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1. Radio emission from negative lightning leader steps reveals inner meter-scale structure

Author

Hare, B.M., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Dwyer, J.R. (Joseph), Ebert, U. (Ute), Nijdam, S. (Sander), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Falcke, H., Huege, T., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Krampah, G.K., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Neijzen, B., Nelles, A., Pandya, H., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Hare, B.M., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Dwyer, J.R. (Joseph), Ebert, U. (Ute), Nijdam, S. (Sander), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Falcke, H., Huege, T., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Krampah, G.K., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Neijzen, B., Nelles, A., Pandya, H., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

We use the Low Frequency ARray (LOFAR) to probe the dynamics of the stepping process of negatively-charged plasma channels (negative leaders) in a lightning discharge. We observe that at each step of a leader, multiple pulses of VHF (30~--~80 MHz) radiation are emitted in short-duration bursts (<10 μs). This is evidence for streamer formation during corona flashes that occur with each leader step, which has not been observed before in natural lightning and it could help explain X-ray emission from lightning leaders, as X-rays from laboratory leaders tend to be associated with corona flashes. Surprisingly we find that the stepping length is very similar to what was observed near the ground, however with a stepping time that is considerably larger, which as yet is not understood. These results will help to improve lightning propagation models, and eventually lightning protection models.

Published
2020

2. Radio emission reveals inner meter-scale structure of negative lightning leader steps

Author

Hare, B.M., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Dwyer, J.R. (Joseph), Ebert, U. (Ute), Nijdam, S. (Sander), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Falcke, H., Huege, T., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Krampah, G.K., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Neijzen, B., Nelles, A., Pandya, H., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Hare, B.M., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Dwyer, J.R. (Joseph), Ebert, U. (Ute), Nijdam, S. (Sander), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Falcke, H., Huege, T., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Krampah, G.K., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Neijzen, B., Nelles, A., Pandya, H., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

We use the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) to probe the dynamics of the stepping process of negatively charged plasma channels (negative leaders) in a lightning discharge. We observe that at each step of a leader, multiple pulses of vhf (30-80 MHz) radiation are emitted in short-duration bursts (<10 μs). This is evidence for streamer formation during corona flashes that occur with each leader step, which has not been observed before in natural lightning and it could help explain x-ray emission from lightning leaders, as x rays from laboratory leaders tend to be associated with corona flashes. Surprisingly, we find that the stepping length is very similar to what was observed near the ground, however with a stepping time that is considerably larger, which as yet is not understood. These results will help to improve lightning propagation models, and eventually lightning protection models.

Published
2020
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3. Determining electric fields in thunderclouds with the radiotelescope LOFAR

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S., Ebert, U. (Ute), Hare, B.M., Krehbiel, P.R., Leijnse, H., Bonardi, A., Corstanje, A., Falcke, H., Huege, T., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Krampah, G.K., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Pandya, H., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S., Ebert, U. (Ute), Hare, B.M., Krehbiel, P.R., Leijnse, H., Bonardi, A., Corstanje, A., Falcke, H., Huege, T., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Krampah, G.K., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Pandya, H., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

An analysis is presented of electric fields in thunderclouds using a recently proposed method based on measuring radio emission from extensive air shower events during thunderstorm conditions. This method can be regarded as a tomography of thunderclouds using cosmic rays as probes. The data cover the period from December 2011 till August 2014. We have developed an improved fitting procedure to be able to analyze the data. Our measurements show evidence for the main negative-charge layer near the −10° isotherm. This we have seen for a winter as well as for a summer cloud where multiple events pass through the same cloud and also the vertical component of the electric field could be reconstructed. On the day of measurement of some cosmic-ray events showing evidence for strong fields, no lightning activity was detected within 100 km distance. For the winter events, the top heights were between 5 and 6 km, while in the summer, typical top heights of 9 km were seen. Large horizontal components in excess of 70 kV/m of the electric fields are observed in the middle and top layers.

Published
2020
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4. Determining electric fields in thunderclouds with the radiotelescope LOFAR

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Ebert, U. (Ute), Hare, B.M., Krehbiel, P.R., Leijnse, H., Bonardi, A., Corstanje, A., Falcke, H., Huege, T., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Krampah, G.K., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Pandya, H., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Ebert, U. (Ute), Hare, B.M., Krehbiel, P.R., Leijnse, H., Bonardi, A., Corstanje, A., Falcke, H., Huege, T., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Krampah, G.K., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Pandya, H., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

An analysis is presented of electric fields in thunderclouds using a recently proposed method based on measuring radio emission from extensive air shower events during thunderstorm conditions. This method can be regarded as a tomography of thunderclouds using cosmic rays as probes. The data cover the period from December 2011 till August 2014. We have developed an improved fitting procedure to be able to analyze the data. Our measurements show evidence for the main negative-charge layer near the −10° isotherm. This we have seen for a winter as well as for a summer cloud where multiple events pass through the same cloud and also the vertical component of the electric field could be reconstructed. On the day of measurement of some cosmic-ray events showing evidence for strong fields, no lightning activity was detected within 100 km distance. For the winter events, the top heights were between 5 and 6 km, while in the summer, typical top heights of 9 km were seen. Large horizontal components in excess of 70 kV/m of the electric fields are observed in the middle and top layers.

Published
2020
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5. Generation of seed electrons by extensive air showers, and the lightning inception problem including Narrow Bipolar Events

Author

Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S., Scholten, O. (Olaf), and Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia)

Abstract

Lightning streamers and leaders need thermal electrons to initiate, but free electrons are extremely rare in the wet air of a thundercloud. Here we analyze the probabilities that high electron densities occur in extensive air showers. We argue that relevant air showers are created by cosmic particles with energies between 1015 and 1017 eV impinging onto our atmosphere. We simulate a large number of air showers and perform a stochastic analysis of their results. We present the available densities of thermal electrons as a function of altitude, time interval, and considered area, while neglecting effects of local electric fields. We find that free electron densities at altitudes between 5 and 13 km can reach values of order 103 cm−3, but only in shower cores with a radius on a centimeter scale. Above 6 km, the availability of extreme free electron densities decreases significantly with increasing altitude. Recent measurements by Rison et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10721) indicate that several streamers must have been triggered simultaneously during discharge inception, and we suggest that an extensive air shower could have been the trigger. Rison's measurements show further that the streamers are laterally separated by several tens of meters, so they must have been triggered by electron densities as low as 1 cm−3. Such low electron densities demand a stochastic approach to streamer initiation near hydrometeors.

Published
2019
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6. Determining atmospheric electric fields through radio emmission from air showers

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Ebert, U. (Ute), Leijnse, H., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Ebert, U. (Ute), Leijnse, H., and Rutjes, C. (Casper)

Abstract

During thunderstorm conditions the radio footprint (intensity as well as polarization) of cosmic ray showers deviates strongly from those measured during fair weather. We have been able to interpret this pattern in terms of atmospheric electric fields. We see that even when there is no thunderstorm activity within 100 km distance within an hour of the event, the radio footprint may be strongly affected.

Published
2019
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7. Influence of atmospheric electric fields on radio emission from air showers

Author

Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Ebert, U. (Ute), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), and Ebert, U. (Ute)

Abstract

We show that atmospheric electric fields as exist in thunderclouds can strongly affect the radio emission from cosmic air showers. We also show, using data from LOFAR, that from the measured radio footprint of cosmic-ray air showers, i.e. intensity, linear and circular polarization at various distances from the shower core, one can determine the direction and strength of the electric field as function of height along the path of the cosmic ray. This method can be regarded as tomography of thundercloud electric fields using cosmic rays as probes. We will present an analysis of selected events measured during thunderstorm conditions in the period from December 2011 till August 2014. The fields we extract are consistent with the generally accepted charge structure in thunderclouds consisting out of three charge layers.

Published
2019

8. Generation of seed electrons by extensive air showers, and the lightning inception problem including Narrow Bipolar Events

Author

Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Scholten, O. (Olaf), and Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia)

Abstract

Lightning streamers and leaders need thermal electrons to initiate, but free electrons are extremely rare in the wet air of a thundercloud. Here we analyze the probabilities that high electron densities occur in extensive air showers. We argue that relevant air showers are created by cosmic particles with energies between 1015 and 1017 eV impinging onto our atmosphere. We simulate a large number of air showers and perform a stochastic analysis of their results. We present the available densities of thermal electrons as a function of altitude, time interval, and considered area, while neglecting effects of local electric fields. We find that free electron densities at altitudes between 5 and 13 km can reach values of order 103 cm−3, but only in shower cores with a radius on a centimeter scale. Above 6 km, the availability of extreme free electron densities decreases significantly with increasing altitude. Recent measurements by Rison et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10721) indicate that several streamers must have been triggered simultaneously during discharge inception, and we suggest that an extensive air shower could have been the trigger. Rison's measurements show further that the streamers are laterally separated by several tens of meters, so they must have been triggered by electron densities as low as 1 cm−3. Such low electron densities demand a stochastic approach to streamer initiation near hydrometeors.

Published
2019
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9. Influence of atmospheric electric fields on radio emission from air showers

Author

Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Ebert, U. (Ute), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), and Ebert, U. (Ute)

Abstract

We show that atmospheric electric fields as exist in thunderclouds can strongly affect the radio emission from cosmic air showers. We also show, using data from LOFAR, that from the measured radio footprint of cosmic-ray air showers, i.e. intensity, linear and circular polarization at various distances from the shower core, one can determine the direction and strength of the electric field as function of height along the path of the cosmic ray. This method can be regarded as tomography of thundercloud electric fields using cosmic rays as probes. We will present an analysis of selected events measured during thunderstorm conditions in the period from December 2011 till August 2014. The fields we extract are consistent with the generally accepted charge structure in thunderclouds consisting out of three charge layers.

Published
2019
Full Text
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10. Determining atmospheric electric fields through radio emission from air showers

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Ebert, U. (Ute), Leijnse, H., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Ebert, U. (Ute), Leijnse, H., and Rutjes, C. (Casper)

Abstract

During thunderstorm conditions the radio footprint (intensity as well as polarization) of cosmic ray showers deviates strongly from those measured during fair weather. We have been able to interpret this pattern in terms of atmospheric electric fields. We see that even when there is no thunderstorm activity within 100 km distance within an hour of the event, the radio footprint may be strongly affected.

Published
2019
Full Text
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11. LOFAR lightning imaging: Mapping lightning with nanosecond precision

Author

Hare, B.M., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Leijnse, H., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Hare, B.M., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Leijnse, H., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

Lightning mapping technology has proven instrumental in understanding lightning. In this work we present a pipeline that can use lightning observed by the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) radio telescope to construct a 3D map of the flash. We show that LOFAR has unparalleled precision, on the order of meters, even for lightning flashes that are over 20 km outside the area enclosed by LOFAR antennas (∼3,200 km2), and can potentially locate over 10,000 sources per lightning flash. We also show that LOFAR is the first lightning mapping system that is sensitive to the spatial structure of the electrical current during individual lightning leader steps.

Published
2018
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12. LOFAR lightning imaging: Mapping lightning with nanosecond precision

Author

Hare, B.M., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Leijnse, H., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Hare, B.M., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Leijnse, H., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

Lightning mapping technology has proven instrumental in understanding lightning. In this work we present a pipeline that can use lightning observed by the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) radio telescope to construct a 3D map of the flash. We show that LOFAR has unparalleled precision, on the order of meters, even for lightning flashes that are over 20 km outside the area enclosed by LOFAR antennas (∼3,200 km2), and can potentially locate over 10,000 sources per lightning flash. We also show that LOFAR is the first lightning mapping system that is sensitive to the spatial structure of the electrical current during individual lightning leader steps.

Published
2018
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14. Lightning imaging with LOFAR

Author

Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S., Dina, R. (Roxana), Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Q. (Qader), Frieswijk, W., Hendriks, F. (Freddie), Muller, J. (Jeroen), Sardjan, D. (Danny), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Bonardi, A., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S., Dina, R. (Roxana), Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Q. (Qader), Frieswijk, W., Hendriks, F. (Freddie), Muller, J. (Jeroen), Sardjan, D. (Danny), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Bonardi, A., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

We show that LOFAR can be used as a lightning mapping array with a resolution that is orders of magnitude better than existing arrays. In addition the polarization of the radiation can be used to track the direction of the stepping discharges.

Published
2017
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15. Precision study of radio emission from air showers at LOFAR

Author

Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

Radio detection as well as modeling of cosmic rays has made enormous progress in the past years. We show this by using the subtle circular polarization of the radio pulse from air showers measured in fair weather conditions and the intensity of radio emission from an air shower under thunderstorm conditions.

Published
2017
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16. Thunderstorm electric fields probed by extensive air showers through their polarized radio emission

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Hare, B.M., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rosetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Hare, B.M., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rosetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Published
2017
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17. Lightning imaging with LOFAR

Author

Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Dina, R. (Roxana), Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Q. (Qader), Frieswijk, W., Hendriks, F. (Freddie), Muller, J. (Jeroen), Sardjan, D. (Danny), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Bonardi, A., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Dina, R. (Roxana), Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Q. (Qader), Frieswijk, W., Hendriks, F. (Freddie), Muller, J. (Jeroen), Sardjan, D. (Danny), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Bonardi, A., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

We show that LOFAR can be used as a lightning mapping array with a resolution that is orders of magnitude better than existing arrays. In addition the polarization of the radiation can be used to track the direction of the stepping discharges.

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

18. Thunderstorm electric fields probed by extensive air showers through their polarized radio emission

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Hare, B.M., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rosetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Hare, B.M., Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rosetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Published
2017
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19. Precision study of radio emission from air showers at LOFAR

Author

Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

Radio detection as well as modeling of cosmic rays has made enormous progress in the past years. We show this by using the subtle circular polarization of the radio pulse from air showers measured in fair weather conditions and the intensity of radio emission from an air shower under thunderstorm conditions.

Published
2017
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25. Influence of atmospheric electric fields on the radio emission from extensive air showers

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S., Berg, A.M. van den, Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Köhn, C. (Christoph), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Vries, K.D. de, Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S., Berg, A.M. van den, Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Köhn, C. (Christoph), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Vries, K.D. de

Published
2016
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26. Circular polarization of radio emission from air showers in thunderstorm conditions

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Thoudam, S., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Thoudam, S., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

We present measured radio emission from cosmic-ray-induced air showers under thunderstorm conditions. We observe for these events large differences in intensity, linear polarization and circular polarization from the events measured under fair-weather conditions. This can be explained by the effects of atmospheric electric fields in thunderclouds. Therefore, measuring the intensity and polarization of radio emission from cosmic ray extensive air showers during thunderstorm conditions provides a new tool to probe the atmospheric electric fields present in thunderclouds.

Published
2016
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27. Avalanche-to-streamer transition near hydrometeors in thunderstorms

Author

Rutjes, C. (Casper), Camporeale, E. (Enrico), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Witteveen, J.A.S. (Jeroen), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Camporeale, E. (Enrico), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), and Witteveen, J.A.S. (Jeroen)

Published
2016

29. Influence of atmospheric electric fields on the radio emission from extensive air showers

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Berg, A.M. van den, Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Köhn, C. (Christoph), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Vries, K.D. de, Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Berg, A.M. van den, Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Köhn, C. (Christoph), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Thoudam, S., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Vries, K.D. de

Published
2016
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31. Circular polarization of radio emission from air showers in thunderstorm conditions

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Thoudam, S., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, Winchen, T., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Bonardi, A., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Ebert, U. (Ute), Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Mitra, P., Mulrey, K., Nelles, A., Thoudam, S., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Veen, S. (Sander) ter, and Winchen, T.

Abstract

We present measured radio emission from cosmic-ray-induced air showers under thunderstorm conditions. We observe for these events large differences in intensity, linear polarization and circular polarization from the events measured under fair-weather conditions. This can be explained by the effects of atmospheric electric fields in thunderclouds. Therefore, measuring the intensity and polarization of radio emission from cosmic ray extensive air showers during thunderstorm conditions provides a new tool to probe the atmospheric electric fields present in thunderclouds.

Published
2016
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33. Avalanche-to-streamer transition near hydrometeors in thunderstorms

Author

Rutjes, C. (Casper), Camporeale, E. (Enrico), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Witteveen, J.A.S. (Jeroen), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Camporeale, E. (Enrico), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), and Witteveen, J.A.S. (Jeroen)

Published
2016

37. Prediction of lightning inception by large ice particles and extensive air showers

Author

Dubinova, A. (Anna) A., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Dubinova, A. (Anna) A., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S., Scholten, O. (Olaf), and Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia)

Abstract

We derive that lightning can start if the electric field is 15% of the breakdown field, and if elongated ice particles of 6 cm length and 100 free electrons per cm3 are present. This is one particular example set from a parameter range that we discuss as well. Our simulations include the permittivity ε(ω) of ice. 100 free electrons per cm3 exist at 5.5 km altitude in air showers created by cosmic particles of at least 5×1015 eV. If the electric field zone is 3 m high and 0.2 km2 in the horizontal direction, at least one discharge per minute can be triggered. The size distribution of the ice particles is crucial for our argument; more detailed measurements would be desirable.

Published
2015
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38. Lightning inception from ice particles and extensive air showers

Author

Dubinova, A. (Anna) A., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Dubinova, A. (Anna) A., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S., Scholten, O. (Olaf), and Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia)

Abstract

The electric fields in thunderstorms can exceed the breakdown value locally near ice particles present in thunderclouds. But are fields high enough and the regions large enough to initiate a streamer discharge? And where would a sufficient density of free electrons come from to start the discharge in the humid air that rapidly binds electrons in water-clusters?

Published
2015

39. Probing atmospheric electric fields in thunderstorms through radio emission from cosmic-ray induced air showers

Author

Schellart, P., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Veen, S. van, Thoudam, S., Ebert, U. (Ute), Köhn, C. (Christoph), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Veen, S. van, Thoudam, S., Ebert, U. (Ute), Köhn, C. (Christoph), and Rutjes, C. (Casper)

Published
2015
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40. Probing atmospheric electric fields in thunderstorms through radio emission from extensive air showers

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Schellart, P., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Veen, S. van, Thoudam, S., Berg, A.M. van den, Ebert, U. (Ute), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Schellart, P., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Veen, S. van, Thoudam, S., Berg, A.M. van den, Ebert, U. (Ute), and Rutjes, C. (Casper)

Published
2015

41. Lightning inception from ice particles and extensive air showers

Author

Dubinova, A. (Anna) A., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Dubinova, A. (Anna) A., Rutjes, C. (Casper), Ebert, U. (Ute), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Scholten, O. (Olaf), and Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia)

Abstract

The electric fields in thunderstorms can exceed the breakdown value locally near ice particles present in thunderclouds. But are fields high enough and the regions large enough to initiate a streamer discharge? And where would a sufficient density of free electrons come from to start the discharge in the humid air that rapidly binds electrons in water-clusters?

Published
2015

42. Probing atmospheric electric fields in thunderstorms through radio emission from cosmic-ray induced air showers

Author

Schellart, P., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Veen, S. van, Thoudam, S., Ebert, U. (Ute), Köhn, C. (Christoph), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Schellart, P., Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Veen, S. van, Thoudam, S., Ebert, U. (Ute), Köhn, C. (Christoph), and Rutjes, C. (Casper)

Published
2015
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43. Probing atmospheric electric fields in thunderstorms through radio emission from extensive air showers

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Schellart, P., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Veen, S. van, Thoudam, S., Berg, A.M. van den, Ebert, U. (Ute), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Schellart, P., Buitink, S. (Stijn), Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J.E., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J.R. (Jörg), Nelles, A., Rachen, J.P., Rossetto, L., Scholten, O. (Olaf), Veen, S. van, Thoudam, S., Berg, A.M. van den, Ebert, U. (Ute), and Rutjes, C. (Casper)

Published
2015

44. Effects of atmospheric electric fields on radio emission from air showers

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Berg, A.M. van den, Buitink, S., Ebert, U. (Ute), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Köhn, C. (Christoph), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Berg, A.M. van den, Buitink, S., Ebert, U. (Ute), Rutjes, C. (Casper), and Köhn, C. (Christoph)

Published
2014

45. Effects of atmospheric electric fields on radio emission from air showers

Author

Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Berg, A.M. van den, Buitink, S. (Stijn), Ebert, U. (Ute), Rutjes, C. (Casper), Köhn, C. (Christoph), Trinh, T.N.G. (Gia), Scholten, O. (Olaf), Berg, A.M. van den, Buitink, S. (Stijn), Ebert, U. (Ute), Rutjes, C. (Casper), and Köhn, C. (Christoph)

Published
2014

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