Search

Negative hypergeometric distribution arises as a waiting time distribution when we sample without replacement from a finite population. It has applications in many areas such as inspection sampling and estimation of wildlife populations. However, as is well known, the negative hypergeometric distribution is over-dispersed in the sense that its variance is greater than the mean. To make it more flexible and versatile, we propose a modified version of negative hypergeometric distribution called COM-Negative Hypergeometric distribution (COM-NH) by introducing a shape parameter as in the COM-Poisson and COMP-Binomial distributions. It is shown that under some limiting conditions, COM-NH approaches to a distribution that we call the COM-Negative binomial (COMP-NB), which in turn, approaches to the COM Poisson distribution. For the proposed model, we investigate the dispersion characteristics and shape of the probability mass function for different combinations of parameters. We also develop statistical inference for this model including parameter estimation and hypothesis tests. In particular, we investigate some properties such as bias, MSE, and coverage probabilities of the maximum likelihood estimators for its parameters by Monte Carlo simulation and likelihood ratio test to assess shape parameter of the underlying model. We present illustrative data to provide discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In certain applications involving count data, it is sometimes found that zeros are observed with a frequency significantly higher (lower) than predicted by the assumed model. Examples of such applications are cited in the literature from engineering, manufacturing, economics, public health, epidemiology, psychology, sociology, political science, agriculture, road safety, species abundance, use of recreational facilities, horticulture and criminology. In this article, a zero adjusted generalized Poisson distribution is studied and a score test is developed, with and without covariates, to determine whether such an adjustment is necessary. Examples, with and without covariates, are provided to illustrate the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using multivariate statistical models, no significant relationship was found between the rate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) elimination and the occurrence or time to onset of diabetes in 343 veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the unit responsible for the aerial spraying of Agent Orange and other TCDD-contaminated herbicides during the Vietnam War. Without adjustment for age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, and smoking history, the time to onset of diabetes decreased and the risk of diabetes increased with a diminished elimination rate. However, after adjustment, diabetes time to onset and occurrence were not significantly associated with TCDD elimination. Analyses of covariance found no significant difference between the average elimination rates of diabetic and nondiabetic veterans, without or with adjustment for risk factors. To our knowledge, this is the only study to date to examine TCDD elimination and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combined analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) elimination in Seveso adults and Ranch Hand veterans found a period of fast elimination within the first 0.27 years after exposure in Seveso, followed by a period of slower elimination between 3 and 16.35 years from exposure. The mean TCDD elimination rate within the first 0.27 years after exposure among six adult males in the Seveso cohort was 2.0646 year[sup -1] (half-life = 0.34 years). The mean rate from 3 to 16.35 years was 0.1011 year[sup -1] (half-life = 6.9 years). The mean Ranch Hand elimination rate, 00924 year[sup -1] (half-life = 6.9 years), measured between 9 and 33 years after exposure, was significantly less than the Seveso mean in the first 0.27 years after exposure, but not significantly different from the Seveso mean between 3 and 16.35 years after exposure. The fast elimination within the first 0.27 years followed by a slower rate after 3 years is consistent with the expected pattern in a two-compartment open model, with a distribution phase of rapid elimination followed by a slower elimination phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using multiple measurements from serum collected over 15 yr (in 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997), the half-life of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in 97 veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the Air Force unit responsible for the aerial spraying of Agent Orange in Vietnam, was estimated. The potential influences of age, percent body fat, and changes in percent body fat on the half-life estimate were also examined. The elimination rate of TCDD for these veterans was 0.0915 per year with 95% confidence interval 0.0844 to 0.0986 per year; the corresponding half-life estimate was 7.6 yr with 95% confidence interval 7.0 to 8.2 yr. The elimination rate decreased significantly with increasing body fat, but not with age or relative changes in percent body fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present algorithms to compute the confidence interval for a Poisson parameter (λ) and the p value for testing the hypothesis that λ is equal to a constant, which can be used to make inferences about the standardized mortality ratio and the standardized incidence ratio. The p value and confidence interval always agree, despite the discrete nature of the Poisson distribution. The authors also give simple equations to compute numeric approximations of the confidence limits that do not require the use of any probability distributions. An example based on data arising from a study of cancer incidence is given. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Using multiple m easurem ents from serum collected over 10 yr (1982, 1987, and 1992), we estimated the half-life of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in 213 veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the Air Force unit responsible for the aerial spraying of Agent Orange in Vietnam. The potential influences of age, percent body fat, and changes in percent body fat on the half-life estimate were also examined. The mean decay rate of TCDD for these veterans is 0.0797 per year with 95% confidence interval 0.0727 to 0.0868 per year; the corresponding half-life estimate is 8.7 yr with 95% confidence interval 8.0-9.5 yr. Half-life increased significantly with increasing body fat, but not with age or relative changes in percent body fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]