive use of triphenyltin chloride (TPTC) has caused serious environmental pollution. In this study, an effective method for TPTC degradation was proposed based on the Bio-Electron-Fenton process in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The maximum voltage of the MFC with graphite felt as electrode was 278.47% higher than that of carbon cloth. The electricity generated by MFC can be used for in situ generation of H2O2 to a maximum of 135.96μmolL-1 at the Fe@Fe2O3(*)/graphite felt composite cathode, which further reacted with leached Fe2+ to produce hydroxyl radicals. While 100μmolL-1 TPTC was added to the cathodic chamber, the degradation efficiency of TPTC reached 78.32±2.07%, with a rate of 0.775±0.021μmolL-1h-1. This Bio-Electron-Fenton driving TPTC degradation might involve in SnC bonds breaking and the main process is probably a stepwise dephenylation until the formation of inorganic tin and CO2. This study provides an energy saving and efficient approach for TPTC degradation.

Preclinical research reveals the risk of organotin compounds (OTCs) as potent endocrine disruptors, immunotoxicants and environmental obesogens for mammals. OTCs are commercial antifungal agents which are found extensively in clothing, female hygiene products and childcare articles. OTCs have been listed as restricted chemicals by REACH Regulation (Annex XVII). Here, a hyphenated method combining surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with solid phase microextraction (SPME) is proposed for rapid screening of OTCs. A porous Ag layer was synthesized in situ and served as the SERS-active SPME coating for adsorption. The SERS spectra of trimethyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin chloride were investigated, the bands at 554 cm−1, 1410 cm−1 and 999 cm−1, respectively, being selected as the characteristic peaks for quantitative determination. The extraction conditions were optimized. The good stability and uniformity of porous Ag fibers insure a high enhancement factor of 9.1 × 105 and low LOD of 0.2 ppb for triphenyltin chloride. The proposed method was successfully applied to identify a mixture of OTCs in a textile matrix with satisfactory results.

In the present study, we analyzed in vitro effects of natural and synthetic triorganotin ligands of nuclear retinoid X receptors in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Our data has shown that all-trans retinoic acid significantly reduced expression of RXRalpha mRNA, Bcl2 and enhanced expression of BAX proteins. Tributyltin bromide markedly decreased mRNA level of RXRalpha and RXRbeta. Significantly reduced levels of both RXRs proteins were observed after treatment with tributyltin chloride (TBT-Cl) but not after treatment with triphenyltin chloride (TPT-Cl) for RXRbeta protein. Both RXRalpha and RXRbeta protein levels decrease was found also by combination ATRA+TBT-Cl/TPT-Cl.

Although organotin compounds are known to disturb thyroid signaling and antioxidant defense system, the sex-differences underlying these effects of triphenyltin chloride (TPT) in fish remain unclear. To understand these differences, adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to different concentrations of TPT (0, 10, 100, or 1000 ng/L) for 28 days. Female zebrafish exposed to TPT showed significantly increased thyroxine (T4) content and decrease triiodothyronine (T3) content, possibly due to downregulation of deiodinase (dio2) and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (ugt1ab). However, decreased T4 and T3 contents in male zebrafish accompanied with upregulation of dio1, dio2 and ugt1ab. TPT exposure can lead to sex-specific thyroid disruption in adult zebrafish via alterations the Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid-liver axis. In addition, the gene expression levels of metabolizing enzymes, such as cyp1b, cyp1c, gpx1a, or sult1st1 were also to vary in a sex-dependent manner in adult zebrafish liver. Downregulation of cyp19a and cyp19b and decreased 17β-estradiol (E2) contents were detected in both female and male zebrafish. Therefore, a sex-specific of thyroid disruption response after TPT exposure was observed in adult zebrafish, possibly due to inherent in female or males detoxifying enzyme capacities.

Triphenyltin has been classified as an endocrine disruptor. However, whether triphenyltin interferes with the adrenal glands during puberty remains unknown. Here, we reported the effects of triphenyltin on the adrenal glands in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (age of 35 days) were orally administered with 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg/day triphenyltin for 18 days. Triphenyltin significantly lowered corticosterone levels at 1 and 2 mg/kg and adrenocorticotropic hormone at 2 mg/kg. The RNA-Seq analysis detected multiple differentially expressed genes. Four down-regulated genes were transcription factor genes (Nr4a1, Nr4a2, Nr4a3, and Ppard), which might be associated with the suppression of the adrenal cortex function. RNA-seq and qPCR showed that triphenyltin dose-dependently down-regulated the expression of the genes for cholesterol transport and biosynthesis, including Scarb1, Ldlr, Hmgcs1, Hmgcr, and Hsd17b7. Further Western blotting revealed that it lowered NR4A1, PPRAD, LDLR, and HMGCS1 protein levels. We treated H295R adrenal cells with 1–100 nM triphenyltin for 72 h. Triphenyltin induced significant higher ROS production at 100 nM and did not induce apoptosis at 10 and 100 nM. In conclusion, triphenyltin inhibits production of corticosterone via blocking the expression of cholesterol uptake transporters and cholesterol biosynthesis.

Marine organisms are often exposed to a mixture of various pollutants in marine environment (i.e., nanoparticles, organic pollutants). The present study investigated the potential effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the toxicity of triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl). The results revealed an antagonistic interaction between MWCNTs and TPTCl on the copepod through 96 h acute exposure, which was attributed to the adsorption of TPTCl to MWCNTs and aggregation of MWCNTs in the test solutions. Results of 21 days’ chronic exposure showed that the effect concentration of MWCNTs could be 100 times lower than that of acute exposure. The exposure to binary mixture of MWCNT (1.0 mg/L) and TPTCl (0.3 µg/L) caused a reduction by 94% for the 3rd time spawning and 83% for the total number of hatched nauplii. The ingestion and exterior attachment of MWCNTs to the copepod might be the main reasons causing the adverse effect in reproduction.

Seven organotin(IV) complexes, [(R3Sn)2L]n (R = Me 1, R = n-Bu 2), [(Ph3Sn)2L] (3), [(R2Sn)2L(μ3-O)]n (R = Me 4, R = n-Bu 5), [R2SnL(1,10-phen)]n (R = Me 6), [(R2SnCl)2L(1,10-phen)2] (R = n-Bu 7) derived from 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (H2L) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, PXRD, NMR and X-ray crystallography. The single crystal diffraction reveals that complexes 1 and 2 represent 2D network structures, which both contain tetranuclear 26-membered macrocycles. Complexes 3 and 7 display dinuclear tin monomers, which can form 1D infinite chain by C-H···O and C-H···π interactions. Meanwhile, complexes 4 and 5 display 2D network containing tetraorganodistannoxane unit, while complex 6 adopts a 1D infinite chain structure, which further constructs 2D supramolecular architecture through C-H···O intermolecular interactions. What's more, in vitro cytostatic activity of the complexes 1-3 against cervical carcinoma cell lines (HeLa), hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG-2) and human normal breast cell lines (HBL-100) have been investigated, and the results show that organotin derivatives with n-butyl and phenyl group (2 and 3) exhibit significantly higher anticancer activity than complex 1 with methyl group. Meanwhile, organotin(IV) complexes (1-3) display lower cytotoxicity than corresponding organotin(IV) precursors [trimethyltin chloride, bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide and triphenyltin chloride] in HBL-100 cells. Furthermore, cytostatic assessments of complex 3 against HepG-2 cells reveal that the effect of cytostatic and apoptotic may through ROS-mediated pathway.

CuI-ZSM5 and CuII-ZSM5 as reusable and heterogeneous nanocatalysts were synthesized and characterized using various techniques. The catalysts have been applied for the practical synthesis of various phenyl aryl/benzyl sulfides via one-pot and odorless processes from the reaction of triphenyltin chloride or phenylboronic acid as phenyl source with different aryl/benzyl halides in the presence of S8 as sulfur source and KF or KOH as S8 activator in DMF at 80 °C.

Triphenyltin (TPhT) is a kind of organotin compounds which have been used ubiquitously as herbicide, pesticide, and fungicide in agriculture. The present study provides the possibility to detect and monitor TPhT with normal Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. Firstly, the complete vibrational Raman spectra characterization of TPhT along with the IR spectroscopy were reported for the first time. Then a wide range of pH values were carried out to choose the optimal pH value in TPhT detection by using Raman spectroscopy. Afterwards, Raman spectra of various TPhT solutions were collected and analyzed. The results indicate that the optimal pH value for TPhT detection by Raman spectroscopy is 5.5, and with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as SERS substrate is an effective technique for trace TPhT detection with an enhancement by 5 orders of magnitude and the detection limit can be as low as 0.6 ng/L within less than 30 s. Finally, in this study, the residual of TPhT on apple peel was investigated by casting different concentrations of TPhT on apple peel under the current optimized condition. The result demonstrates that TPhT could be detected based on its SESR spectra at 6.25 ng/cm(2) in standard solutions.

Temperature-dependent 119Sn Mossbauer effect (ME) spectroscopy has been used to elucidate the hyperfine parameters (isomer shift and quadrupole splitting) as well as the dynamics of the motion of tin in three triphenyltin phosphide complexes, namely P(SnPh3)3 (C54H45PSn3, 1), P7(SnPh3)3 (C54H45P7Sn3, 2), and [Na(benzo-15-crown-5)][P(SnPh3)2] (C50H50NaO5PSn2, 3), as well as in triphenyltin chloride (4). Although the isomer shifts are very similar for all four compounds, the quadrupole splitting is dependent upon their detailed structures. The metal atom vibrations are essentially isotropic with respect to the principal symmetry axis passing through the tin atom and the triphenyltin moiety. The crystal structure of triphenyltin chloride has been re-determined at four different temperatures, and the root-mean-square amplitudes-of-vibration of the metal atom have been evaluated from the crystallographic Ui,j values and compared with the corresponding data derived from the Mossbauer measurements. These metal atom dynamics have been compared with those of the stannyl phosphide complexes derived from ME data and related to their structural details. The sensitivity of the ME technique with respect to elucidating the metal atom dynamics is demonstrated in detail.

A novel method for the Cu(OAc) 2 catalyzed synthesis of unsymmetrical sulfides from triphenyltin chloride and aryl halides using S 8 as the sulfur source in PEG200 at 60–80 °C is reported. Triphenyltin chloride is capable of delivering all of its phenyl groups to the product. Also, the copper catalyzed synthesis of symmetrical diaryl sulfides from aryl halides using S 8 is described.

Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxylflavone, Chry) is a natural flavonoid extracted from plants and propolis. In this work, a novel chrysin-organotin (Chry-Sn) compound with enhanced anticancer activities was synthesized by the reaction of chrysin and triphenyltin chloride, and its potential anticancer effects against cancer cells were measured using various methods. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) results showed that chrysin and Chry-Sn had significant inhibition effects on the proliferation of MCF-7, A549 and HeLa human cancer cell lines in a dose- and time- dependent manner. These results suggested that Chry-Sn possessed enhanced anticancer effects. Hoechst 33258 staining and acridine orange staining results showed apoptosis and nuclei fragments significantly increased after being treated with chrysin and Chry-Sn respectively. Moreover, chrysin and Chry-Sn significantly increased ROS levels in MCF-7 cells. Western blot results showed that chrysin and Chry-Sn activated caspase 3 and induced autophagy by increasing LC3-II level. All results showed collectively that Chry-Sn could be a more promising drug than chrysin in anticancer treatment.

A powerful, simple and stable transparent photoanode based on TiO2 nanoparticles deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was synthesized for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of the organometallic pollutant triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl). Contrasting with most of the works on photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), FTO-TiO2 was found to be an excellent anode material for the degradation/mineralization of organic pollutants at high anodic potentials through the formation of electrochemically-induced hVB+ (dark PEC), showing a similar behavior as the so-called “non-active” anodes like the powerful boron doped diamond electrode (BDD). The electrocatalytic efficiency was enhanced by the photoexcitation of TiO2 under UV light (PEC) and by coupling with photoelectro-Fenton (PEC-PEF): this resulted in complete degradation of TPTCl in 15 min (kapp =0.274 min−1) and total mineralization in 2 h. The mechanisms governing the photoelectrocatalytic processes are investigated in detail by means of electrochemical measurements and chemical probes, and a mineralization pathway for TPTCl is proposed.

Triphenyltin (TPT), previously used as an agricultural fungicide and industrial antifoulant, is now considered an environmental pollutant. The effect of TPT on human health is concerning due to its presence as a contaminant in seafood. In this study, the changes in intracellular Zn2+ concentration ([Zn2+]i) and cellular content of nonprotein thiols ([NPT]i) induced by triphenyltin chloride (TPTCH), were measured in rat thymic lymphocytes. This was studied by flow-cytometry using the fluorescent probes FluoZin-3-AM and 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (5-CMF-DA). Incubation with TPTCH, at 0.1 μM or more (up to 3 μM), increased [Zn2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. The TPTCH-induced elevation in [Zn2+]i was due to the increase in membrane Zn2+ permeability and intracellular Zn2+ release. Incubation with TPTCH at 0.3 μM significantly increased [NPT]i levels, whereas the addition of an intracellular Zn2+ chelator had no effect on the same. TPT at higher concentrations (1 or 3 μM) reduced [NPT]i. TPT may disturb intracellular Zn2+ signaling in lymphocytes that disturbs cellular functions.

Triphenyltin chloride (TPTCL) is a well-known marine pollutant that may constitute major environmental threats to seaweed mariculture. In the present study, the toxic effects of TPTCL on physiology and ultrastructure of cultivated sporophytes of Undaria pinnatifida were investigated under different TPTCL concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 μg L−1. Significant negative effects of increased TPTCL concentration were detected in the relative growth rates, survival percentages and chlorophyll a contents of young and adult sporophytes. Low TPTCL concentrations could significantly stimulate the activities of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism. The chloroplast, mitochondria and nucleus inside cells were greatly damaged by TPTCL. Meanwhile, significant increases of electron dense deposits and physodes were found. Additionally, young sporophytes exhibited greater tolerance to TPTCL stress than adult sporophytes. The results of this study indicate that coastal TPTCL pollution could reduce the productivity and quality of cultivated U. pinnatifida.