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Background: Plasmodium vivax is transmitted most across the country of Indonesia. The country has set out a malaria elimination program by 2030. The information on genetic diversity of malarial parasites relates to malaria transmission in an endemic area may provide the information that can help the malaria control program to achieve the target. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of the Pvmsp-1 gene in Central Kalimantan Province. Materials and Methods: Samples were 140 of archived Giemsa-stained blood smear and rapid detection test. Samples were divided into the indigenous and migrant populations. After confirmation by single-step PCR, only P. vivax and mixed infection samples were amplified to nested PCR for genotyping of Pvmsp-1 allelic variation in segments F1, F2, and F3. Results: Genotyping of 23 PCR positive samples resulted in 13 genotypes. In segment F1, three allelic variants type A containing subtype A1 (1,050 bp), A2 (350 bp), A3 (150 bp), and type B (100 bp). In segment F2, mono genotypes were detected as variant type A (1,050 bp) and type B3 (150 bp), multiple genotypes were detected as type B containing subtype B1 (250 bp), B2 (200 bp), and B3 (150bp). In segment F3, three allelic variants generated from four mono genotypes were type A (350 bp), type B (300 bp), and two type C (250 bp). Conclusion: The low allelic variation of Pvmsp-1 gene may reflect the actual situation of the low malaria endemic status of the study sites.

Background: Indonesia has demonstrated a significant progress in malaria elimination. Kapuas and Gunung Mas Districts in Central Kalimantan Province have not been freed from malaria and there is no information of malaria incidences in these areas. Palangka Raya city has been freed from malaria in 2018. Materials and Methods:The total number of 140 samples consisting of 75 malaria Giemsa-stained blood smears and 65 RDT cartridges from both local and migrant populations. Both males and females aged15 years and above were included and their demographic data were recorded. The malaria trend in these areas was analyzed based on the number of cases, species of Plasmodium and the demographic characteristics of the enrolled subjects. Results: The study findings disclosed a yearly decrement of malaria trend in both local and migrant populations of the studied areas. The highest number of P.vivax infection (8.76%)occurred in 2018 among migrant population in Gunung Mas district, while P.falciparum infection was found in 2017contributed by both population. The decreased number of cases was shown by very low number of cases among migrant population in almost every year. The observed significant decrease in malaria incidences indicated the success and effective implementation of the malaria control programs at the sub-district level. Conclusion: To minimize malaria cases among gold miners, mosquito repellent, prophylactic administration of antimalarial drugs and enough enlightenment should be considered before and during their activities. From that standpoint, the effective collaboration between health officers and environmental authorities is recommended to control, prevent and eliminate malaria in these areas.

Hypertension is cardiovascular disease that affected 22% people in the total world population. In Indonesia hypertension prevalence according to riskesdas 2018 reaches 34,11%. Hypertension occurs insperable from its risk factor. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between family history, age, obesity, and smoking habits with the occurrence of hypertension in the region of the Public health center, Pahandut. in 2022. This research method uses a cross-sectional approach, with large of 100 samples and use purposive sampling thecnique. Data Analyzed using Chi-square test. The results of the bivariate analysis obtained variables related to the occurrence of hypertension are family history (p-value= 0,000), age (p-value= 0,000), obesity (p-value= 0,048) and smoking habit (p-value= 0,001). This study concludes that there is a relationship between family history, age, obesity, and smoking habits with the occurrence of hypertension in the region of the Public health center, Pahandut. in 2022

The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of ethanolic citronella grass (C. nardus) leaves extract against mercury (Hg) induced glucose metabolism alteration in rats. Four groups of rats were selected, with 6 rats for each group. Animals of group I was received a 1 ppm of Hg only. Animals of groups II, III, and IV received a combination of 1 ppm Hg and plant extract in different dose (1650, 2520, and 3360 mg/ml). The experiment lasted for 4 weeks. The various parameters studied included liver weight, liver glucose, glycogen, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in all groups after treatment. The results of this present studies showed that the Hg-induced glucose metabolism alteration in rats which can be seen from the increase of liver glucose and the decreasing of liver glycogen levels. The results also showed that the Hginduced glucose metabolism alteration through its activities in the trigger the liver cells damage which can be seen from the decreasing of liver weight and the increase of liver MDA level. The ethanolic of C. nardus leaves extract shows a protective effect to maintain all parameters into a better a condition which can be seen from the significant increase in liver weight and liver glycogen level, and the significant decrease in liver glucose and MDA levels. The present study indicated that the ethanolic C. nardus leaves extract showed a potential protective effect on glucose metabolism alteration induced by Hg

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant and anti-glycation activity of lemongrass (C. Citratus) leaves extract. The antioxidant activity was measured by hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and chelating effect of ferrous iron. The anti-glycation activity was determined by inhibition of hemoglobin glycation method. The results of this present studies showed that the C. Citratus leaves extract to have hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and chelating effect of ferrous iron activity. The results also showed that the C. Citratus leaves extract to have anti-glycation activity. The result showed that C. Citratus leaves extract more effective in all activity, except for hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. The present study indicated that C. Citratus leaves extract showed a potential antioxidant and anti-glycation activity.

Stres oksidatif merupakan suatu kondisi ketidakseimbangan antara produksi radikal bebas dengan antioksidan dimana kadar radikal bebas lebih tinggi dibandingkan antioksidan. Di dalam tubuh, radikal bebas bersifat toksik dan dapat menimbulkan kerusakan sel. Senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan diperlukan untuk menangkal radikal bebas. Kulit batang laban (Vitex pinnata Linn) mengandung flavonoid dan berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan potensi antioksidan kulit batang laban dalam menurunkan kadar malondialdehida (MDA) dan meningkatkan aktivitas superoksida dismutase (SOD). Metode penelitian sebagai berikut tikus wistar dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok antara lain kelompok normal, kelompok negatif (DMBA 20mg/kg BB), kelompok uji I (DMBA 20mg/kg BB dan ekstrak kulit batang laban 150mg/kg BB), kelompok uji II (DMBA 20 mg/kg BB dan ekstrak kulit batang laban 300mg/kg BB), kelompok uji III (DMBA 20mg/kg BB dan ekstrak kulit batang laban 600mg/kg BB). Pengukuran kadar MDA serum dan aktivitas SOD dilakukan setelah 30 hari pemberian perlakuan. Hasil yang diperoleh ekstrak kulit batang laban dosis 150mg/kg BB, 300mg/kg BB dan 600mg/kg BB secara signifikan dapat menurunkan kadar MDA sebesar 13,30%, 21,26%, 29,53%. Ekstrak kulit batang laban dosis 150mg/kg BB, 300mg/kg BB dan 600mg/kg BB secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan aktivitas SOD sebesar 64%, 72,31%, 77,50%. Hal ini menunjukkan ekstrak kulit batang laban memiliki aktivitas sebagai antioksidan karena mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang dapat mendonorkan atom hidrogen ke radikal bebas yang bersifat reaktif karena memiliki satu elektron tidak berpasangan sehingga mengurangi pembentukan radikal bebas seperti MDA dan meningkatkan aktivitas SOD. Kata kunci: Vitex pinnata, superoksida dismutase, malondialdehida, antioksidan, DMBA ABSTRACT Oxidative stress is a condition of an imbalance between the production of free radicals and demand of antioxidant. Free radicals are toxic and can cause cell damage. Antioxidant are compounds that can scavenging free radicals. Vitex pinnata Linn contain flavonoid compounds as antioxidant. The objective of research is proved antioxidant activity of Vitex pinnata Linn in decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) and increase activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). The method as follows: Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups including normal group, negative group (DMBA dose of 20mg/kg body weight), group I test (DMBA dose of 20mg/kg body weight and extract Vitex pinnata dose of 150mg/kg body weight), group II test (DMBA dose of 20mg/kg body weight and extract Vitex pinnata dose of 300mg/kg body weight), group III test (DMBA dose of 20mg/kg body weight and extract Vitex pinnata dose of 600mg/kg body weight). The results obtained extract Vitex pinnata dose of 150mg/kg body weight, 300mg/kg body weight, 600mg/kg body weight significantly decreased MDA levels by 13,30%, 21,26%, 29,53%. Extract Vitex pinnata dose of 150mg/kg body weight, 300mg/kg body weight, 600mg/kg body weight significantly increased SOD activity by 64%, 72,31%, 77,50%. This shows that extract Vitex pinnata has an antioxidant activity because contain flavonoid compounds that can donate hydrogen atoms to free radicals which have one unpaired electron thus decreasing the production of MDA and increasing SOD activity. K eywords : Vitex pinnata, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, antioxidant, DMBA