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Summary Veterinary inspection of fish caught at the western side of the Arabian Gulf off the shore of Saudi Arabia in 2017 revealed abnormal irregular zigzag black lines in the skins of 135 out of 1500 (prevalence = 9 %) whitecheek sharks (Carcharhinus dussumieri). These lesions have been noticed in the dorsal and ventral part of the head near the snout and around the eyes, as well as in the skin of the pectoral fins. The parasitological, pathological and ultramorphological aspects of the sampled fish were studied using a light microscope, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Trichosomoidid-type eggs identified as Huffmanela sp. were found in the superficial layer of the skin. The mature eggs containing larvae (n = 75) were ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped, smooth-shelled, amber-brown to dark brown or even black in colour. The width of the eggs ranged from 34 to 49μm with lengths ranging from 95 to 107μm. The polar plugs of the immature eggs were slightly protruding, whereas mature eggs had clearly protruding polar plugs. The width of the polar plugs ranged from 4.5 – 9.5μm. The shells of the eggs were smooth and there was a thin layer seen near the polar areas. The infected skin exhibited desquamated epithelium, with inflammatory cell aggregations and melanophores in the debris. The underlying musculatures of the skin were free from any eggs, but showed mild pathological changes, including congestion of blood vessels, haemorrhages and oedema. The prevalence of infection showed seasonality, peaking significantly in the spring (18.18 %), with comparable prevalence rates in winter and summer (9.43 % and 8.57 %, respectively). However, infections dropped significantly during the autumn months (3.75 %). It is believed that this is the first study reporting the presence of Huffmanela sp. in whitecheek sharks at El-Jubail Province, Saudi Arabia, Arabian Gulf.

This paper is conducted for identifying the parasite which collected during regular routine inspection for the hygienic condition and health status of fish in 2019 at the central fish market shops at Jubail city, Saudi Arabia. Samples from an orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) fish showed heavy black streaks between the muscle fibers that was considered unmarketable and rejected by the consumer after had been cut and prepared for sealing. The black discolorations were in the form of heavy diffused focal black spots or forming threads of variable sizes embedded in the entire whole-body musculature of the fish. These samples were subjected to parasitological and pathological evaluation. The parasitological examination of the affected muscular tissues revealed infection by Huffmanela spp. eggs. The parasitic infection was identified on the bases of the morphological and ultra-structural characters of the eggs. The examination of the affected fish showed multifocal black parasitic remnants between the muscle fibers. The parasitic fragments were distributed all over the fish flesh either superficially in subcutaneous area or deep inside the muscular tissue and they have been concentrated in the flesh around the vertebral column. In conclusion; this case report confirmed the occurrence of Huffmanela spp. infection in the muscles of Epinephelus coioides by using light and scanning electron microscopy. Further molecular assessment is recommended.

This paper is conducted for identifying the parasite which collected during regular routine inspection for the hygienic condition and health status of fish in 2019 at the central fish market shops at Jubail city, Saudi Arabia. Samples from an orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) fish showed heavy black streaks between the muscle fibers that was considered unmarketable and rejected by the consumer after had been cut and prepared for sealing. The black discolorations were in the form of heavy diffused focal black spots or forming threads of variable sizes embedded in the entire whole-body musculature of the fish. These samples were subjected to parasitological and pathological evaluation. The parasitological examination of the affected muscular tissues revealed Huffmanela spp. eggs infection. The parasitic infestation was identified on the bases of the morphological and ultra-structural characters of the eggs. The histopatholgical investigation of the dark discoloration of the muscular tissues showed severe diffused multifocal granulomatous myositis reactions in the form of chronic inflammatory response accompanied with fibrous connective tissue proliferation around the eggs and larvae together with lymphocytes and macrophages aggregation. Muscular necrosis, edema and evidence of muscular regeneration were also noticed. In conclusion; this case report confirmed the occurrence of Huffmanela spp. infection in the muscles of Epinephelus coioides by using light and scanning electron microscopy.Further molecular assessment is recommended.

Huffmanela is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the family Trichosomoididae. Huffmanela species infest only one freshwater fish species and a small number­­ of saltwater fishes. They commonly affect many tissues in particular the swim bladder, gut mucosa, skin, and musculature (Carballo and Navone 2007).https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1276

Paratrichosma spp. are capillarid worms that parasitize the abdominal skin of crocodiles. They are likely not a threat to crocodiles' health, but they affect the skins' commercial value. No successful treatment exists against this parasite, and present knowledge of its life cycle is limited. Herein we report new information on Paratrichosoma recurvum occurrence in wild American crocodiles Crocodylus acutus from Mexican Caribbean islands and its relation to environmental (water salinity, temperature, climatic events) and biological (body condition) factors. The percentage of parasitized crocodiles (30.3%) is among the highest recorded in wild crocodilian populations. Small (40.8 cm total length [TL]) and large (270 cm TL) crocodiles are less parasitized, probably due to the characteristics of their skin or of the parasite life cycle. Two individuals appeared to have eliminated worms naturally between their capture and recapture. The thorax-abdomen is the most parasitized area of the body of crocodiles. The risk of infection is not associated with the sex of the crocodile, but there was a difference in the proportion of parasitized crocodiles between sites, which could be related to different environmental conditions. The body condition of a crocodile does not seem to be affected by the parasite. Climatic events and water temperature show no effect on the parasitism of crocodiles, but salinity could have an effect. The infection of crocodiles by P. recurvum could depend more on an individual's behavior than on environmental conditions.

Huffmanela hamo sp. n. is described from eggs only, which were found in black spots in the somatic musculature of a dagger-tooth pike conger, Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål), caught off Japan. The eggs are 66-77 microm (mean 72 microm) in length and 33-38 microm (mean 35 microm) in width. The surface of the eggs is smooth and bears neither envelope nor filaments. The species is distinguished from other members of the genus by the dimensions of its eggs and the characteristics of their surface. This is the first species of Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 to be described from an anguilliform fish, and the twentieth nominal species in the genus. Similar black spots with eggs were reported four times in ten years from this fish caught off Japan; although eggs could not be examined, it is likely that the same species was involved in all cases.

Family TRICHOSOMOIDIDAE Hall, 1916 Preamble: Conboy & Speare (2002) speculated that Huffmanela - type eggs found in the skin of various species of Sebastes from coastal British Columbia might represent a new species. Indeed, Moravec, Conboy & Speare (2005) subsequently re-examined histologically the same rockfish material and recovered two complete males, three complete females and worm fragments representing a new species, namely, H. canadensis. The nematode has commercial significance because infected rockfish with so-called “black mould” in the skin are downgraded in the market., Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Conboy, G. A. & Speare, D. J. (2002) Dermal nematodosis in commercially captured rockfish (Sebastes spp.) from coastal British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 127, 211 - 213. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1053 / jcpa. 2002.0567","Moravec, F., Conboy, G. A. & Speare, D. J. (2005) A new trichosomoidid from the skin of Sebastes spp. (Pisces) from British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 411 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / ge- 3420"]}

Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 Generic diagnosis (after Moravec 2001, and Gibbons 2010). Trichosomoididae. Small thread-like nematodes. Stichosome comprises single row of stichocytes. Males: cloaca long, spicule and spicular sheath absent. Posterior end dorso-ventrally depressed, membranous pseudobursa absent. Tail with one pair of ad-cloacal papillae. Female: vulva opens near posterior end of oesophagus. Eggs in uterus, non-embryonated; eggs in host tissue contain larva, strongly pigmented, dark, not translucent, wall often distinctly thick, walls including polar plugs completely covered with clear membrane covered in minute spines or ornamentation. Anus terminal. Parasites in skin, mucosa of gill arches, muscles, swim bladder, serosal cover of elasmobranch and teleost intestine., Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Moravec, F. (2001) Trichinelloid Nematodes Parasitic in Cold-Blooded Vertebrates. Academia, Praha, 429 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.14411 / fp. 2002.007","Gibbons, L. M. (2010) Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Supplementary Volume. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, viii + 416 pp."]}

Huffmanela canadensis Moravec, Conboy & Speare, 2005 Description (after Moravec et al. 2005). With characteristics of the genus. Males (holotype measurements in parentheses): 3.441–3.862 (3.441) long, 0.045–0.063 (0.045) maximum width. Entire oesophagus 1.333–1.346 (1.333), muscular oesophagus 0.147–0.153 (0.153), and stichosome 1.180– 1.199 (1.180) long; 40–42 (42) stichocytes (Fig. 25 A). Nerve ring 0.048–0.069 (0.069) from anterior end. Single testis reaches anteriorly to near oesophago-intestinal junction (Fig. 25 B). Cloaca long (0.093 in holotype). Tail slightly narrowed, rounded, bearing pair of large pre-anal papillae. Cloacal aperture slightly depressed (Fig. 25 C). Females (allotype measurements in parentheses): gravid worms 7.711–8.160 (17.711) long, 0.090–0.105 (0.090) maximum width. Entire oesophagus 1.768–2.054 (1.768), muscular oesophagus 0.180–0.216 (0.210), and stichosome 1.558–1.838 (1.558) long; 32–37 (35) stichocytes. Nerve ring 0.075–0.078 (0.078) from anterior end. Vulva slightly posterior to oesophago-intestinal junction, anterior vulvar lip elevated (Fig. 25 D). Vagina short. Ovary single, posteriorly extending to end of intestine. Colourless rectum 0.111 (0.099) long, anus terminal (Fig. 25 E). In utero eggs with polar plugs, oval, light coloured, non-embryonated, shell appears two-layered (Fig. 25 F). Eggs 0.032–0.039 x 0.024–0.027 (0.036–0.039 x 0.024–0.027). Eggs in anterior uterus arranged in one row, two to three rows posteriorly. Advanced eggs in host skin are dark brown, oval, with two-layered wall, surface with many transverse, somewhat oblique, complete or incomplete ridges. Polar plugs light coloured, height 0.006–0.009. Eggs including the polar plugs 0.048–0.063 (mean 0.054) x 0.024–0.027 (mean 0.026) containing a fully formed larva (Fig. 25 G,H). Sites: skin of fins and adjacent skin Hosts: Sebastes spp. Distribution: Pacific Records: Conboy & Speare 2002; Moravec et al. 2005, Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530, {"references":["Moravec, F., Conboy, G. A. & Speare, D. J. (2005) A new trichosomoidid from the skin of Sebastes spp. (Pisces) from British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 411 - 414. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / ge- 3420","Conboy, G. A. & Speare, D. J. (2002) Dermal nematodosis in commercially captured rockfish (Sebastes spp.) from coastal British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 127, 211 - 213. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1053 / jcpa. 2002.0567"]}

Keys are provided for the identification of the nematode species known to be parasites of Canadian fishes. The nematodes are described and illustrated, with a note of the site(s) they occupy in named fish host(s) and their geographical distribution. Parasite records are given by author and date, full details of which can be found in a bibliography of over 800 references. Diagnoses and keys for 22 Families, 47 genera and 88 species of nematodes are also given, together with a glossary of terms, a host-parasite list, and indices to both nematode parasites and hosts.

The life cycle of the swim bladder nematode Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987 (Trichinelloidea: Trichosomoididae), an endemic parasite of centrarchid fishes in the upper spring run of the San Marcos River in Hays County, Texas, USA, was experimentally completed. The amphipods Hyalella cf. azteca (Saussure), Hyalella sp. and Gammarus sp. were successfully infected with larvated eggs of Huffmanela huffmani. After ingestion of eggs of H. huffmani by experimental amphipods, the first-stage larvae hatch from their eggshells and penetrate through the digestive tract to the hemocoel of the amphipod. Within about 5 days in the hemocoel of the experimental amphipods at 22 °C, the larvae presumably attained the second larval stage and were infective for the experimental centrarchid definitive hosts, Lepomis spp. The minimum incubation period before adult nematodes began laying eggs in the swim bladders of the definitive hosts was found to be about 7.5 months at 22 °C. This is the first experimentally completed life cycle within the Huffmanelinae.

Examples of nematodes parasitizing the ventral scales of Crocodylus acutus and Crocodylus moreletii in southern Belize were observed via health assessments performed on crocodiles at the American Crocodile Education Sanctuary in Punta Gorda, Belize, in August 2009. Indirect identification was based on physical imprints of the parasite on the epidermis, and zigzag scars caused by movement and egg discharge from the skin into the surrounding environment. These observations in Belize are similar to those of documented cases of Paratrichosoma Ashford and Muller 1978 (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) found on the ventral scales of crocodiles in Mexico, Asia, and Australia.

Seventeen parasite species (1 microsporidean, 1 cestode, 5 digeneans, 6 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans, and 2 copepods) were recovered from a total of 356 Odontesthes smitti and 125 Odontesthes nigricans (Atherinopsidae). Fishes were collected from Nuevo and San Jose´ gulfs, Argentinean Sea, from April 2003 to February 2005. The following parasites were found: Microsporidia (xenomas); Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea plerocercoid larvae; Digenea: Prosorhynchoides sp. metacercariae (Bucephalidae), Aponurus laguncula, Lecithaster sp. (Lecithasteridae), Proctotrema sp. (Monorchiidae), Diphterostomum sp. (Zoogonidae); Nematoda: Cucullanus marplatensis (Cucullanidae), Huffmanela moraveci (Trichosomoididae), Cosmocephalus obvelatus L3 (Acuariidae), Anisakis sp. L3, Pseudoterranova sp. L3, Contracaecum sp. L3 (Anisakidae); Acanthocephala: Corynosoma sp. cystacanth larvae (Polymorphidae), Hypoechinorhynchus sp. (Arhythmacanthidae); Crustacea: Bomolochus globiceps (Bomolochidae) and Peniculus sp. (Penelidae). Odontesthes smitti and O. nigricans are new host records for most these parasites. Fil: Carballo, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina Fil: Navone, Graciela Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Cremonte, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina

Huffmanela moraveci n. sp. (Nematode: Trichosomoididae) is described from the skin of fins and gills of the silversides Odontesthes smitti Lahille, 1949, and Odontesthes nigricans Richardson, 1848 (Pisces: Atheriniformes), from southwestern Atlantic coast, on the basis of the morphology of adults and eggs found in the host tissues. Huffmanela moraveci n. sp. can be distinguished from Huffmanela carcharini, H. banningi, H. japonica, H. mexicana, H. paronai, H. schouteni, H. shikokuensis, H. branchialis, H. filamentosa, H. ossicola, and H. lata by the size and shape of the eggs. The adult stage of H. moraveci n. sp. can be differentiated from H. hufmani and H. canadensis by the position of the nerve ring and by the total esophagus length/body length ratio. Huffmanela moraveci n. sp. also differs from H. huffmani by the presence of bacillary bands and by the body length. This is the first report of a species of Huffmanela in South America, the first report of a species of Huffmanela with Odontesthes spp. as host, and the third known adult form in the genus.

A new species of trichosomoidid nematode, Huffinanela canadensis n. sp., is described from the skin of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) from the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Vancouver Island (Clayoquot Sound region), British Columbia, Canada, on the basis of the morphology of the adult worms and their eggs in the host's tissue and the biological characters. The species is characterized mainly by the shape and structure of the fully developed eggs (absence of surface envelope, surface with transverse ridges), by their small size (48-63 x 24-27 microm), and by the site of infection (skin). Besides Huffmanela huffmani, this is the second Huffmanela species in which adult worms are known in addition to the eggs from the host's tissues (most Huffmanela spp. have been described only from their conspicuous eggs occurring in various tissues of fishes). Adults of H. canadensis differ morphologically from those of H. huffmani, mainly in the structure of the male caudal end and in the distinctly elevated anterior vulvar lip of the female.

Three new species of Huffmanela, here described from eggs only, are reported from the gills of marine fish caught off Nouméa, New Caledonia. Eggs of Huffmanela branchialis n. sp., from Nemipterus furcosus (Nemipteridae), are 45-52 (mean 48) microm in length and 23-30 (mean 25) microm in width, with thin shells. Each egg is enclosed in a thin membrane forming a spindle-shaped envelope 53-85 (mean 63) microm in length. Eggs of H. filamentosa n. sp., from Gymnocranius grandoculis (Lethrinidae), are 48-53 (mean 50) microm in length and 25-30 (mean 27) microm in width, with thin shells. Each egg bears a few long (150 microm), thin filaments. Eggs of these two new species were compared to those of H. paronai MoravecGaribaldi, 2000, which are redescribed. Eggs of H. ossicola n. sp. were found within the branchial arch bone of Bodianus loxozonus (Labridae) and also filled the spinal chord bone and other bones. This is the first species of Huffmanela reported from bone tissue. Eggs are large, 72-88 (mean 79) microm in length and 32-40 (mean 36) microm in width, with a very thick shell. Each egg is covered with numerous filaments enclosed in a thin envelope. Fresh eggs were unembryonated, but embryos were visible after incubation in seawater. The three new species can be distinguished from other species of Huffmanela by size and the nature of the egg covering. Egg morphology of and their location in the host suggest different life-cycles: those of the first two species (small eggs, thin shells, egg covering possibly favouring flotation) are released from the gill mucosa with the turnover of living tissues and immediately continue their life-cycle, but eggs of H. ossicola (large eggs, thick shell) are only available for the continuation of the life-cycle after the host's death.

Previous paleoparasitological studies were developed in Alero Mazquiarán an archaeological site located in the south of Chubut Province, Argentina. In those studies, coprolites from Cricetidae rodents (don’t identified) were examined and three species of parasites were found (Pterygodermatites spp., Trichosomoides crassicauda and Monoecocestus spp.). Among these parasites, the trichosomoidids are zoonotic nematodes and, in this sense, the paleoparasitological studies will allow to understand the distribution of parasites in time and space. Currently, new parasitological studies in sigmodontine rodents are being carried out in Santa Cruz Province, in an area near to that mentioned archaeological site. In this context, it is interesting to contrast the previously obtained results with the new information presented in the current study, to contributing to the interpretation of epidemiological models. This paper reexamines the identity of a nematode assigned to the family Trichosomoididae using morphological and molecular studies. Fil: Fugassa, Martín Horacio. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina Fil: Petrigh, Romina Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina Fil: Robles, María del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina

Previous paleoparasitological studies were developed in Alero Mazquiarán an archaeological site located in the south of Chubut Province, Argentina. In those studies, coprolites from Cricetidae rodents (don’t identified) were examined and three species of parasites were found (Pterygodermatites spp., Trichosomoides crassicauda and Monoecocestus spp.). Among these parasites, the trichosomoidids are zoonotic nematodes and, in this sense, the paleoparasitological studies will allow to understand the distribution of parasites in time and space. Currently, new parasitological studies in sigmodontine rodents are being carried out in Santa Cruz Province, in an area near to that mentioned archaeological site. In this context, it is interesting to contrast the previously obtained results with the new information presented in the current study, to contributing to the interpretation of epidemiological models. This paper reexamines the identity of a nematode assigned to the family Trichosomoididae using morphological and molecular studies., Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores

A new species of trichosomoidid nematode, Huffmanela paronai sp. n., is established on the basis of its egg morphology and biological characters. The dark-shelled, embryonated eggs of this histozoic parasite occur in masses in the epidermis of the swordfish Xiphias gladius L. (Xiphiidae, Perciformes) from the Ligurian Sea in northern Italy. The eggs are concentrated in groups appearing as black spots in the skin of the fish host, being distributed mainly on the lower part of its body (lower jaw, gill covers, pectoral, anal and caudal fins, lower half of body). The parasite's eggs are characterised mainly by their shape and markedly small size (48-51 x 21-24 microm), an aspinose surface, relatively small polar plugs, and thick egg wall (3 microm). This is the first Huffmanela species reported from fish in Europe.

Huffmanela moraveci Carballo & Navone, 2007 Type host. Odontesthes smitti (Lahille) (Pisces: Atherinopsidae). Site of infection. Skin of pectoral and anal fins, epithelium of operculum and gill mucosa. Type locality. Argentina, Mar Argentino, Golfo Nuevo (42 º 47 ʹS, 65 º02ʹW). Holotype: 3 MLP 5558. Paratypes: MLP 5559 (allotype Ƥ), MLP 5560 (233, 2 ƤƤ), MLP 5561 (13, 1 Ƥ), MLP 5562 (13, 1 Ƥ). Reference. Carballo & Navone (2007)., Published as part of Lunaschi, Lia I., Álvarez, Victor Hugo Merlo & Damborenea, Cristina, 2012, Type material housed in the Helminthological Collection of the Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 1-59 in Zootaxa 3199 on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208967, {"references":["Carballo, M. C. & Navone, G. T. (2007) A new Huffmanela species (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) parasitizing atherinid fishes in north patagonian gulfs, Argentina. Journal of Parasitology, 93, 377 - 382."]}

A catalogue of type specimens of the Helminthological Collection of the División Zoología Invertebrados, of Museo deLa Plata (FCNyM-UNLP), Argentina, is presented. It includes Platyhelmithes, Nematoda, Nematomorpha and Acan-thocephala. The collection comprises type lots for 217 species: 90 nematodes, 50 digeneans, 28 Nematomorpha, 19 mono-geneans, 17 turbellarians, 8 cestodes and 5 acanthocephalans. Specific names are listed systematically, followed by type host, type locality, specimens, collection number and bibliographic reference.

Examination of 3 specimens of the Mediterranean flyingfish Cheilopogon heterurus (Rafinesque) from the Ligurian Sea, Italy, revealed the presence of numerous, dark-shelled trichinelloid eggs (69 to 75 x 30 to 33 microm) inside the innermost layer of the swimbladder, mostly located in clumps arranged in a distinct pattern. These were identified as Huffmanela schouteni Moravec et Campbell, 1991, a species known so far as eggs in flyingfishes and in the stools of humans in Curaçao. This is the first finding of this parasite in Europe and C. heterurus represents a new host record.

Eggs and larvae of Huffmanela oleumimica n. sp. infect red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860), were collected from the Texas-Louisiana Shelf (28°16'36.58″N, 93°03'51.08″W) and are herein described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Eggs in skin comprised fields (1-5 × 1-12 mm; 250 eggs/mm(2)) of variously oriented eggs deposited in dense patches or in scribble-like tracks. Eggs had clear (larvae indistinct, principally vitelline material), amber (developing larvae present) or brown (fully developed larvae present; little, or no, vitelline material) shells and measured 46-54 μm (x = 50; SD ± 1.6; n = 213) long, 23-33 (27 ± 1.4; 213) wide, 2-3 (3 ± 0.5; 213) in eggshell thickness, 18-25 (21 ± 1.1; 213) in vitelline mass width, and 36-42 (39 ± 1.1; 213) in vitelline mass length with protruding polar plugs 5-9 (7 ± 0.6; 213) long and 5-8 (6 ± 0.5; 213) wide. Fully developed larvae were 160-201 (176 ± 7.9) long and 7-8 (7 ± 0.5) wide, had transverse cuticular ridges, and were emerging from some eggs within and beneath epidermis. The new species differs from its congeners by having eggs65 μm in total length and that have a brown eggshell when fully developed, an envelope throughout development, and irregularly-dispersed eggshell spines plus a larva110 μm long with transverse cuticular ridges. The eggs lack a spindle-shaped envelope, polar filaments, and eggshell ridges. This is the first report of a species of Huffmanela from a snapper (Lutjanidae) or from the Gulf of Mexico. A table of egg and larval characteristics, hosts, and localities for Huffmanela spp. is provided.

Eggs of Huffmanela cf. carcharhini from the skin of an aquarium-held, juvenile sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus , from the Pacific Ocean were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Grossly, eggs imparted a scribble-like skin marking approximately 130 × 60 mm on the right side of the shark's snout adjacent to its eye and nostril. Fresh (unfixed) eggs were elliptical, 75-95 µm long (x¯ = 85 µm, SD = ±4.5; n = 75), 48-63 µm wide (53 ± 3.4; 75), 8-10 µm in shell thickness (9 ± 1.3; 27), 45-68 µm in vitelline mass length (52 ± 6.9; 8); had a smooth shell surface and nonprotruding polar plugs 8-13 µm wide (10 ± 1.5; 73); lacked thin filaments, superficial envelope, and shell spines; sank in 35 ppt artificial seawater; and did not spontaneously hatch after 12 hr in 35 ppt artificial seawater. Formalin-fixed eggs measured 193 days postfixation were 75-95 µm long (84 ± 3.9; 150), 45-60 µm wide (50 ± 2.2; 150), 5-10 µm in shell thickness (8 ± 1.2; 87), 45-60 µm in vitelline mass length (51 ± 3.0; 92), and 30-40 µm in vitelline mass width (33 ± 2.0; 84), and had nonprotruding polar plugs that were 10-15 µm long (11 ± 1.4; 93) and 8-10 µm wide (9 ± 1.1; 108). Forcibly hatched first-stage larvae (unfixed) were filiform, 188-273 µm long (212 ± 25.5; 13), 8-13 µm wide (10 ± 1.2; 13), and had fine transverse striations. Eggs infected the epidermis only. Histology revealed intra-epithelial inflammation with eosinophilic granulocytes and hyperplasia, plus dermal lymphofollicular hyperplasia associated with the infection. The eggs of H. cf. carcharhini likely undergo considerable ex utero development before being sloughed (unhatched) from the host, along with epidermal cells.

Huffmanela plectropomi n. sp. is described from eggs only, which were found in black spots in the mesentery of a coralgrouper, Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepede), caught near Noumea, New Caledonia, South Pacific. The eggs are 64–76 (mean 69) μm in length and 29–35 (mean 32) μm in width, with a thin shell. The surface of the eggs bears a thick, continuous layer of filaments. The species is distinguished from other members of the genus by the dimensions of its eggs and the characteristics of their surface. This is the first species of Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 to be described from a grouper (Serranidae, Epinephelinae).

Examinations of materials of trichinelloid nematodes recently collected from the digestive tract of marine fishes off New Caledonia, South Pacific, revealed the presence of several species of the families Capillariidae and Trichosomoididae, including capillariids Pseudocapillaria novaecaledoniensis sp. nov. from the deep-sea Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus (Valenciennes) (Lutjanidae) and Pseudocapillaria echenei (Parukhin, 1967) from Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus (Echeneidae), and the trichosomoidid Huffmanela sp. (female) from Bodianus perditio (Quoy et Gaimard) (Labridae). P. novaecaledoniensis is characterized mainly by the structure and length (318–321 µm) of spicule and the presence of a dorsal cuticular membrane interconnecting both ventrolateral caudal lobes in the male (subgenus Ichthyocapillaria Moravec, 1982). The previously poorly known P. echenei is redescribed and recorded for the first time from the South Pacific Ocean. In addition, five morphologically different types of capillariid females without generic identification, designated as Capillariidae gen. spp. 1–5, each of them probably representing a new species, were recorded from Fistularia commersonii Rüppell (Fistulariidae), Synodus dermatogenys Fowler (Synodontidae), Carangoides oblongus (Cuvier) (Carangidae), Diagramma pictum (Thunberg) (Haemulidae) and Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann) (Stegostomidae), respectively. Capillaria decapteri is transferred to Pseudocapillaria Mendonça, 1963 as P. decapteri (Luo, 2001) comb. nov.

Four samples of Trisopterus luscus exhibiting unusual black spots on their musculature were obtained from catches made on different days and were rejected as unsuitable for consumption. Bipolar eggs somewhat resembling those of the nematode genus Huffmanela (Nematoda: Trichoso- moididae) were identified as the cause of these black spots. Microscopic analysis revealed the pres- ence of dark-shelled trichinelloid embryonated eggs dispersed throughout the muscle tissue, 73 to 94 × 40 to 59 µm in size, with large polar plugs 14 to 22 µm wide. However, the morphology and distrib- ution of the observed eggs were not compatible with any previously described Huffmanela species. Intracellular nematodes were also observed in muscle cells. In 2 samples, sectioned nematode speci- mens were observed in other locations as well: the lymphatic vessel of intestine submucosa and the dermal lymphatic vessel. This could be due to nematode migration inside the infected fish. The pre- sumed identification of Huffmanela sp. in a new host (Trisopterus luscus), and in a new location (Atlantic Ocean) supports the belief that these parasites could be widely distributed, particularly in marine fishes. In view of these factors, together with the observed egg morphology, it is possible that these specimens represent a new, unidentified Huffmanela species.

Huffmanela longa n. sp. (Figs 4���5) Type-host: Gymnocranius grandoculis (Valenciennes) (Lethrinidae) Hosts: Three infected hosts were found: JNC 1726, 24.i. 2006, FL 570, W 3500; JNC 2166, 15.v. 2007, FL 595, W 3800; JNC 2174, 5.vi. 2007, FL 365, W 1050. All from near R��cif Toombo, off Noum��a, New Caledonia, 22 �� 32 ���S, 166 �� 28 ���E. Type-locality: Lagoon off Noum��a, New Caledonia. Material examined: a single incomplete female (holotype); laid eggs. Deposition of material: Holotype, MNHN, JNC 2174; vouchers of eggs, MNHN, JNC 1726, JNC 2166, JNC 2174; vouchers of eggs from fish JNC 2166, HCIP, N- 881; BMNH, 2007.7.12.2; USNPC, 99978; SAMA, AHC 34776. Site of infection: Eggs laid within mesentery, external mucosa of swimbladder, and mucosa of dorsal wall of abdominal body cavity. Remarks on infection and prevalence: In fish JNC 1726, the eggs formed a dark spot, about 1 cm in diameter, on the mesentery attached to the gonad; no other organ was infected. In fish JNC 2166 and JNC 2174, the eggs were found on the surface of two organs: the outer mucosa of the swimbladder and the mucosa of the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity; no other organ was infected. Prevalence was 3 / 12 (25 %). Etymology: longa, long in Latin, for the length of body. Comparative material examined: syntypes of Huffmanela filamentosa Justine, 2004, MNHN JNC 892 A. A slide with eggs kept in lactophenol for more than 3 years was examined using the same methods and microscope as the new species, and measurements were consistent with those of the original publication (Table 4). Female [from holotype, immature]. Body length (incomplete) 20730, maximum width 32, width of cephalic end 11. Length of entire oesophagus 6720, length of muscular oesophagus 181, length of posterior part (broken) 14010. Muscular oesophagus without differentiation between cuticularised and non-cuticularised part. Length of stichosome 6510, approximately 35 stichocytes; long stichocytes 217 in length and 22 in width. Lateral bacillary bands 5���6 in width. Vulva situated slightly posterior to oesophago-intestinal junction, 40 from end of oesophagus; vulva not elevated, no vulvar appendage. No immature eggs seen in uterus. Eggs in tissue. Mature eggs yellow or yellow-brown, with visible larvae; no dark-brown or black eggs found. Eggs elongate, with slightly protruding plugs. Size of eggs including polar plug, from swimbladder, JNC 2166, 66.0 �� 2.6 (58���72) �� 26.6 �� 1.7 (23���32) (n = 121); egg wall 2���4. For measurements of eggs from other fish and organs, see Table 3. Fully developed larvae in most eggs. Surface of eggs apparently smooth. Superficial envelope of eggs: presence of filaments at both extremities; filaments often tightly packed at the level of plugs; when released, filaments form groups at both extremities and along length of eggs. Few unembryonated eggs, yellow-brown, showed strong longitudinal folds on egg surface; considered as aborted eggs. Aborted eggs, in which extremities do not show plugs, also showed longitudinal folds. Eggs after 24 h did not change in length (Table 3). L 1 Larvae. Larvae in eggs, length 151 (140���168, n = 11), maximum width 4���5. Mobility of larvae and hatching. Larvae in fresh laid eggs were immobile in JNC 1726 and JNC 2166; eggs kept in saline or seawater for four weeks (fish JNC 2166) had immobile larvae and no hatching was detected. By contrast, in fish JNC 2174, a few mobile larvae were seen within fresh eggs observed in saline; 24 h later, the same slides kept in a humid chamber at room temperature showed 10���20 % of eggs with motile larvae. Motile larvae were seen in eggs of various colours, i.e. darker eggs did not have more motile larvae than lighter eggs. These experiments show that differences existed between eggs from different individual fish. No hatching was observed. Differential diagnosis of adults. H. longa is characterised by the longest body of all species in which the adult is known (incomplete body of immature specimen 20.7 mm vs adult females 4.9���7.5 in H. huffmani, 7.7���8.2 in H. canadensis and 11.1 in H. moraveci). Differential diagnosis of eggs. Eggs of H. longa are distinctly lighter (yellow to yellow-brown) than other species, in which darker eggs are dark-brown or black. Three species have egg measurements comparable to that of H. longa (Table 1): these are H. mexicana, H. schouteni and H. balista. H. schouteni has eggs of similar size (69���75 �� 27���30 vs 66 �� 27) but the eggs have superficial protuberances and no filaments as in H. longa. H. mexicana has eggs with filaments as in H. longa but the eggs are shorter (57 �� 30, this publication). H. balista has eggs slightly longer and wider (70 �� 34), the eggs have no filaments, the wall is thicker (5��� 6 vs 2���4). H. schouteni and H. mexicana have been reported from the inner layer of the swimbladder, in contrast to H. balista and H. longa, both from the outer layer. H. filamentosa, another species from the same host, is known only from eggs. H. longa and H. filamentosa share a common morphological characteristic, the presence of thin filaments on the eggs, but have very different measurements (Table 4) and were not found in the same organ. For this reason, the author considered several hypotheses concerning these two infections. ���Hypothesis 1. There is a single species of Huffmanela in G. grandoculis, which inhabits the gills, on the one hand, and the internal abdominal organs, in the other hand. Differences of eggs measurements can be attributed to different trophic sites, with much smaller eggs in the gills. ���Hypothesis 2. Similar to hypothesis 1 with a single species of Huffmanela in various organs, but the difference in egg size is related to the parasite life-cycle. Eggs from the gill mucosa are constantly dispersed in the external milieu through natural renewal of the gill mucosa, and thus have a short life-cycle; this is consistent with the presence of small eggs. In contrast, eggs from the internal organs are available for continuation of the life-cycle only at the death of the fish, and thus are longer-lasting eggs; this is consistent with the occurrence of large eggs. ���Hypothesis 3. Two different species are present, one in the gills, H. filamentosa, and one in the internal abdominal organs, H. longa. The species are differentiated by distinct eggs measurements, with lengths not overlapping (Figure 5). Hypothesis 1 is contradicted by observations on H. ossicola, which show that egg measurements vary only subtly in various parts of the skeletal system (Justine 2004; this paper); however, it might be argued that the different parts of the skeletal system are not as different as between the gills and the internal abdominal organs. Hypothesis 2 is supported by comparison with other trichinelloid nematodes in which two life cycles are possible, i.e. Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft) and Paracapillaria philippinensis (Chitwood, Velasquez & Salazar) (see Moravec 2001). However, the absence of observations on the adults of the species studied here precludes the choice of this hypothesis. Hypothesis 3 would have been chosen without hesitation had the two species been found in two different fish species, because the eggs are extremely different. A possible argument against Hypothesis 3 is the presence in both species of thin filaments on the eggs, apparently a shared character. However, observation of similar thin filaments on eggs of H. mexicana, and on H. ossicola, probably means that such filaments are widespread in Huffmanela eggs and cannot be considered of great differential importance. This hypothesis, the presence of two distinct species, was finally preferred as the most probable, and the one which does not imply speculations on the life cycle which cannot be verified. A consequence is that G. grandoculis is the first fish in which two different species of Huffmanela have been found. H. filamentosa has not been found since its description, meaning that it is possibly rarer than H. longa, found in three fish. More than 15 specimens of the closely related species Gymnocranius euanus were examined and none had Huffmanela infection. Several species of Lethrinus were examined (lists in Justine 2007; Rascalou & Justine 2007) and none had Huffmanela infection. This suggests that H. longa is specific to G. grandoculis., Published as part of Justine, Jean-Lou, 2007, Huffmanela spp. (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae) parasites in coral reef fishes off New Caledonia, with descriptions of H. balista n. sp. and H. longa n. sp., pp. 23-41 in Zootaxa 1628 on pages 31-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179332, {"references":["Justine, J. - L. (2004) Three new species of Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae) from the gills of marine fish off New Caledonia. Systematic Parasitology, 59, 29 - 37.","Moravec, F. (2001) Trichinelloid Nematodes parasitic in cold-blooded vertebrates. Academia, Praha, 432 pp.","Rascalou, G. & Justine, J. - L. (2007) Three species of Calydiscoides (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from five Lethrinus spp. (Lethrinidae: Perciformes) off New Caledonia, with a description of Calydiscoides terpsichore sp. n. Folia Parasitologica, 54, 191 - 202."]}

Huffmanela sp. of Justine, 2004, from Pentapodus sp. In a note added in proof, Justine (2004) briefly described Huffmanela sp. from Pentapodus sp. off New Caledonia. Additional information: the host is Pentapodus aureofasciatus Russel. The parasite was not found in 3 additional fish examined, i.e. prevalence is 1 / 6 (17 %).

Two new species of Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 are described from coral reef fishes caught off New Caledonia, South Pacific. H. balista n. sp. is described from the adults and eggs found in the swimbladder wall of a single Abalistes stellatus (Balistidae). The male, 9.9 mm long, has characteristic spermatids and spermatozoa. The female has a characteristic cuticularised anterior oesophagus. The eggs (70 × 34 µm) spontaneously hatch and release larvae, 260 µm long. H. longa n. sp. is described from a single female and from eggs collected in the mesentery, swimbladder and body walls of three Gymnocranius grandoculis (Lethrinidae). The female, although immature, is the longest (20.7 mm) of all species of the genus. The eggs (66 × 27 µm) have superficial filaments, and are differentiated from those of H. filamentosa Justine, 2004 from the same host, by their greater measurements. Eggs of Huffmanela mexicana Moravec et Fajer-Avila, 2000, are redescribed for comparison. The host of Huffmanela sp. of Justine, 2004, is identified as Pentapodus aureofasciatus. New observations on H. ossicola Justine, 2004 are reported, including new hosts (Bodianus busellatus and B. perditio), comparative measurements of eggs in various hosts and organs, description of larvae, 228 µm in length, and X-ray observations of the skeleton of an infected fish. Key-words: Nematoda, Trichosomoididae, Huffmanelinae, Huffmanela balista n. sp., Huffmanela longa n. sp., Huffmanela branchialis Justine, 2004, Huffmanela ossicola Justine, 2004, Huffmanela mexicana Moravec et Fajer-Avila, 2000, New Caledonia, fish, Abalistes stellatus, Gymnocranius grandoculis, Bodianus perditio Deux nouvelles especes d’Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 sont decrites de poissons des recifs coralliens de Nouvelle-Caledonie, Pacifique Sud. H. balista n. sp. est decrit a partir d’adultes et d’œufs trouves dans la paroi de la vessie gazeuse d’un unique Abalistes stellatus (Balistidae). Le mâle, long de 9.9 mm, a des spermatides et spermatozoides caracteristiques. La femelle a un oesophage cuticularise caracteristique. Les oeufs (70 × 34 µm) eclosent spontanement et liberent des larves longues de 260 µm. H. longa n. sp. est decrit d’une unique femelle et d’oeufs recoltes dans le mesentere et la paroi de la vessie gazeuse et du corps chez trois Gymnocranius grandoculis (Lethrinidae). La femelle, quoique immature, est la plus longue (20.7 mm) de toutes les especes du genre. Les oeufs (66 × 27 µm) ont des filaments superficiels, et sont differencies de ceux d’H. filamentosa Justine, 2004 du meme hote, par leurs plus grandes dimensions. Les oeufs d’Huffmanela mexicana Moravec et Fajer-Avila, 2000 sont redecrits pour comparaison. L’hote d’Huffmanela sp. de Justine, 2004 est identifie comme Pentapodus aureofasciatus. Des nouvelles observations sur H. ossicola Justine, 2004 sont rapportees, y compris des nouveaux hotes (Bodianus busellatus et B. perditio), des mesures comparatives des œufs dans differents hotes et organes, la description de la larve, longue de 228 µm, et des observations aux rayons X du squelette d’un poisson infecte.

Huffmanela mexicana Moravec et Fajer-Avila, 2000 (Fig. 6) Material examined. Syntypes, eggs from a fragment of swimbladder of Sphoeroides annulatus Jenyns (Tetraodontidae). Original registration number in Helminthological Collection of the Institute of Parasitology, Cesk�� Bud��jovice: N- 759; material deposited in the collection of MNHN, registration number JNA 40. Because the published measurements of H. mexicana eggs (Moravec & Fajer-Avila, 2000) were close to that of H. balista, the original material was requested for comparative observation. Eggs, measured with the same microscope and methods as for other species mentioned here, were 57.3 �� 2.7 (48���63) �� 29.7 �� 2.2 (27��� 37) (n = 83). These measurements were different from that of the original description (63���69 �� 30���33 including plugs). In addition, it was observed that a few thin filaments were present on the surface of most eggs (Figure 6 A); this was not reported in the original description but perhaps can be attributed to the use of differential interference microscopy in the present study., Published as part of Justine, Jean-Lou, 2007, Huffmanela spp. (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae) parasites in coral reef fishes off New Caledonia, with descriptions of H. balista n. sp. and H. longa n. sp., pp. 23-41 in Zootaxa 1628 on page 38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179332, {"references":["Moravec, F. & Fajer-Avila, E. (2000) Huffmanela mexicana n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the marine fish Sphoeroides annulatus in Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 86, 1229 - 1231."]}

While examining some histological sections of a clinically suspected neoplastic nodule in a woman's breast, sections of Dirofilaria repens were noted in the same nodule along with sections of a different nematode. The latter appeared to be a specimen possibly belonging to the genus Anatrichosoma (family Trichosomoididae), a parasitic group of helminths rarely reported in humans. In view of the diagnostic interest in an exceptional event, such as a double parasitic infection in the same nodule, we report the details of the case and the morphological findings.

The nematode parasite Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987 (Trichosomoididae) infects swimbladders of fishes in the family Centrarchidae. Only fish collected from the upper San Marcos River (Texas) have been found infected with H. huffmani eggs with a prevalence of 90%. Hundreds of thousands of H. huffmani eggs have been observed in these fish but only a few specimens of adult worms have ever been found. The San Marcos River arises from springs along the Balcones Fault Zone in San Marcos, Hays County, Texas. The restriction of the parasite to the upper San Marcos River and the high prevalence of the parasite eggs in centrarchids would seem to enable one to solve the life cycle of H. huffmani but this has proved false. Here, the insights and experiments used to help define some of the aspects concerning the life cycle of this enigmatic parasite are described. This study of H. huffmani includes a description of the habitat, the known limits of geographic distribution of the parasite, possible dispersal processes, egg characteristics, the testing of a possible intermediate host, Palaemonetes antrorum (Benedict) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), and the effects of the digestion process on H. huffmani eggs.

The egg shell of Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987 forms three main layers: an outer vitelline layer, a middle chitinous layer, and an inner lipid layer. The vitelline layer, forming the superficial projections of the egg shell, comprises two parts: an outer electron-dense, and an inner electron-lucid part. The chitinous layer is differentiated into three parts: an outer homogenous electron-dense part, a lamellated part, and an inner electron-dense net-like part. The lipid layer comprises an outer net-like electron-lucid part, and an inner homogenous electron-lucid part. The polar plugs are formed by electron-lucid material with fine electron-dense fibrils.

Two new species of trichuroid nematodes, Huffmanela japonica n. sp. and Huffmanela shikokuensis n. sp., are establ is of their egg morphology and biological characters; the eggs of both species occur in the musculature of marine fishes from the Inland Sea of Japan. The dark-shelled eggs of H. japonica are found locally in masses ("black spots") in the flesh of Upeneus bensasi (Temminck et Schlegel) (Mullidae, Perciformes) and are characterized mainly by their shape and size (58-69 X 26-30 pLm), an aspinose superficial transparent envelope enclosing the egg proper, relatively small polar plugs, and by their thick egg wall (4-5 p.m). The eggs of H. shikokuensis are also dark-colored and are found evenly distributed in the musculature of Stephanolepis cirrhifer (Temminck et Schlegel) (Monacanthidae, Tetraodontiformes); they are characterized mainly by their shape and size (78-90 X 36-45 (im), by a very thin and aspinose superficial transparent envelope, large polar plugs, and relatively thin egg wall (3 pLm). Histological sections of the host's infected musculature showed the presence of H. shikok- uensis nematodes inside the muscle cells and in the intercellular spaces. A key to Huffmanela species based on egg morphology is provided. Several years ago, samples of flesh of 2 species of marine fishes, Upeneus bensasi (Teminck et Schlegel) and Stephan- olepis cirrhifer (Temminck et Schlegel), heavily infected by unknown dark-colored trichuroid eggs were sent to The Uni- versity of Tokyo for their possible identification. Both infected fishes originated from the Inland Sea of Japan where they had been collected by a trawl net near the coast of Shikoku Island. A recent examination of this material has shown that the tri

The authors describe Trichosomoides nasalis n.sp., parasitic in the nasal cavities of Epimys norvegicus and propose to modify slightly the definition of the family Trichosomoididae Yorke and Maplestone, 1926, especially in relation to the definition of the habitat (considered till now to be exclusively in the urinary tract).

A new genus of nematode (Paratrichosoma crocodilus) is described from Crocodilus novaeguinae. Adults have typical trichuroid features but elongated stichocytes (over 1 mm in female). Males are one third to one half as long as females and have no spicule or sheath.

Huffmanela lata n. sp. is described from eggs only, which were found in a small black spot on the skin near the gill opening of a shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, caught off Nouméa, New Caledonia, South-West Pacific. The eggs are 77-88 (mean 84) microm in length and 52-63 (mean 57) microm in width, with a thick (6-8 microm) shell, apparently spinose. Mobile larvae, 200-250 microm in length, were visible in the eggs. The species is distinguished from other members of the genus by the dimensions and shape of its eggs, which are the broadest ever reported. This is the second species of Huffmanela described from a shark, after H. carcharhini (MacCallum, 1925), to which it appears closely related in terms of its site in the skin and the nature of the egg surface.

The worm is described from the corneal and conjunctival epithelium of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. A. ocularis is smaller than any species hitherto described for the genus. It is distinguished by the absence of a pronounced cephalic cuticular inflation and the presence of hypodermal ridges on the body of the female distal to the vulva. This is the first species of Anatrichosoma described from a prosimian and the first to be found in the epithelium of the eye. During routine examination of a Tupaia glis imported from Bangkok, Thailand, a nematode was observed in the corneal epithelium. The nematode was recovered later at necropsy and determined to be a trichuroid of the genus Anatrichosoma (Smith and Chitwood, 1954). Species of Anatrichosoma have been reported from a wide variety of Asian and African monkeys, African gerbils, and from the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, in the Western Hemisphere (Swift et al., 1922; Smith and Chitwood, 1954; Chitwood and Smith, 1958; Orihel, 1970; Pence and Little, 1972). There is no record of Anatrichosoma from prosimians. Typically, the adult worms burrow in the superficial layers of the mucosal epithelium of the nasal passages, stomach, and buccal cavity of their normal hosts. Male worms are often found in deeper tissues underlying the mucosa. Six of 16 animals were found to be infected; three male and seven female worms were recovered. Studies of these 10 worms are the basis of the following description. The specimens were fixed in glacial acetic acid, transferred to 70% ethanol containing 5% glycerine by volume, then cleared in pure glycerine for study. All measurements are in microns unless otherwise indicated; the mean is followed by the range in parentheses. Drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida. Anatrichosoma ocularis sp. n. (Figs. 1-7)

The worm is described from the mucosa of the hard palate, gums, and tongue of the common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, from Louisiana, Costa Rica, and Colombia. The new species differs from other described species of the genus by its marsupial host, the unique location in the host, and certain morphological characters. The pathology and certain observations on the biology of this species are discussed. This is the first report of this genus from a host indigenous to the Western Hemisphere. Anatrichosoma gerbillis Bernard comb. n. is proposed for Trichosomoides gerbillis Bernard, 1964. Nematodes of the genus Anatrichosoma were recovered from the buccal mucosa of the common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, from southern Louisiana, Costa Rica, and Colombia. The host and unique location of these parasites together with certain morphological characters provide the basis for the description of a new species of the genus Anatrichosoma. Nematodes were fixed in glacial acetic acid, stored in a mixture of 95 parts 70% ethyl alcohol and 5 parts glycerin, and studied in glycerin mounts after evaporation of the alcohol. In the following description all measurements are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated. The range of measurements and their means of the paratypes follow in parentheses the values for the holotype and allotype. Drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida. Anatrichosoma buccalis sp. n. (Figs. 1-7) Description: Trichuroidea Railliet, 1916, Trichosomoididae York and Maplestone, 1926, Anatrichosomatinae Smith and Chitwood, 1954, Anatrichosoma Smith and Chitwood, 1954. With the characters of the genus. Small, slender nematodes. Received for publication 17 March 1972. * Supported in part by the Tulane University International Center for Medical Research and Training grant AI-10050 from the NIAID, NIH, U. S. Public Health Service. t Department of Tropical Medicine and Medical Parasitology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112. t Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112. Body of female increasing in diameter from anterior to posterior. Body of male uniform in diameter throughout most of length, slightly tapered at anterior and posterior extremities, diameter less than one-third that of female, length same as female or slightly longer. Cuticle thick, transparent, with two broad lateral bacillary bands extending entire length of body. Head with two lateral amphids, cephalic papillae absent or inapparent. Lips absent, oral opening dorsoventrally elongate, small stylet present. Cephalic inflation present in female, absent in male. Cuticle of female greatly thickened from just posterior to cephalic inflation to near end of second stichocyte. Nerve ring just posterior to cephalic inflation in female. Preglandular esophagus elongate, muscular. Anterior stichocytes longer than wide, gradually becoming larger, more compacted, and wider toward posterior extremity of esophagus. Intestine terminating in a small muscular rectum. Anus terminal. Vulva at level of or just posterior to last stichocyte, lips salient. Cloaca of male terminal, without spicule or spicule sheath. Posterior extremity of male with 2 small lateral papillae. Egg bipolar, thick-walled, with well-developed larva when laid. Female (based on holotype and 41 paratypes): 25.1 (17.3 to 34.0, 25.5) long, 215 (110 to 280, 192) pu in maximum width. Anterior region of body (anterior extremity to esophagointestinal junction) 3.6 (2.8 to 4.9, 3.7) long, 140 (85 to 165, 137) p wide at last stichocyte, muscular portion of esophagus 230 (150 to 265, 235) IA long, nerve ring 63 (55 to 67, 62) uf from anterior extremity, stichocytes 92 (71 to 93, 84) in number. Posterior region of body 21.5 (14.5 to 29.6, 21.7) long. Ratio of anterior body region to total length 1:7.0 (1:5.8 to 1:8.3, 1:6.9). Eggs 61 (53 to 70, 62) i long, 37 (32 to 40, 35) u wide. Male (based on allotype and 10 paratypes): 28.3 (22.0 to 29.0, 27.6) long, 55 (45 to 55, 50) )u maximum width. Anterior region of body 5.1 (3.6 to 5.2, 4.6) long, 45 (45 to 54, 49) u wide at last stichocyte, muscular portion of esophagus 220 (210 to 280, 226) /u long, nerve ring 64 (60 to 67, 64) u from anterior extremity, stichocytes 81 (74 to 86