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Seed‐based restoration is dependent on seed germination, and poor germination can cause restoration failure. Many restoration failures can be attributed to a lack of knowledge of germination characteristics, species‐specific seed dormancy, or the effects of widely used herbicides on germination. White penstemon (Penstemon albidus) and Waxleaf penstemon (P. nitidus) are native to the Northern Great Plains region of North America, and increased germination of these species would contribute to improved restoration in the region. We performed two concurrent experiments to determine: (1) the germination requirements and dormancy class of these species; and (2) the effects of herbicides on germination. To determine germination requirements, we applied pretreatments (scarification, smoke, and KNO3) and three durations (2, 4, and 8 weeks) of cold and warm stratification. To test the effects of herbicides on germination, three commonly used herbicides (atrazine, trifluralin, and 2,4‐D) were applied at six concentrations (100, 50, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0% of the recommended field application rate). Germination characteristics indicate both species express physiological dormancy. Physiological dormancy denotes an embryo with low growth potential that is unable to overcome mechanical constraints but can be alleviated with proper temperature cues. Both species required cold stratification, with P. nitidus needing a longer period (8 weeks) than P. albidus (4 weeks). Final germination percentage of P. albidus decreased with higher doses of 2,4‐D but was not affected by atrazine or trifluralin. These experiments help to create protocol for the use of our study species, as well as other species, in restoration plantings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asiatic hybrid lily cultivar Lilium dazzling (family Liliaceae) is a perennial herbaceous bulbous plant with bright yellow flowers of ornamental values. It also shows resistance to diseases and abiotic stress, making it an ideal parent for breeding studies. This study established a sterile culture system using scales of dazzling lily as explants to induce polyploidy. Adventitious buds growing to 1 cm were treated with different concentrations of colchicine (125, 250 and 500 μmol·L-1), pendimethalin or trifluralin (100, 200 and 300 μmol·L-1 respectively) for 12, 24 and 36 h. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting were used to identify ploidy, and the phenotype of the polyploids was examined by stomatal observation and leaf index determination. With increasing mutagen concentration and exposure time, the mortality and mutagenic rate increased. The optimal treatment group was: 300 μmol·L-1 trifluralin for 12 h, which resulted in 15.55% mortality rate and 42.22% induction rate. The polyploid plants showed a significant increase in stomata length, leaf length and leaf width, with a decrease in stomatal density compared with the control plants. This study provided a basis for polyploid breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Trifluralin (TRF) co-loaded with Miltefosine (MTF) in nano transfersomes (NTs) were prepared aiming their enhanced penetration topically with improved macrophage targeting and antileishmanial effects. Formulations were optimized in a series of experiments based on their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), drug incorporation and deformability index. TEM analysis was performed to check morphology of NTs. TRF-MTF co-loaded NTs were further incorporated into chitosan gel to obtain better retention. In vitro release and Ex vivo permeation studies of the optimized TRF-MTF co-loaded NTs were conducted to check dissolution behavior and skin permeation of the developed formulation as compared to the drug solutions and TRF-MTF co-loaded NTs gel. Macrophage uptake and antileishmanial efficacy of the developed formulation was also investigated. The optimized formulation had a particle size of 188.5 nm with rounded morphology, PDI of 0.101, and deformability index of 0.987. The drug incorporation of TRF and MTF were respectively found as 91% and 88%. Controlled and significantly enhanced drug release and augmented skin penetration was observed from the TRF-MTF co-loaded NTs as compared to pure drugs. Significant uptake of the TRF-MTF co-loaded NTs by the macrophage proved greater intracellular infiltration via the skin barriers. In vitro anti-leishmanial study exhibited 6-folds and 5-folds decrease in the respective IC50 values of TRF-MTF co-loaded NTs when used against Leishmania (L.) tropica amastigotes and promastigotes. This study exhibited the efficacy of NTs when loaded with dual drugs for enhanced skin penetration and macrophage localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Weeds are one of the most problematic factors in chickpea production systems and chemical control of weeds is limited in Iran because of registered selective herbicides for this crop are not available for farmers. In this situation, optimizing of herbicide application (especially soil-applied herbicides) is one way that can help farmers to combat with weeds. Incorporated By Sowing (IBS) is one of the best way for optimizing of non-selective soil herbicides application in crops. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the possibility application of non-selective soil-applied herbicides in directed planting of chickpea via IBS. Material and Methods Application possibility of non-selective herbicides in directed sowing of chickpea was evaluated in Ardabil and Zanjan in 2020. The treatments were arranged in a strip plot experiment with randomized complete block design and 3 replications. The vertical factor was herbicide application (including: trifluralin, metribuzin, pendimethalin, imazethapyr, and their combination with (phenmedipham+desmedipham+ethofumesate), and also oxyfluorfen and weedy and weed free controls. Horizontal factor was incorporated by sowing (IBS) methods (including: incorporate by seed planter and cultivator+seed planter). Seed germination of chickpea, weed density and biomass and chickpea grain yield were evaluated 30 days after herbicide application and in the end of chickpea growth. Results and Discussion IBS methods did not have a significant impact on weed and chickpea density and biomass. Therefore, the use of a cultivator before seed planting is only recommended when the seedbed is inadequately prepared or if pre-planting weed control has not been effectively executed. In contrast, herbicides had significant effects on weeds population and chickpea in experimental locations. In Ardabil, pendimetalin and pendimetalin + (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) were the only treatments that had low efficacy on weeds (with 48.9 and 51.7 % weed biomass reduction respectively) and other treatments had no significant difference in 30 days after herbicides application. In the end of growing season, the highest weeds biomass reduction (in compared with control) were recorded in trifluralin, metribuzin and imazethapyr in combination with (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) and oxyfluorfen (with 84, 83, 80 and 70 of control (%) respectively). In Zanjan, single application of trifluralin and metribuzin and their combination with (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) and combination of imazethapyr with (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) had the highest weed control with 79, 71, 78.6 and 75.5 % respectively. In contrast with Ardabil, the lowest weed control efficacy was recorded in oxyfluorfen plots (22.4%). Grain yield of chickpea was also high in trifluralin + (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) and was low in imazethapyr in Zanjan and Ardabil. Conclusions Application of soil herbicides (including: Metribuzin and Trifluralin) in chickpea is possible only if, farmers use them just before sowing and incorporate the herbicides into the seedbed during the sowing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is confronting a severe water crisis. To clean up water from heavy metals, microorganisms, chemicals, and other types of pollutants, nanocomposites have been receiving great attention specifically due to the high surface area affording to work effectually even at low concentrations. In this research, we synthesized a new amino acid-modified MoS2 nanocomposite by chemically immobilizing Mn (II). The synthesized absorbent MoS2–COOH/gly/Mn was identified by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), nitrogen adsorption measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), analysis of energy dispersive X-ray mapping (EDAX and MAP), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The nanocomposite was employed as an adsorbent through the solid phase microextraction (SPME) method while trifluralin herbicide was chosen as a model compound. For the monitoring of trifluralin molecules, we employed an ion mobility spectrometry apparatus featuring a corona discharge ionization source. The SPME method's effectiveness was examined by investigating the stirring rate and extraction time as two crucial parameters, aiming to achieve trace analysis of trifluralin. Under the optimized condition of the trifluralin extraction, the coefficient (R2) and linear dynamic range (LDR) correlation were obtained at 0.9961 and 0.5–10 μg L−1, respectively. Relative recovery values the described approach were obtained in the span of 96–97% for agricultural wastewater samples. The quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were calculated at 0.5 and 0.15 μg L−1, respectively. The proposed nanocomposite absorbent has the capability to be applied as an efficient material for the extraction of trifluralin herbicide from different solutions.

Background and Objectives: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most strategic crops, which is very important in terms of level and nutritional value, and is known as one of the most important and most consumed crops in the world. According to the report of the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in 2017, the world production of wheat was about 772 million tons, of which Iran's share was reported to be about 14 million tons. Increasing the yield of wheat per unit area depends on certain factors, one of which is the correct management of weeds to reduce their damage. Therefore, the aims of this study was to use different time of application of pre and post emergence herbicide to reduce use of herbicide for improving productivity of wheat. Materials and Methods: A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the year 2019-2020. Treatments in this experiment include; Uncontrolled, hand weeding, pendimethalin + atlantis, pendimethalin + metribuzin, trifluralin + atlantis, trifluralin + metribosin, pendimethalin + 2,4-D, trifluralin + 2,4-D, green mungbean + 2,4-D and 2,4-D intercropping. Wheat cv. ‘Mehregan’ was sown at 20 cm row spacing on 28 November in 2019. A seed rate of 120 kg ha-1 along with recommended fertilizer dose of 120:60:40 kg N-P2O5- K2O ha-1 was followed uniformly. Wheat matured in the 2nd week of April. Result: The control methods of hand weeding and pendimethalin+atlantis had a positive effect on increasing the weight of 1000 seeds and the treatment of trifluralin+2,4-D had a negative effect on the weight of 1000 seeds. Examining the changes in wheat grain yield among weed control levels showed that hand weeding and pendimethalin+Atlantis treatment levels had an average grain yield of 3.86 and 3.93 tons per hectare, respectively, which was more than the control, but in the rest of the experimental treatments, lower grain yield was observed. According to the obtained results, the use of pendimethalin pre-planting herbicide along with atlantis herbicide and metribuzin increased yield compared to the control treatment and the use of trifluralin herbicide. Conclusion: In general, the results of this research showed that hand weeding treatments, pendimethalin+atlantis, pendimethalin+metribuzin, improved the growth and performance characteristics of wheat by reducing the amount of weed interference and increasing the amount of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in aerial organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In conventional formulations such as emulsifiable concentrates (EC), wettable powders, soluble liquids, etc., complete availability of the active agent is usually considered immediate or rapid following usage. Application rates of these formulations of pesticides are greater than the minimum threshold concentration to counter losses from sorption, volatilization, photodecomposition, microbial and chemical degradation, and leaching. Controlled-release technology for pesticides could reduce environmental damage and increase efficiency by enhancement of delivery to the site of action. This survey was conducted to determine the possibility of EPTC and trifluralin efficiency improvement by using microencapsulated formulation (MC) that were first synthesized in Iran. Materials and Methods Two separated greenhouse experiments were conducted in Tirtash Research and Education Center (Mazandaran--Iran) in 2014. The experiments were carried out in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The Microencapsulated formulation of EPTC and trifluralin herbicides were compared with emulsifiable concentrate formulation (Eradicane 82% and Treflan 48%) in 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent of active ingredient (a.i.) (4.92 and 1.2 kg a.i./ha, recommended doses for EPTC and trifluralin, respectively). For this purpose, the soil of pots were infested with the seed of Green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflaxus). The responses of weeds to treatments, specifically seedling number, were analyzed using ANOVA tests, non-linear regression, and fitting to three parameters of Weibull and log-logistic equations. This analysis was based on Akaike's Information Criterion, Residual Standard Error, and Lack-of-Fit Test indices in the R3.4.1 program. The effective dose were determined for 10, 50 and 90 percent of weed control (ED10, ED50 and ED90, respectively). Relative potency index (R) of formulation types were determined by divided ED50 of EC into MC formulations. Results and Discussion According to the results of the experiments, the formulation type had a significant effect on the weed numbers. The MC formulations of EPTC increased Green foxtail and Redroot pigweed control efficiencies. The ED10, ED50 and ED90 decreased from 0.72, 2.94 and 7.18 kg a.i.ha-1 in the EC to 0.41, 1.87 and 4.89 kg a.i.ha-1 in the MC formulation for Green foxtail and 1.08, 3.29 and 10.02 kg a.i.ha-1 in the EC to 0.57, 2.36 and 9.67 kg a.i.ha-1 in the MC formulation for Redroot pigweed. The R index of EPTC in Green foxtail and Redroot pigweed control were 1.57 and 1.39, respectively. Weed control increased as trifluralin dosage increased in both of the formulation types, although in higher doses of the MC, weed control efficiency increased more than the EC formulation. So the efficiency of the MC formulations depended on application dosages. The ED10, ED50 and ED90 of Green foxtail were 0.14, 0.55 and 1.27 kg a.i.ha-1 in the EC and 0.19, 0.52 and 0.98 kg a.i.ha-1 in the MC formulation. The ED10, ED50 and ED90 of Redroot pigweed were 0.20, 0.64 and 2.02 kg a.i.ha-1 in the EC and 0.26, 0.56 and 1.19 kg a.i.ha-1 in the MC formulation. So that the R index of trifluralin in Green foxtail and Redroot pigweed control were 1.05 and 1.14, respectively. The dependency of trifluralin behavior to applied microcapsule dose may be connected to capture of herbicide in microcapsule particles which it causes reduction of bioavailability of herbicide in soil lower than the threshold doses of injury level. Whiles under this experimental conditions, the herbicides are less affected by degrading agents and therefore have less opportunity to express the advantages of MC formulation. Whereas the field studies results showed that the 50% of the recommended dosage of MC formulation had same efficiency as 75% of the recommended dosage of EC formulations (results were not published). Conclusion Microencapsulation is a versatile tool for product design and is successfully used in various sectors and for a variety of different product features. However, although lot of research has been performed, only relatively few developments have made it into products in the agrochemical area. For example 37 actives out of 908 listed in total in the pesticide manual, mainly insecticides, are described as being formulated as control solutions. While the development of this technology in agriculture can play an important role in preserving the environment and reducing the pollution caused by pesticides. The purpose of the application of controlled release formulations is the gradual release of herbicides in a suitable amount with maintaining efficiency in agronomic conditions. This type of formulation is a combination of the herbicide and associated material that releases effective material over a given period due to weed control. The results of this study showed that the R index of EPTC and trifluralin were 1.57 and 1.05 in Green foxtail, and 1.39 and 1.14 in Redroot pigweed control, respectively. So that the microcapsule formulation of EPTC and trifluralin herbicides increased the efficacy and reduced the application dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides on nutrient depletion, weed population and nutrient uptake by wheat in sesame-wheat cropping system in Khuzestan a field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019-2020. Treatments included no weeding, hand weeding, Pendimethalin+Atlantis, Pendimethalin+Metribosin, Trifluralin+Atlantis, Trifluralin+Metribozin, Pendimethalin+2,4-D, Trifluralin+2,4-D, green mungbean+2,4-D and 2,4-D in plots seeded by wheat cv. ‘Mehregan’. Weed population varied notably among the experimental treatments. At 60 days after sowing, while the mean number of weeds was 5.6 plants per m-2, it was significantly different among the weed control treatments. Moreover in this growth stage, Pendimethalin+Atlantis and Pendimethalin+Metribuzin treatments significantly reduced the weed population compared to the control no weeding condition. Generally, hand weeding and Pendimethalin+Atlantis treatments improved the growth and yield of wheat compared to Trifluralin+Atlantis, Trifluralin+Metribosin, and Trifluralin+2,4-D treatments, due apparently to reducing weed interference and increasing the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the wheat plants. We concluded that the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin herbicide along with post-emergence application of Metribozin and Atlantis herbicides at the seedling stage of wheat may increase the absorption of nutrients and grain yield.

Introduction: The composition and stability of soil fungal network are important for soil function, but the effect of trifluralin on network complexity and stability is not well understood Methods: In this study, two agricultural soils were used to test the impact of trifluralin on a fungal network. The two soils were treated with trifluralin (0, 0.84, 8.4, and 84mg kg-1) and kept in artificial weather boxes. Results and discussion: Under the impact of trifluralin, the fungal network nodes, edges, and average degrees were increased by 6-45, 134-392, and 0.169-1.468 in the two soils, respectively; however, the average path length was decreased by 0.304-0.70 in both soils. The keystone nodes were also changed in trifluralin treatments in the two soils. In the two soils, trifluralin treatments shared 219-285 nodes and 16-27 links with control treatments, and the network dissimilarity was 0.98-0.99. These results indicated that fungal network composition was significantly influenced. After trifluralin treatment, fungal network stability was increased. Specifically, the network robustness was increased by trifluralin with 0.002-0.009, and vulnerability was decreased by trifluralin with 0.0001-0.00032 in the two soils. Fungal network community functions were also impacted by trifluralin in both soils. Trifluralin significantly impacts the fungal network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides on nutrient depletion, weed population and nutrient uptake by wheat in sesame-wheat cropping system in Khuzestan a field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019-2020. Treatments included no weeding, hand weeding, Pendimethalin+Atlantis, Pendimethalin+Metribosin, Trifluralin+Atlantis, Trifluralin+Metribozin, Pendimethalin+2,4-D, Trifluralin+2,4-D, green mungbean+2,4-D and 2,4-D in plots seeded by wheat cv. ‘Mehregan’. Weed population varied notably among the experimental treatments. At 60 days after sowing, while the mean number of weeds was 5.6 plants per m-2, it was significantly different among the weed control treatments. Moreover in this growth stage, Pendimethalin+Atlantis and Pendimethalin+Metribuzin treatments significantly reduced the weed population compared to the control no weeding condition. Generally, hand weeding and Pendimethalin+Atlantis treatments improved the growth and yield of wheat compared to Trifluralin+Atlantis, Trifluralin+Metribosin, and Trifluralin+2,4-D treatments, due apparently to reducing weed interference and increasing the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the wheat plants. We concluded that the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin herbicide along with post-emergence application of Metribozin and Atlantis herbicides at the seedling stage of wheat may increase the absorption of nutrients and grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trifluralin is a xenobiotic pre-emergence and relatively stable herbicide in the soil from the dinitroanilines family. The present study was conducted with the aim of biodegradation and acceleration of its detoxification process in soil by Pseudomonas fluorescens. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design that gauged the effect of P. fluorescens on the biodegradation of the trifluralin in four media types, including medium with carbon, nitrogen, carbon + nitrogen, and, without carbon + nitrogen. Population growth, chemical oxygen demand, and trifluralin concentration were measured 24, 48, and 72 h after inoculation. Results indicated that 72 h after inoculation, the maximum and minimum values of population growth were 20.28 × 106 and 1.32 × 106 cell mL−1 and the highest and lowest percentage of chemical oxygen demand removal was recorded as 42.29 and 19.5% from carbon + nitrogen and without carbon + nitrogen medium respectively. Based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography results, the highest biodegradation rate was obtained in carbon + nitrogen (63.97%) and carbon medium (45.05%). According to the results, the highest and the lowest percentage of trifluralin biodegradation occurred in the nutrient-rich and nutrient-free medium. It could be concluded that P. fluorescens requires an energy source for decomposition, and alone it is not able to break down the structure of trifluralin to use it as a food source, however, with the help of carbon and nitrogen sources as an energy starter; it is decomposed by the possibly co-metabolic method. It seems that fertile soil is needed to activate the degradation capacity of P. fluorescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different methods of weed control on lettuce yield and its components, in the spring of 2014. The experiment was performed on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the educational and research field of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Tehran. Treatments were black polyethylene mulch, wheat straw mulch, trifluralin (2 L/ha), trifluralin (2 L/ha) + hand weeding, pendimethalin (2 L/ha), pendimethalin (2 L/ha) + hand weeding, paraquat (2 L/ha) (protected, just between rows), cultivation, two stages of hand weeding and a weed infested plot. Results showed that different treatments influenced lettuce head (weight, number of leaves, stem weight) and weed dry matter significantly. Black polyethylene mulch with 100%, pendimethalin + hand weeding with 89%, two stages of hand weeding with 88% and trifluralin + hand weeding with 86% influence were the best treatments in term of weed control, while cultivation with 40%, showed lowest impact on weed control compare to weed infested plot. The highest yield of lettuce head was observed in black polyethylene mulch (1063 g), pendimethalin + hand weeding (984 g) and two stages of hand weeding (999 g) which were economically practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: This research was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of different rates of trifluralin in integration with non-chemical managements including living mulch, straw mulch and hand weeding on weeds, growth characteristics and yield of dill. Material and methods: The experiment was conducted in Research Field of Agriculture-Jahad in Khoda Afarin County in 2019 as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was application of different rates of trifluralin at four levels including 0, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dose (2 L/ha) of herbicide and the second factor was different levels of non-chemical weed management and control (without non-chemical weed management). Also the weed-free treatment was considered in the experiment. Results: The results indicated that the weed biomass was affected by non-chemical weed management treatments. The effect of hand weeding treatment in reduction of weed biomass was higher than that in wheat straw mulch treatment. The greatest grain yield of dill (9840 kg/ha) was obtained in application of recommended dose of trifluralin + wheat straw mulch. Conclusion: In living mulch treatments there were no significant difference in dill grain yield in 50 and 75% of herbicide recommended dose. Generally application of straw mulch and hand weeding had higher grain yield compared with fenugreek and bitter vetch living mulch treatments and could be recommended to the growers.

In Australia, trifluralin is one of the commonly used herbicides to manage annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds. However, it may have some ecosystem impacts such as high toxicity to terrestrial and aquatic life, so it is vital to monitor the degradation of trifluralin for a considerable period for environmental safety. For risk assessment purposes, it is necessary to estimate the half-life of trifluralin, which is often evaluated using derived mathematical dissipation models. In the literature, bi-exponential (BEXP) and gamma models were suggested for modelling the dissipation of trifluralin in soil. Both models provide the half-life estimate without discussing the uncertainty of the estimate, which is a shortcoming in the literature. In this paper, we used simulation to illustrate the importance of estimate's uncertainty (standard error) and demonstrated a method to compute the standard error for the half-life estimate mathematically for kinetic dissipation models. Later, we evaluated the performance of the two suggested models using statistical indices. The computation of the half-life and the standard error of the half-life estimate were discussed. This allows us to describe the inference of the half-life parameter and determine whether the half-life estimates are significantly different against the co-variate (moisture) levels. We demonstrated the method to calculate the standard error of the half-life of trifluralin, which allows us to determine the statistical difference between the estimates. In this study, we found that the half-life of trifluralin in soil tends to increase with increasing moisture levels, and the half-life of trifluralin in soil with 100% moisture level is significantly greater than 40% and 70% moisture levels. Our findings suggest that soil moisture levels should be carefully considered before trifluralin application to minimize the non-target environmental damage. [Display omitted] • BEXP and gamma models have been considered to investigate the trifluralin dissipation. • A simulation study illustrated the importance of the standard error of half-life. • Provided mathematical computation of the standard error of the half-life. • The soil moisture levels influenced the half-life estimates of trifluralin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of polyploid plants in fenugreek (Trigonella feonum-graecum L.) normally involves artificial chromosome doubling by colchicine treatment of seedlings or seeds. Since colchicine is a hazardous chemical, it is replacing by less toxic chemicals would be highly required. Additionally, an in vitro culture method such as embryo culture to shorten the polyploidization is desirable. Polyploidization can be an important approach to improve yield and content of secondary metabolites in fenugreek. In this study, five concentrations of colchicine with four intervals duration and four concentrations of trifluralin with three exposure time were applied to induce polyploid plants from embryo cultures. Both treatments resulted in successful tetraploid induction. The regenerated plants in trifluralin-supplemented media showed larger stomata size with lower densities of stomata compared with control plants. Tetraploid plants were successfully identified by chromosome counting and flow cytometry analysis. Embryo mortality rates were higher with longer term exposure and higher concentration of colchicine or trifluralin treatments. 600 µM colchicine and 500 µM trifluralin were caused the highest mortality rates. However, the survival rate of embryos treated with trifluralin was higher in comparison with colchicine. The effect of ploidy level on transcript expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and sterol-3-β-glucosyl transferase genes involving in the biosynthetic of diosgenin, revealed that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase was significantly elevated in the leaves of tetraploid plants. The results indicate that tetraploid induction by trifluralin-treated embryos is an efficient approach for polyploidisation of fenugreek and can be adopted into breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the best time to use and the adequate dose of four herbicides to control weeds in dryland chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) fields, we performed the present experiment in 4 x 5 m plots. Fourteen treatments were carried out that from 1 to 9 included trifluralin. Treatments 1, 2, and 3 were with increasing doses of trifluralin (480, 720, and 960 g ai ha-1) applied 30 days before planting. Treatments 4, 5, and 6 included increasing doses of trifluralin (480, 720, and 960 g ai ha-1) applied 15 days before planting. Treatments 7, 8 and 9 consisted of increasing doses of trifluralin (480, 720, and 960 g ai ha-1) applied at the time of planting. Treatments 10, 11, and 12 included pyroxasulfone (85 g ai ha-1), flumioxazin (51 g ai ha-1) and imazethapyr (100 g ai ha-1), respectively. These last three treatments were carried out at the time of planting; treatments 13 and 14 were: weed-infested (without weed control) and weed-free (manual weeding during the entire season). Flumioxazin 66% and pyroxasulfone 57% (mean of two samples) reduced weed dry weight compared to uncontrolled treatment. The results showed that the treatments were significantly different for 100-seed weight, biological yield, and seed yield of chickpea. Weed-infested and weed-free plants had the lowest and highest grain yield, respectively. Herbicide treatments of flumioxazin, trifluralin 960 g ai ha-1, and pyroxasulfone at planting produced 55%, 44%, and 40% higher grain yield than the weed-infested plots. Also, none of the herbicide treatments reduced chickpea yield and biomass. The herbicide residues had no adverse effect on wheat growth in the next crop season.

Abstract Pesticides are toxic chemicals used to control pests, plant diseases, or undesirable vegetation. Trifluralin (TRF), causing toxicity and mutagenicity, is a dinitroaniline class herbicide used to control undesirable vegetation in agriculture. Aloe vera is a widely used plant having rich gel content and a wide area of utilization. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of Aloe vera on Drosophila melanogaster toxicity caused by TRF. For this purpose, life span, larval toxicity, and genotoxicity tests were performed on D. melanogaster administered with concentration of TRF (0.1 mM) and Aloe vera (2.5%, 5% and 10%). The results showed that life span was improved in the female and male populations when TRF and Aloe vera was administered (2.5%, 5% and 10%). Furthermore, the larval toxicity experiment showed that TRF decreased the survival rate of larvae; however, TRF and Aloe vera (10%) increased it at the highest concentration. According to the Comet Assay, TRF was found to cause an increase in the DNA damage; on the other hand, when D. melanogaster was administered with TRF and Aloe vera, the DNA damage decreased gradually in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, Aloe vera could be a good candidate to reduce the harmful effects of TRF, one of the most used herbicides.

Herein, Trifluralin (TFL) laden transfersomes (TFS) were investigated against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), via localized and targeted dermal delivery of TFL. Designed TFL-TFS were optimized utilizing 23 full factorial design on the basis of desired response factors including Particle size (P.S), Polydispersity index (PDI), TFL entrapment (%EE) and deformability index (DI). Optimized formulation was found to display P.S of 140.3 ± 2.3, PDI of 0.006 ± 0.002, %EE of 86 ± 0.5 and 43.5 ± 1.0 DI. Results of TEM and XRD analysis have shown intact spherical structure of TFL-TFS and alteration in TFL crystallinity, respectively. Moreover, the optimized TFL-TFS were loaded in Carbopol-940 gel to attain protracted skin retention. TFL-TFS were found to exhibit sustain TFL release profile for up to 24 h. Ameliorated skin permeation of TFL-TFS, even in absence of permeation enhancers, has shown its suitability for cutaneous application. Macrophage uptake assay demonstrated higher intracellular penetration, evidenced by intense reddish fluorescence of rhodamine loaded TFS in comparison to rhodamine-solution. In vitro anti-leishmanial assessment was showing 2.86-folds and 3.07-folds decrement in IC 50 -value of TFL-TFS against L. tropica KWH23 amastigotes and promastigotes, respectively. Percent inhibition assay against intra-macrophage amastigotes demonstrated that 90.87% amastigotes were assassinated at 50 μg/ml concentration of TFL-TFS, in comparison to the plain TFL-solution, exhibiting 54% parasitic killing. [Display omitted] • Trifluralin- a herbicidal agent, possess a potential activity against leishmanial parasite, but owing to its crystalline nature and compromised aqueous solubility profile, its use, as an anti-leishmanial candidate, was halted. • Incorporation of Trifluralin inside transfersomal nanosystem has significantly improved its solubility profile and alter its crystalline morphology. • Trifluralin loaded transfersomes, due to sustain drug release, improved cutaneous permeability, improved macrophagial targeting and enhanced targeted assassination of L. tropica , can be enrolled for further investigations, most importantly for in vivo efficacy and toxicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyploids of many species of horticultural plants are widely used in breeding programs since they are characterized by vigorous growth, larger organs, and greater resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) is in a form of diploid (2n = 2x = 34) and tetraploid. So far, no reports on induction of polyploidy in this species have been found. The aim of the study was to obtain Saskatoon berry octoploids with the use of in vitro shoot cultures. Shoots of the tetraploid of Canadian cultivars 'Martin' and 'Smoky' derived from in vitro cultures were used for induction of chromosome doubling. The shoot explants were incubated in a multiplication medium with the addition of one of the following antimitotics: colchicine, trifluralin, oryzalin or amiprophos methyl (APM) for two weeks (six days in the darkness and then eight days under a 16-h photoperiod). Then, the shoots were transferred to the multiplication medium without antimitotics and propagated in vitro by two subcultures. Octoploids were selected based on flow cytometry. Trifluralin showed the most phytotoxic effect. Six octoploids were obtained, four for 'Martin' after treatment with 250 mg L−1 of colchicine and two for 'Smoky' following the treatment with 5 mg L−1 of APM. All obtained octoploid individuals were multiplied and the level of ploidy was re-examined by flow cytometry and chromosome counting, which confirmed their octoploid genotype (2n = 8x = 136). They are probably the first octoploids of the genus Amelanchier in the world. The newly obtained octoploids were rooted in vitro, acclimatized to ex vitro conditions and grown in a greenhouse. Octoploids grew very slowly and showed a tendency to premature dormancy, which was manifested by inhibition of growth. In octoploid plants, the stomata were significantly larger and the number of stomata per 1 mm2 of leaf area was lower, compared to the tetraploid counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agronomía Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Six genotypes of head cabbage (‘Flexima’, ‘Mutsuma’, ‘Septima’, ‘Zeus’, DC6, ‘Ancoma’) have been studied to find an effective method of obtaining polyploids using trifluralin. The effect of various trifluralin concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg·L−1) and treatment conditions (24 °C/24 h, 24 °C/48 h, 30 °C/24 h, and 30 °C/48 h) on organogenesis of organogenic callus, hypocotyl, and seeds was tested. Ploidy level was detected using a flow cytometer. As a result, low survival of hypocotyls and calli was obtained. The shoots induced from calli and hypocotyls failed to develop quality plantlets and most calli and hypocotyls remained recalcitrant for further differentiation. Treated seeds seemed to be promising objects basing on a considerable percentage of plant regeneration. With the increased concentration of trifluralin and increasing press of treatment conditions, the seed germination rate was significantly reduced. Shoot induction from germinated seeds varied among genotypes and treatments. The root induction was independent of treatments but also reduced considerably compared to the control. Under tested conditions, none of the polyploids resulted. Further studies are required to be successful in protocol development.

Due to the continuous depletion of freshwater resources, there is an urgent need to develop versatile and cost-effective approaches for water and wastewater treatment. Accordingly, this work has provided an excellent solution, first by providing a new semi-automated pilot-scale electrochemical setup for the production of sodium ferrate and second, by in-detail evaluation of the application of ferrate for the complete degradation of trifluralin (TRF) as one of the most dangerous and widely used agricultural herbicides worldwide. This reactor was manufactured in a user-friendly way using cheap and readily available materials for ease of scale-up in the industry. Under optimal conditions, using NaOH 14 M as the electrolyte, applied current density of 0.028 A/cm2, and temperature of 25 °C, the produced sodium ferrate concentration was 19.5 mM. In this work, the electrochemical behavior of TRF , was also studied using cyclic voltammetry technique, and a new mechanism for its redox reaction was proposed. After that, the produced ferrate was used as a multimodal green reagent for the successful degradation of TRF to H 2 O and CO 2. In this regard, various techniques such as COD analysis, UV/Vis spectroscopy, CV analysis, LC/MS-MS, nephrometry, and IR spectroscopy were used to track TRF removal. The obtained results show that under optimal conditions, the use of ferrate solution could degrade 97% of TRF in the aqueous solution after 120 minutes of reaction. Finally, based on QSARs, we evaluated the ecotoxicity of TRF degradation products and concluded that the final products have no harm to aquatic species. [Display omitted] • Construction of a novel semi-industrial electrochemical reactor. • Electrosynthesis of sodium ferrate solution. • Investigation of ferrate's application in the degradation of trifluralin. • Detailed electrochemical study of trifluralin. • Ecotoxicity assessment of the degradation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Lolium rigidum is the most important weed in Australian agriculture and pre‐emergence dinitroaniline herbicides (e.g., trifluralin) are widely and persistently used for Lolium control. Consequently, evolution of resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides has been increasingly reported. Resistance‐endowing target‐site α‐tubulin gene mutations are identified with varying frequency. This study investigated the putative fitness cost associated with the common resistance mutation Val–202–Phe and the rare resistance mutation Arg–243–Met causing helical plant growth. RESULTS: Results showed a deleterious effect of Arg–243–Met on fitness when plants are homozygous for this mutation. This was evidenced as high plant mortality, severely diminished root and aboveground vegetative growth (lower relative growth rate), and very poor fecundity compared with the wild‐type, which led to a nearly lethal fitness cost of >99.9% in competition with a wheat crop. A fitness penalty in vegetative growth was evident, but to a much lesser extent, in plants heterozygous for the Arg–243–Met mutation. By contrast, plants possessing the Val–202–Phe mutation exhibited a fitness advantage in vegetative and reproductive growth. CONCLUSION: The α‐tubulin mutations Arg–243–Met and Val–202–Phe have contrasting effects on fitness. These results help understand the absence of plants homozygous for the Arg–243–Met mutation and the high frequency of plants carrying the Val–202–Phe mutation in dinitroaniline‐resistant L. rigidum populations. The α‐tubulin Arg–243–Met mutation can have an exceptional fitness cost with nearly lethal effects on resistant L. rigidum plants. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at two sites (Baghdad and Wasit Governorates) to evaluate the effects of allelopathic corn residues applied as soil incorporation or mulch, alone and in combination with reduced (50% of recommended dose) rate of trifluralin herbicide on weeds growth and mung bean yield. Conventional soil tillage and zero soil tillage treatments with corn residues were performed, while 50% dose and full dose of trifluralin only (without residues) treatments were included for comparison. Soil incorporation and mulch of corn residues reduced weed density and dry weight biomass and improved yield and yield components of mung bean in both sites. Mulch application was more effective than soil incorporation for weed control. However, the reduction in weed growth and the increase in mung bean yield were below the levels achieved by the label dose of herbicide. Application of 50% dose of trifluralin in plots incorporated or mulched with corn residues reduced weeds and scored yield similar to that achieved by 100% herbicide dose applied in both conventional and zero tillage plots. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of higher phenolics in plots amended with incorporated and mulched corn residues compared to their control plots. Chemical analysis also revealed that the periods of maximum quantities of phenolics paralleled with the periods of maximum suppressive activity against weed tested under field condition, which explains the phytotoxicity of phenolics on weed suppression. Such approach may help in reducing reliance upon high concentrations of trifluralin herbicide, improving the sustainability of agroecosystem, improving environmental safety, mitigating human health risks, and reducing the ability to tolerate herbicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Trifluralin is widely used in Australia as one of the important pre‐emergence herbicides to control annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) populations. Trifluralin resistance evolution and mechanisms have been identified in some ryegrass populations. RESULTS: In this study, 21 putative resistant field survey populations from Western Australian were screened with trifluralin, and 90% (19 of 21) contained individuals surviving 480 g ha−1 trifluralin treatment. Twelve populations contained individuals possessing the known α‐tubulin resistance mutations at Val‐202, Thr‐239 and Arg‐243 in TUA4 (alpha‐tubulin 4 n), plus multiple potential resistance mutations in TUA4 pending genetic confirmation. Three populations had only individuals carrying newly identified (but uncharacterized) mutations in TUA3/TUA4. Radioactive work found that six populations evolved metabolic resistance to trifluralin, and at least four of them also possessed the known and/or putative target‐site mutations. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that a high incidence of resistance to the dinitroaniline herbicide (trifluralin) is present, and target‐site tubulin mutations make a major contribution to resistance in these annual ryegrass populations. Co‐evolution of both target‐site and non‐target‐site resistance to per‐emergence herbicides warrants diverse management tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) like lindane and DDT have been used extensively after World War II until the 1990s. Still, residues of these pesticides can be found in agricultural soils all over the world, especially in developing countries. Often, they occur in extensive areas and elevated concentrations so that food safety is jeopardized. Hence, simple, cheap, and fast analytical methods are needed for a straight-forward assessment of risks. A miniaturized solid–liquid extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) based on a proven ISO method is presented. Methods: The performance of the method is evaluated by extracting three different soils which were spiked with HCH and DDT congeners, and trifluralin, and aged for 35 days. The results are compared with those of a modified quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. For further validation, both methods are applied to three environmental soil samples. Results: Validation results show limits of detection and quantification as well as recovery rates in good agreement with standard requirements. The new method was found to be quicker than QuEChERS, which requires time-consuming preparation of reagents. Conclusion: Merits include low time and sample volume requirements (0.5 g) and the possibility to extract many samples simultaneously, which allows the screening of large sample sizes to determine the pollution status of whole landscape regions. However, access to an automated SPME apparatus is assumed. The authors can recommend this method as a cheap and fast alternative where SPME is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-month experiment was designed to research the impact of trifluralin (TFL) on soil microbial communities and functions under the condition of greenhouse. In this work, silty loam from Langfang was treated with three doses of TFL (1,260, 12,600, and 126,000 g ha−1) and incubated for 90 days. The half-lives of TFL were 15–23 days in all cases. The bacterial and fungal diversities and community structures were impacted by TFL. The bacterial functions of chemoheterotrophy and sulfur oxidation were decreased shortly, but the hydrocarbon degradation ability was significantly increased in the results of functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX). For the predicted results of Tax4Fun, amino acid (arginine and proline) metabolism and ABC transporter were decreased significantly, while nitrogen metabolism and ribosome translation were significantly increased. In conclusion, this work aids us to understand the risk of TFL in soil more comprehensively.

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A novel fluorescent probe was designed and synthesized from tetraphenylethene (TPE) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) via Heck‐palladium catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction. The as‐synthesized TPE functionalized probe performed good solvent stability and selectively preconcentration capability towards target analyte due to its stable structure and the adsorption property. The morphology as well as the physical and chemical properties of the POSS@TPE were carefully characterized. The POSS@TPE was employed to develop an effective fluorescent probe for trifluralin, with a response range of 0.1‐80 mg/kg and a detection limit of 0.102 mg/kg. The mixed mechanisms of inner‐filter effect (IFE) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) explain the selectivity of POSS@TPE. Rapid detection for trifluralin in tomato and celery has been achieved with recoveries between 99.4–120.7% (RSD≤3.4%), and the results were verified compared with GC‐MS method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are ubiquitous in aqueous media, and the importance of considering their impact on the behaviour of other compounds in water has often been highlighted. This work thus investigates the adsorption mechanism of six priority substances (as defined by European Union legislation: trichlorobenzenes (1,2,3-TeCB, 1,3,5-TeCB, 1,2,4-TeCB), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), hexachlorobenzene (HeCB), and trifluralin (TFL)) on primary polyethylene (PE) microplastics (polyethylene standard and polyethylene microparticles isolated from two personal care products) in Danube river water and a synthetic matrix. The maximum adsorbed amounts of the compounds investigated on PEs ranged from 227 μg/g for 1,2,3-TeCB to 333 μg/g for TFL. Equilibrium data was analysed using five isotherm models, with the best fit being described by the Langmuir model and the Dubinin-Radushkevich model indicating chemisorption as the likely sorption mechanism. In general, the Langmuir model showed that the investigated compounds will be better adsorbed on PEs in real river water, with the exception of 1,3,5-TeCB on all studied PEs, where the model predicts better sorption in the synthetic matrix. Compound characteristics and the polymer properties were the most important factors affecting the sorption process, while a significant matrix effect was also observed on PE behaviour. The fact that polyethylene particles derived from personal care products showed greater adsorption capacities than virgin PE demonstrates the necessity of investigating real-world PE samples when assessing the potential impact of MPs in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of herbicides and pesticides in water, food, and the environment is essential for human health, and this requires low‐cost, portable devices for widespread deployment of this technology. For the first time, a wearable glove‐based electrochemical sensor based on conductive Ag nano‐ink was developed for the on‐site monitoring of trifluralin residue on the surface of various substrates. Three electrode system with optimal thicknesses was designed directly on the finger surface of a rubber glove. Then, fabricated electrochemical sensor used for the direct detection of trifluralin in the range of 0.01 μM to 1 mM on the surface of tomato and mulberry leaves using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and difference pulse voltammetry technique. The obtained LLOQ was 0.01 μM, which indicates the suitable sensitivity of this sensor. On the other hand, this sensor is portable, easy to use, and has a high environmental capability that can be effective in detecting other chemical threats in the soil and water environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a flexible glove‐based electrochemical sensor as a wearable point‐of‐use screening tool has been fabricated for defense and food security applications. To design the wearable glove‐based sensor, we drew conductive patterns on the fingers of a rubber glove via gold@silver‐modified graphene quantum dots (Au@Ag core‐shell/graphene quantum dots [GQDs]) nano‐ink with optimal thickness. Then, this platform is combined with a portable electrochemical analyzer for on‐site detection of trifluralin pesticide in the range of 10 nM to 1 mM with the low limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 10 nM. The high efficiency and distinction of the trifluralin at specified concentrations in real leaf and apple samples were performed by simply touching with the glove and in spikes solution by immersing of fingertips. With their high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid, and easy operation pesticide analysis, these glove‐embedded sensors can also be engaged in on‐site monitor of other chemical threats and can be expanded to water and environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides have been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), and protective gloves and workplace hygiene can reduce pesticide exposure. We assessed whether use of gloves and workplace hygiene modified associations between pesticides and PD. The Farming and Movement Evaluation (FAME) study is a nested case-control study within the Agricultural Health Study. Use of protective gloves, other PPE, and hygiene practices were determined by questionnaire (69 cases and 237 controls were included). We considered interactions of gloves and hygiene with ever-use of pesticides for all pesticides with ≥5 exposed and unexposed cases and controls in each glove-use stratum (paraquat, permethrin, rotenone, and trifluralin). 61% of respondents consistently used protective gloves and 87% consistently used ≥2 hygiene practices. Protective glove use modified the associations of paraquat and permethrin with PD: neither pesticide was associated with PD among protective glove users, while both pesticides were associated with PD among non-users (paraquat OR 3.9 [95% CI 1.3, 11.7], interaction p=0.15; permethrin OR 4.3 [95% CI 1.2, 15.6] interaction p=0.05). Rotenone was associated with PD regardless of glove use. Trifluralin was associated with PD among participants who used

A sensitive differential pulse (DP) voltammetric method has been proposed for the determination of trifluralin (TFA) based on both its reduction and oxidation at a disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE). DP voltammograms recorded under optimized conditions show that oxidation and reduction peak currents increased linearly in the range from 1.0 to 75.0 μM and from 0.50 to 100.0 μM TFA, respectively. LOD and sensitivity values have been determined as 0.39 μM and 11170 μA mM−1 cm−2 for oxidation and as 0.20 μM and 22167 μA mM−1 cm−2 for reduction. The acceptable recovery values (95.2–104.8 %) were obtained from real water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trifluralin is one of the most widely used herbicides, being accounted as the cause of cancer in human. In the present research, the UV/S2O82− and ZnO/UV processes' efficiency in the removal of trifluralin was investigated. A lab scale equipped with a UV lamp was applied. The parameters were studied, including initial trifluralin concentration (0.4–1.2 mg/L), contact time (20–60 min), S2O82− concentration (20–60 μM), and ZnO concentration (50–150 mg/L). The remained trifluralin concentration was measured by HPLC. This study proved the trifluralin removal of 92.90 ± 1.6% and 87.91 ± 19.22% for UV/S2O82− and UV/ZnO processes in the best operation conditions (contact time of 60 min, the persulfate concentration of 40 μM, and the ZnO concentration of 100 mg/L). The optimal trifluraline concentrations were 1.2 mg/L and 0.6 mg/L for UV/S2O82− and UV/ZnO processes, respectively. In both processes, the removal efficiency of trifluralin increased significantly with increasing contact time. The findings exhibited that both processes UV/S2O82− and UV/ZnO followed the zero-order kinetic. The electrical energy consumed of UV/S2O82 and UV/ZnO was about 43.95 and 20.41 Kwh/kg, respectively. The results show that UV/S2O82− and ZnO/UV processes were appropriate as the effective treatment method for trifluralin removal. Therefore, it is proposed to study the performance of these processes as an environmentally friendly practice in full scale with real wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat from pesticide trifluralin residues to ecological environment and public health is becoming a growing problem. Thus, rapid and sensitive detection, particularly a simple and portable detected platform for trifluralin residues, are highly desired. Here, a small organic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecule (TPETPy) is facilely synthesized and applied to detect trifluralin both in lab and in actual water systems. Based on the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism, the emissive peak of TPETPy located at 475 nm in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water mixture (ƒ w = 90 %) under the excitation of 340 nm, decreases dramatically upon trace trifluralin addition and exhibits ultra-fast response (3 s), high sensitivity and selectivity, and good anti-interference ability. The fluorescence sensing correlation with the concentration of trifluralin shows good linearity in the range of 20–90 μg L−1 with the limit of detection of 6.28 μg L−1. Moreover, a portable smartphone-integrated detected platform based on fluorescent pattern Red/Green/Blue (RGB) values is first employed to realize the real-time and on-site quantitative fluorescent detection of trifluralin in actual water sources, featuring good accuracy and reproducibility. Hereby, this work provides not only a highly efficient trifluralin residues fluorescent probe but also a portable and straightforward operating platform to detect trifluralin pesticides quantitatively. [Display omitted] • The probe shows ultra-fast response (3 s) and low LOD (6.28 μg/L) for trifluralin. • Efficient detect trifluralin in aqueous-phase without pre-treatment or assistance. • The first portable platform realizes real-time & on-site quantitative detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyploids of many species of horticultural plants are widely used in breeding programs since they are characterized by vigorous growth, larger organs, and greater resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) is in a form of diploid (2n = 2x = 34) and tetraploid. So far, no reports on induction of polyploidy in this species have been found. The aim of the study was to obtain Saskatoon berry octoploids with the use of in vitro shoot cultures. Shoots of the tetraploid of Canadian cultivars ‘Martin’ and ‘Smoky’ derived from in vitro cultures were used for induction of chromosome doubling. The shoot explants were incubated in a multiplication medium with the addition of one of the following antimitotics: colchicine, trifluralin, oryzalin or amiprophos methyl (APM) for two weeks (six days in the darkness and then eight days under a 16-h photoperiod). Then, the shoots were transferred to the multiplication medium without antimitotics and propagated in vitro by two subcultures. Octoploids were selected based on flow cytometry. Trifluralin showed the most phytotoxic effect. Six octoploids were obtained, four for ‘Martin’ after treatment with 250 mg L−1 of colchicine and two for ‘Smoky’ following the treatment with 5 mg L−1 of APM. All obtained octoploid individuals were multiplied and the level of ploidy was re-examined by flow cytometry and chromosome counting, which confirmed their octoploid genotype (2n = 8x = 136). They are probably the first octoploids of the genus Amelanchier in the world. The newly obtained octoploids were rooted in vitro, acclimatized to ex vitro conditions and grown in a greenhouse. Octoploids grew very slowly and showed a tendency to premature dormancy, which was manifested by inhibition of growth. In octoploid plants, the stomata were significantly larger and the number of stomata per 1 mm2 of leaf area was lower, compared to the tetraploid counterparts.

Trifluralin is herbicide of the dinitroanilines group in which NO2 molecules are attached to the benzene ring at diverse positions. Trifluralin affects endocrine function and is listed as an endocrine disrupter in the European Union list. Therefore, its determination is so important in health science. In this study, an easy, sensitive and environmentally friendly method has been developed for determination of trifluralin based on its electrochemical oxidation on a three-electrode system designed on the surface of agricultural products using Ag-citrate/GQDs (graphene quantum dots) nano-ink. The sensor was prepared by direct writing on the surface of the samples. The designed electrodes were dried after 24 h at room temperature and used for trifluralin detection. Under optimized experimental conditions, the Ag-citrate/GQDs nano-ink based sensor was exhibited good sensitivity and specificity for trifluralin detection. The obtained linear range using the cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique is between 0.008 to 1 mM and low limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.008 mM. Also, the obtained linear range using differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) and square wave voltammetric (SWV) techniques is 0.005–0.04 mM with LLOQ of 0.005 mM. For further validation of the applicability of the proposed method, it was also used for detection of trifluralin on the surface of apple skin.

SUMMARY: Rapid and widespread evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in global weed species endowed by increased capacity to metabolize (degrade) herbicides (metabolic resistance) is a great threat to herbicide sustainability and global food production. Metabolic resistance in the economically damaging crop weed species Lolium rigidum is well known but a molecular understanding has been lacking. We purified a metabolic resistant (R) subset from a field evolved R L. rigidum population. The R, the herbicide susceptible (S) and derived F2 populations were used for candidate herbicide resistance gene discovery by RNA sequencing. A P450 gene CYP81A10v7 was identified with higher expression in R vs. S plants. Transgenic rice overexpressing this Lolium CYP81A10v7 gene became highly resistant to acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase‐ and acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides (diclofop‐methyl, tralkoxydim, chlorsulfuron) and moderately resistant to hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase‐inhibiting herbicide (mesotrione), photosystem II‐inhibiting herbicides (atrazine and chlorotoluron) and the tubulin‐inhibiting herbicide trifluralin. This wide cross‐resistance profile to many dissimilar herbicides in CYP81A10v7 transgenic rice generally reflects what is evident in the R L. rigidum. This report clearly showed that a single P450 gene in a cross‐pollinated weed species L. rigidum confers resistance to herbicides of at least five modes of action across seven herbicide chemistries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is confronting a severe water crisis. To clean up water from heavy metals, microorganisms, chemicals, and other types of pollutants, nanocomposites have been receiving great attention specifically due to the high surface area affording to work effectually even at low concentrations. In this research, we synthesized a new amino acid-modified MoS 2 nanocomposite by chemically immobilizing Mn (II). The synthesized absorbent MoS 2 -COOH/gly/Mn was identified by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), nitrogen adsorption measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), analysis of energy dispersive X-ray mapping (EDAX and MAP), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The nanocomposite was employed as an adsorbent through the solid phase microextraction (SPME) method while trifluralin herbicide was chosen as a model compound. For the monitoring of trifluralin molecules, we employed an ion mobility spectrometry apparatus featuring a corona discharge ionization source. The SPME method's effectiveness was examined by investigating the stirring rate and extraction time as two crucial parameters, aiming to achieve trace analysis of trifluralin. Under the optimized condition of the trifluralin extraction, the coefficient (R 2 ) and linear dynamic range (LDR) correlation were obtained at 0.9961 and 0.5-10 μg L -1 , respectively. Relative recovery values the described approach were obtained in the span of 96-97% for agricultural wastewater samples. The quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were calculated at 0.5 and 0.15 μg L -1 , respectively. The proposed nanocomposite absorbent has the capability to be applied as an efficient material for the extraction of trifluralin herbicide from different solutions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. As the authors of this article we hereby declare that have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations and there are no interests to declare. The disclosed information is correct and that no other situation of real, potential or apparent conflict of interest is known to me. We undertake to inform you of any change in these circumstances, including if an issue arises during the course of the meeting or work itself., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objectives: Herbicides are among the most widely used pesticide compounds for plant growth control worldwide. Risk assessment of the dinitroaniline-derived herbicides pendimethalin and trifluralin is important for foodborne or other means of exposure. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the methylation and acetylation profiles of pendimethalin and trifluralin, which we have high levels of exposure to in various ways. Furthermore, we also determined the protective effect of resveratrol, an antioxidant compound, against the possible toxic effects of these pesticides. Materials and Methods: The effects of pendimethalin and trifluralin alone (25, 50, 100 μM) and in combination with resveratrol (100 μM) on DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) 1, 3a, and 3b; and histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and HDAC3 gene expression were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: According to the results, pendimethalin caused a significant decrease in DNMT1, 3a, 3b and HDAC expressions at all concentrations, whereas HDAC1 and 3 expression was increased at the concentration of 25 μM, when applied together with resveratrol. There were no changes in DNMT1 or 3b expression levels. Unlike pendimethalin, trifluralin increased DNMT1 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. While DNMT3a and DNMT3b expression levels increased significantly, HDAC1 and 3 expression levels did not change significantly. The expression levels of HDAC1 and HDAC3 increased at all concentrations of trifluralin combination with resveratrol. Moreover, DNMT levels increased at the concentrations of 50 and 100 μM. Conclusion: Epigenetic gene expression results showed that pendimethalin and trifluralin might cause tissue function loss and chromosome damage as a result of direct effects on cell viability by causing expression level changes in all studied genes. It can also be concluded that the changes that occur in gene expression may induce tumor development. Further studies are needed to elucidate the possible toxicity mechanisms of these herbicides, considering the relationship between epigenetic changes and various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Resistance to the dinitroaniline herbicide trifluralin in Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass) often is mediated by the enhanced capacity to metabolize the herbicide to less toxic polar conjugates and/or by functionally recessive target‐site mutations in α‐tubulin. RESULTS: In two L. rigidum populations possessing enhanced trifluralin metabolism, resistance was largely reversed by recurrent selection with the thiocarbamate herbicide prosulfocarb (i.e. plant survival was two‐ to >20‐fold lower). Their ability to metabolize trifluralin was significantly decreased (by ≈2.3‐fold) following recurrent prosulfocarb selection, to levels comparable to those observed in susceptible plants or when trifluralin metabolism was inhibited by treatment with the insecticide phorate. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that trait(s) enabling efficient trifluralin metabolism in L. rigidum are purged from the population under prosulfocarb recurrent selection. The level of trifluralin metabolism in vitro and its inhibition caused by phorate action on trifluralin‐metabolizing enzyme(s) is equivalent to the effect produced by prosulfocarb selection. The hypothetical link between the two phenomena is that the putative monooxygenase(s) conferring trifluralin metabolic resistance also mediate the activation of prosulfocarb to its toxic sulfoxide. Thus, we speculate that survival to prosulfocarb via a lack of metabolic herbicide activation, and survival to trifluralin conferred by enhanced herbicide metabolism, are mutually exclusive. These findings not only open up a new research direction in terms of the interaction between different herbicide resistance mechanisms in L. rigidum, but also offer strategies for immediate management of the population dynamics of metabolism‐based resistance in the field. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calendula officinalis L. is known as an ornamental plant as well as a source of biochemical compounds used in cosmetics and industry. C. officinalis has a complex karyotype. Published chromosome numbers differ between 2n = 4x = 28 or 32. We have estimated genome sizes in nine commercial cultivars and evaluated the ploidy level by karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S and 45S rDNA loci. The detection of chromosome sets of two rather than four homologues would suggest that C. officinalis has an allotetraploid background. In addition, four signals for 45S but only two for 5S were found by using FISH. Artificial chromosome doubling is a common technique in plant breeding, as polyploidization results in several consequences for plant growth and development. Especially the suggested allotetraploid background in C. officinalis is interesting when examining the effect of chromosome doubling on the plant phenotype. Here we describe chromosome doubling of three allotetraploid cultivars of C. officinalis, ‘Nova,’ ‘WUR 1553-7’ and ‘Orange Beauty’. Three antimitotic agents – colchicine, oryzalin and trifluralin - were used in different concentrations to find the combination of the best agent and the best dosage to obtain octaploids. For all three cultivars a few octaploids were obtained. A concentration of 200 and 400 ppm of colchicine was most efficient for chromosome doubling in ‘Nova’ and ‘Orange Beauty,’ respectively. For ‘WUR 1553-7’ the treatment with 20 ppm oryzalin was also effective. Cell numbers and first observations of the phenotype in the chromosome doubled plants show thicker leaves and bigger cells, as commonly observed after ploidy doubling. Due to the low number of chromosome doubled plants obtained more elaborate phenotyping will be performed on following generations cultivated under field conditions.

Introduction: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important winter crop in northern of Iran with a total of 9580 ha which produces approximately 90, 197 tons per year. It is the second most widely cultivated species of the genus, Allium after onion (Allium cepa). Also, Garlic along with onions and leeks are three major cultivated species in Alliaceae family. This plant because of high economic and medicinal values is cultivated in 2610 hectares of agricultural lands of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Slow growth rate, low height, and a thin canopy that does not cover the soil enough to sup-press weeds make garlic a poor competitor against the latter until the beginning of spring. According results, reported 71% yield losses in garlic crop if weeds are allowed to grow during the crop season. Weed interference is affected by the time of weed emergence relative to the crop’s phenological development. The weeds, which emerge early or simultaneously with the crop, are highly competitive and should be managed by farmers. Most weed management strategies in cereals target seedlings, as they are the most sensitive stage of the weed. However, emergence of weed seedlings varies every year in timing, extent and intensity. Therefore in this study, the effect of chemical management on reducing the density and biomass of weeds, yield and agronomic characteristics of garlic were studied in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: After the selection of location test, in order to determine the physical and chemical properties before the preparation of soil for planting, sampling from the soil was carried out from the depth of 0 to 30 cm at some point. The farm was plowed using a moldboard plow, then the used fertilizers in this study were added to the soil twice before planting and then the fertilizers were incorporated with the soil using a Disc. The amount of used fertilizers in this study according to soil test were including: 200 kg Urea per hectare that 100 kg as the base and 50 kg in two foliage stage and 50 kg in 4 foliage stage of garlic, 200 kg superphosphate triple per hectare, and 100 kg potassium sulfate. The research was performed in a land with area of 300 m2 containing 30 plots with dimensions of 3×3 m2. The planting process was done after disinfection of garlic seed varieties of Mazand for 24 hours in a solution of 2% carboxin thiram with the distance of 30×15 cm and the density of 23 plants per m2on 23/10/2012. After about two weeks from planting of garlic, germination was fully performed. The studied factors in 10 dosages of herbicide are including: 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Trifluralin (Terflan) via formulations (EC 48%), 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen, 1.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen in two stages (the half in first stage and the rest 18 days later) via formulations (EC 24%), hand weeding control and lack of weeding control (the number of replications of these two treatments were two folds of others (2 replications in each block and 6 replications in total)). Two weeks before planting Trifluralin herbicides were incorporated with the soil and Oxyfluorfen herbicides as post-emergently were applied in the 3 to 4 foliage stages of weeds using a backpack sprayer pump from the side of the nozzle sag (T-Jet). After 145 days from planting, 10 plants per plot were selected and plant heights measured. After maturity of garlics, 10 plants of garlic were eradicated and the number of cloves per bulb was counted and weight of 100 cloves of garlic was weighed. After full maturity of garlic, a square meter of each plot was harvested on 7.5.2013 and the harvested plants was placed for 48 hours in the farm and then bulb yield and biological yield were weighed and harvest index was also calculated. Statistical analysis software SAS (version 9.1) was used for analysis and the obtained averages were compared by means of the Duncan least significant difference test. Results and Discussion: Results showed that the use of different doses of various herbicides had a significant difference on the plant height, weight of 100 cloves, economical and biological yield and harvest index of garlic. In contrast, under treatments of the usage of 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages and hand weeding treatment, plant height of garlic was increased due to lack of competition with weed species and no significant difference was observed between the above treatments with the usage of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen. The adverse effect and phytotoxicity of garlic under the use of different doses of 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen caused disturbances in the production of cloves per bulb of garlic and the plant spent their photosynthetic products in the reclamation of its shoots. In contrast, the highest number of cloves per bulb were counted under the treatments of using 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen, hand weeding and 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages. The results showed that the highest economical yield of garlic was obtained in the treatment of using 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen, hand weeding treatment and splitting of 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages, and there were no significant differences between the above treatments. The plant used the best from the resulted ecological niche in normal conditions, and it could transfer more photosynthetic materials to the reproductive organs and it could increase the bulb yield with more producing of cloves per bulb with higher weight. Conclusion: The results obtained from experimental trials on plant height, cloves number in the bulb, cloves weight and ultimately economic yield of garlic (bulb) showed that the treatment of using 1.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen in 3 to 4 foliage stages of weed species was the best treatment.

In this work, fluorescent carbon dots were synthesized from polyethylene glycol. The carbon dots are of sizes below 10 nm as confirmed through dynamic light scattering studies and transmission electron microscope images. Carbon dot was further conjugated with Ca2+ to form metal-ion-conjugated polyethylene glycol carbon dot. The metal-ion-conjugated polyethylene glycol carbon dot exhibits enhanced photoluminescence properties. Fluorescence of the Ca-modified carbon dots was quenched in the presence of Trifluralin. The practical utility of the system was demonstrated by using it to detect Trifluralin contaminated soil sample. Also, an array of sensor plates prepared using the drop-casting method on glass plates showed visual changes in fluorescence in the presence of Trifluralin. Development of such fluorescent-based detection system will lead to visual detection kits for detecting herbicides in general. We developed a fluorescent-based metal conjugated polyethylene glycol carbon dot (Ca-PEG-CD) that was used to detect Trifluralin herbicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]