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Colouration is an important tool for systematists inferring species limits and phylogenetic relationships of teleost fishes, but the use of colouration variation in trichomycterine catfish systematics has generated some controversy. We first report and describe the occurrence of four, geographically disjunct colour morphs inTrichomycterus albinotatus, endemic to south-eastern Brazil, as well as ontogenetic colouration change in each morph. A phylogenetic analysis using a cytb fragment (1098 bp) for 23 specimens representing all colour morphs and four outgroups did not support any correlation between colour morphs and lineages, with different colour morphs sharing identical haplotypes. This study indicated that young adult specimens found in lighter habitats had white and brown to black spots on the flank, whereas similar-sized specimens inhabiting darker habitats had white spots inconspicuous or absent and dark brown or black spots expanded. Individuals above about 65 mm SL of all populations had flank white marks less conspicuous or absent and cryptic habits during daylight, contrasting with smaller individuals with white marks and actively swimming above the substrate. Literature data indicate that ontogenetic colouration and habit changes occur in different trichomycterid lineages. Our data thus show that colouration may be problematic in taxonomical studies, although often being consistently used to diagnose species and clades. We conclude that colouration should not be discarded a priori as evidence of trichomycterine relationships and species limits, but should be used with caution in systematic studies, being necessary additional evidence, such as osteological characters or molecular data.

The Brazilian Cerrado highlands shelter the headwaters of the three largest South American hydrographic basins, where a great species diversity is concentrated, but some biological groups are still insufficiently known. The focal taxa of this study are trichomycterid catfishes of the subgenus Cryptocambeva, genus Trichomycterus, endemic to mountain areas of south-eastern Brazil. The primary objective of this study is to test through a molecular phylogeny if a new species collected in streams of the upper Rio Paraná basin draining the Serra da Canastra is sister to T. macrotrichopterus, endemic to the upper Rio São Francisco at another facet of the Serra da Canastra, as suggested by morphological data. The analysis corroborated sister group relationships between these two species, besides supporting four main clades in Cryptocambeva, each of them endemic to distinct mountain regions. A time-calibrated analysis supported the divergence timing between the new species and T. macrotrichopterus at the Pliocene, which is chronologically compatible with the final period of intense fluvial configuration re-arrangement, when São Francisco headwater streams were captured by the Paraná basin. The new species herein described is similar to T. macrotrichopterus and distinguished from all other species of Cryptocambeva by having a long pectoral-fin filament. These two species are distinguished from each other by characteristics of the latero-sensory system, colour pattern and bone morphology.

A new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus is described from the Rio Paraíba do Sul, south-eastern Brazil. This species exhibits some morphological character states that are unique amongst congeners, including a robust opercle and a long interopercle with numerous odontodes (50–60 opercular and 90–100 interopercular), a black bar on the basal portion of the caudal fin and a dark brown flank with a well delimited dorsal yellow stripe. It also exhibits some morphological traits that are uncommon amongst congeners, such as the presence of nine pectoral-fin rays. The presence of a shallow hyomandibular outgrowth and a ventrally expanded pre-opercular ventral flap suggests that this species is closely related to T. melanopygius, T. pradensis and T. tete. The new species also differs from T. melanopygius, T. pradensis and T. tete by having an emarginate caudal fin and a single median supra-orbital pore S6. Anecdotal evidence suggests that T. largoperculatus and T. pradensis have migratory habits, a condition not previously reported for eastern South American trichomycterines.

The Serra da Bodoquena includes the headwaters of important rivers of the upper Paraguay River basin and constitutes one of the more extensive karst formations in Brazil. The region is an important tourist destination and Serra da Bodoquena National Park (SBNP) was established in 2000. In this work, we provide a list of the ichthyofauna and describe the main water systems in SBNP. Surveys were carried out in August, September and December 2005 using trawl nets, gill nets and electrofishing. For the list of species, we included records made in subsequent studies, resulting in 60 species belonging to seven orders and 21 families, which are all autochthonous to the upper Paraguay River, except the tilapia Coptodon rendalli, the only non-native species. The species richness was higher in the Salobra River basin (49 species, 39 exclusive) compared to the Perdido River basin (15 species, six exclusive). We documented seven endemic species in the Serra da Bodoquena, of which two are threatened with extinction (Vulnerable category): Trichomycterus dali and Ancistrus formoso. As mitigation and preventive measures for environmental impacts, we suggest regularizing land use and increasing environmental education programs as ways of contributing to public policies that are involved in the conservation of aquatic systems and their biotic communities.

Two genera of fish, Orestias (Cyprinodontidae) and Trichomycterus (Trichomicteridae), inhabit in the Lauca National Park, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, located at the Andes highlands in northern Chile. The present study analyzed the length-weight relationship for four native species of Orestias (O. parinacotensis, O. laucaensis, O. chungarensis and O. piacotensis) and two native species of Tricomycterius (T. chungaraensis and T. laucaensis), obtained at seven different localities. Our results showed that the growth coefficient values “b” for Orestias ranged from 2.89 (O. parinacotensis) through 4.04 (O. piacotensis) and Trichomycterus between 2.53 (T. laucaensis in Parinacota wetland) through 3.14 (T. laucaensis in Caquena River). All length-weight relationships were significant (p < 0.01), with r2 higher than 0.82. O. laucaensis, O. piacotensis and T. chungaraensis showed positive allometric growth (b > 3). However, two species O. parinacotensis and T. laucaensis showed negative allometric growth (b < 3). Only O. chungarensis showed isometric growth with b = 3. Intense anthropic activity, exotic fish introduction, and climate change present important risks for a unique endemic fish community of the high Andes.

Trichomycterus igobi Wosiacki & de Pinna, 2008: 19, fig 1. Paratypes: 1 lot, 2 specimens —NUP 4007, 2, 62.0– 66.3 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Candói, rio do Sobradinho (tributary to rio Jordão), NUP staff, 8 Apr 2005. Remarks: Valid as Cambeva igobi (Wosiacki & de Pinna 2008) (see Katz et al., 2018)., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Wosiacki, W. B. & de Pinna, M. C. C. (2008) Trichomycterus igobi, a new catfish species from the rio Iguacu drainage: the largest head in Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (1), 17 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252008000100003","Katz, A. M., Barbosa, M. A., de Oliveira Mattos, J. L. & da Costa, W. J. E. M. (2018) Multigene analysis of the catfish genus Trichomycterus and description of a new South American trichomycterine genus (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 94, 557 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 94.29872"]}

Trichomycterus taroba Wosiacki & Garavello, 2004: 11, fig. 6. Paratypes: 1 lot, 3 specimens —NUP 1616, 3, 47.4–53.8 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Foz do Jordão, Jordão reservoir, rio Jordão near at its mouth, tributary of rio Iguaçu, rio Paraná Basin, 25°45’S, 52°10’W, Nupélia & Copel staffs, Aug 1995. Remarks: Valid as Cambeva taroba (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) (see Donin et al., 2020)., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Wosiacki, W. B. & Garavello, J. C. (2004) Five new species of Trichomycterus from the rio Iguacu (rio Parana Basin), southern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 15 (1), 1 - 16.","Donin, L. M., Ferrer, J. Carvalho, T. P. (2020) Taxonomical study of Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the Ribeira de Iguape River basin reveals a new species recorded in the early 20 th century. Journal of Fish Biology, 96 (4), 886 - 894. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 14278"]}

Trichomycterus diabolus Bockmann, Casatti & de Pinna, 2004: 228, fig. 1. Paratypes: 1 lot, 10 specimens —NUP 3277, 10, 29.3–55.8 mm SL: Brazil, São Paulo, Teodoro Sampaio, córrego São Carlos, rio Paranapanema basin, Morro do Diabo State Park, 22°35’28.0”S, 52°14’38.1”W, L. Casatti, H.F. Santos, K.M. Ferreira & F. Langeani, 18 Dec 2000. Remarks: Valid as Cambeva diabola (Bockmann, Casatti & de Pinna 2004) (see Katz et al., 2018).

Trichomycterus plumbeus Wosiacki & Garavello, 2004: 14, fig. 8. Paratypes: 1 lot, 3 specimens —NUP 1614, 3, 1614, 72.5–78.5 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Foz do Jordão, Jordão reservoir, rio Jordão near at its mouth, tributary of rio Iguaçu, rio Paraná Basin, 25°45’S, 52°10’W, Nupélia & Copel staffs, Aug 1995. Remarks: Valid as Cambeva plumbea (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) (see Katz et al., 2018)., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Wosiacki, W. B. & Garavello, J. C. (2004) Five new species of Trichomycterus from the rio Iguacu (rio Parana Basin), southern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 15 (1), 1 - 16.","Katz, A. M., Barbosa, M. A., de Oliveira Mattos, J. L. & da Costa, W. J. E. M. (2018) Multigene analysis of the catfish genus Trichomycterus and description of a new South American trichomycterine genus (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 94, 557 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 94.29872"]}

An annotated list of the freshwater fishes of the Río Alvarado drainage, Upper Río Magdalena Basin is presented. Fishes were captured from nine localities, quarterly sampled between September 2012 and July 2013. A total of 36 species belonging to 14 families, distributed in five orders were collected. The most abundant species was Trichomycterus banneaui (Eigenmann, 1912) (19.4%), followed by Creagrutus affinis Steindachner, 1880 (13%), Chaetostoma thomsoni Regan, 1904 (9.1%), Trichomycterus mogotensis Ardila-Rodríguez, 2017 (7.7%), Astroblepus homodon (Regan, 1904) (6.6%), Creagrutus dulima Albornoz-Garzón, Conde-Saldaña, García-Melo, Taphorn & Villa-Navarro, 2018 (5.9%), Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 (5.7%) and Argopleura magdalenensis (Eigenmann, 1913) (5.6%). An identification key and a complete photographic catalog of all fish species recorded in the drainage are presented.

The origin of melanism has been often associated with cryptic habits, driven by selection for camouflage, sometimes independently arising in closely related species. Field studies in Atlantic Forest rivers of south-eastern Brazil have indicated the occurrence of three melanic species in the catfish genus Trichomycterus: Trichomycterus immaculatus, Trichomycterus nigricans, and T. quintus Costa sp. nov. We performed a molecular analysis using two nuclear and two mitochondrial genes (2811 bp) for 62 trichomycterines and eight outgroups, in which monophyly of a group here named as the T. nigricans-nigroauratus clade is highly supported. It comprises two subclades, the T. nigricans group (containing Trichomycterus caipora, T. immaculatus, T. nigricans, and Trichomycterus santaeritae) and the Trichomycterus nigroauratus group (containing Trichomycterus maculosus, T. nigroauratus, and T. quintus). Ancestral state reconstructions indicate that melanism has arisen independently in each species exhibiting overall black colouration, which may be favoured by the strict nocturnal habits of these three species. However, whereas in the T. nigricans group cryptic habits precede the origin of melanism, in the T. nigroauratus group these events occur simultaneously during the evolution of T. quintus. Two melanic species, T. immaculatus and T. quintus, are sympatric but inhabit different habitats, suggesting some ecological divergence. Oppositely to the crypsis evolutionary trend, the analysis indicates a reversal to diurnal habits in the psammophilic T. santaeritae. This species, uniquely among congeners of the T. nigricans-nigroauratus clade, has a colour pattern consisting of dark brown blotches on a pale yellow colour ground and relatively large eyes, allowing sandy habitat camouflage and visual orientation during foraging activity, respectively, interpreted as adaptive morphological changes parallelly found in other diurnal psammophilic trichomycterids.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:17:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 The aim of the present study was to record the occurrence of parasites in Cambeva davisi (= Trichomycterus davisi) (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the Cascavel Stream, in the Iguaçu River basin, municipality of Cascavel, state of Paraná, Brazil, and present a review of the parasites reported infecting trichomycterids belonging to Cambeva and Trichomycterus species from the Neotropical region. Eighty-one fish specimens were collected using the electrofishing technique, with three standardized passes with a duration of 40 min, with extensions of 50 m for each site. In the laboratory, the fish were necropsied, and parasitological and histological analyses were conducted. Two parasite species were found and identified as nymphs of Sebekia oxycephala (Pentastomida) (Prevalence [P] = 8.54%) and Minilernaea floricapitella (Crustacea: Lernaeidae) (P = 1.23%), both representing new records of distribution and host-parasite relationships for genus Cambeva. The presence of the nymphs of S. oxycephala did not result in harmful histological changes or a significant inflammatory process in infected organs. Twenty-one taxa of parasites have been described parasitizing trichomycterids belonging to Trichomycterus (sensu stricto) and Cambeva from the Neotropical region. Nymphs of S. oxycephala have already been reported in freshwater fish belonging to 10 different orders, and M. floricapitella has been found parasitizing Brazilian fishes belonging to two orders. The nymphs of S. oxycephala did not cause histopathological changes and the new records of distribution and host-parasite relationships reported here enrich knowledge of the parasitic fauna of freshwater fish from the Neotropical region. São Paulo State University (UNESP) Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (Zoology) Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu Campus of Botucatu, Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin Street, 250 School of Engineering of Ilha Solteira Department of Biology and Zootechny São Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of Ilha Solteira, Monção Street, 226 Center of Biological and Health Sciences State University of Western Paraná (UNIOESTE) Campus of Cascavel, Universitária Street, 2069, Zip Code Coordination of Biological Sciences Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus of Dois Vizinhos, Boa Esperança, km 04 São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu Campus of Botucatu, Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin Street, 250 São Paulo State University (UNESP) Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (Zoology) Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu Campus of Botucatu, Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin Street, 250 School of Engineering of Ilha Solteira Department of Biology and Zootechny São Paulo State University (UNESP) Campus of Ilha Solteira, Monção Street, 226 São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu Campus of Botucatu, Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin Street, 250

A new species of Trichomycterus endemic to the Ribeira de Iguape River basin, southeastern Brazil, was studied based on morphological and molecular evidence. This species had an outer layer of coloration composed of scattered, round, black or dark-brown spots smaller or equivalent in size to the circumference of the eye; eight pectoral-fin rays; 28-29 opercular odontodes; 54-56 interopercular odontodes; and supraorbital line of the laterosensory system not interrupted, with pores s2 absent. Two other species of Trichomycterus from the Ribeira de Iguape River basin are recorded, and their taxonomic status is discussed: Trichomycterus alternatus and Trichomycterus jacupiranga were not differentiated using molecular analysis but may be consistently distinguished based on morphology. The phylogenetic relationships of the co-occurring species, T. alternatus and Cambeva zonata, were inferred using mitochondrial data, reinforcing the taxonomic status of these recently revised species that have a complex taxonomy. In addition, a new combination for Trichomycterus taroba with its inclusion in the genus Cambeva is recommended.

Aim The Pakaraima Mountains are an ancient mountain range along the borders of Guyana, Brazil, and Venezuela. The high plateau is drained by multiple river systems in all directions. Although hypotheses have been presented for the biogeographic relationships of lowland rivers, the interconnectivity of rivers on the top of the plateau is unknown. With multiple complex rivers in a small, upland area we predicted a high level of endemism for stream fishes and complex biogeographic relationships. We explore this with the incredibly diverse pencil catfish genus Trichomycterus. Only two species are known from the region. In this study, we 1) confirm the discovery of multiple endemic Trichomycterus species in the region, 2) determine the phylogenetic placement of our samples to posit biogeographical scenarios, and 3) provide clarification for the identification of T. guianensis based on morphology. Location Pakaraima Mountains, a part of the Guiana Shield in Guyana, South America Taxon Pencil catfish genus Trichomycterus Methods Using collections from recent expeditions to the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, we amplified three mitochondrial (16S, COI, and cytb) and two nuclear markers (myh6 and RAG2). We constructed individual gene trees as well as a concatenated tree to determine the placement of these taxa within the Trichomycterus of the Trans-andean/Amazonian clade. Results Our results identify six unique lineages in the highlands of Guyana. Only two species, Trichomycterus guianensis and T. conradi, were previously known to science. Main Conclusions The Pakaraima Mountains of South America are a region of high endemism, as demonstrated here in Trichomycterus catfishes. We find two species occupying multiple basins, suggesting that Pakaraima streams either maintain or had some degree of recent connectivity. We identify six endemic lineages of Trichomycterus from the highlands of the Pakaraima Mountains. The upper portions of the study rivers have been connected either through surface flow or by stream capture. Both processes have occurred on multiple time scales and are independent of the patterns seen in the lowlands.

Trichomycterus spectrum is described as a new species from the Alejo cave, drained by the Ranchería River basin, in La Guajira department, north-eastern Colombia, and is the first troglomorphic species described from this region. The new species shows an advanced degree of troglomorphisms expressed as eyes absent, long barbels and body depigmented. Trichomycterus spectrum is diagnosed by the putatively autapomorphic presence of a posterior process at the anterolateral corner of the epioccipital, and is also recognized by the derived presence of a circular foramen on the neural spine of the complex vertebra and the following posterior vertebra, and by the apomorphic presence of a well-developed coracoid bridge, distally expanded, and contacting or almost reaching the lateral margin of the cleithrum. The new species also shows the derived origin of the levator internus 4 on the dorsal surface of the posttemporo-supracleithrum that supports Trichomycterinae monophyly. We also propose a monophyletic subgroup provisionally within Trichomycterus, here named the Trichomycterus taenia species group, which includes species distributed in cis- and trans-Andean drainages in northern South America. The taxonomic status of several recently described nominal species from Colombia is discussed, with several synonymy proposals. RESUMEN: Trichomycterus spectrum es descrito como una especie nueva de la cueva de Alejo, drenada por la cuenca del río Ranchería, en el departamento de La Guajira, noreste de Colombia, y es la primera especie troglomórfica descrita para esta región. La especie nueva exhibe un grado avanzado de troglomorfismos expresado como ojos ausentes, barbillas largas y cuerpo depigmentado. Trichomycterus spectrum es diagnósticado por la presencia putativamente autapomórfica de un proceso posterior en la esquina anterolateral del epióticoy es reconocido también por la presencia derivada de un foramen circular en la espina neural de la vértebra compleja y de la vértebra posterior siguiente, y por la presencia apomórfica de un puente coracoideo bien desarrollado, expandido distalmente y contactando o muy próximo al margen lateral del cleitro. La especie nueva también posee el origen derivado del levator internus 4 sobre la superficie dorsal del posttemporo-supracleitro que soporta la monofilia de Trichomycterinae. También proponemos un subgrupo monofilético provisionalmente dentro de Trichomycterus, denominado aquí como el grupo de especies Trichomycterus taenia, el cual incluye especies distribuidas en cuencas cis y transandinas en el norte de Sudamérica. El estatus taxonómico de varias especies nominales recientemente descritas de Colombia es discutido, con varias propuestas de sinonimia.

This study is primarily directed to the most poorly known species of the genus Trichomycterus, comprising five nominal species (T. florensis, T. immaculatus, T. nigricans, T. paquequerensis and T. ...

A new species of Cambeva endemic to the Rio Ivaí basin, Upper Paraná basin, is described combining morphological and molecular data. This new species is distinguished from all congeners by characters related to the number of pectoral-fin rays, to the colour pattern of the dorsal and lateral surface of the body, to the presence of diffuse blotches in the ventral surface of body, to the presence of a pelvic-fin and pelvic girdle, to the number of odontodes in the inter-opercular and opercular patches, to the number of dorsal and ventral procurrent rays. In addition, the analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences identified a satisfactory genetic distance between this new species and its congeners. The new species from the Rio Ivaí reinforces its characteristics as an area of endemism for fishes in the Upper Rio Paraná basin.

Trichomycterus striatus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913). Middle American Pencil Catfish; Barbudo, Barbudito, Laucha, Babosa, Pez Gato L��piz. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from southern Costa Rica to eastern Panama, Atlantic and Pacific drainages; Costa Rica: Tr and Co (Pacific), 20��� 660 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1966: 210, as Pygidium septentrionale (Behre 1928) and Pygidium striatum ��� synonyms; brief description and information on distribution), Bussing (1987: 110; 1998: 159; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 993; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Angulo et al. (2018b: 530; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Angulo, A., Santos, A. C., Lopez, M., Langeani, F. & McMahan, C. D. (2018 b) A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a key to the lower Central American species of the genus. Journal of Fish Biology, 92 (6), 1866 - 1887. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 13626"]}

Across various animal groups, adaptation to the extreme conditions of cave environments has resulted in convergent evolution of morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. We document a Neotropical cave fish system with ample potential to study questions related to convergent adaptation to cave environments at the population level. In the karstic region of the Andes of Santander, Colombia, cave-dwelling catfishes in the genus Trichomycterus exhibit variable levels of reduction of eyes and body pigmentation relative to surface congeners. We tested whether cave-dwelling, eye reduced, depigmented Trichomycterus from separate caves in Santander were the result of a single event of cave colonization and subsequent dispersal, or of multiple colonizations to caves by surface ancestors followed by phenotypic convergence. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of Trichomycterus from Santander, we found that caves in this region have been colonized independently by two separate clades. Additional events of cave colonization -and possibly recolonization of surface streams- may have occurred in one of the clades, where surface and cave-dwelling populations exhibit shallow mtDNA differentiation, suggesting recent divergence or divergence in the face of gene flow. We also identified various taxonomic challenges including both a considerable number of potentially undescribed species and likely problems with the circumscription of named taxa. The system appears especially promising for studies on a wide range of ecological and evolutionary questions.

La Cuenca del Altiplano-Puna muestra un grupo particular de peces continentales, cuya diversidad biológica es aún poco conocida. Nuevos registros de especies de Trichomycterus son incorporados al listado de los peces que viven en la Puna Argentina: este es el primer registro de Trichomycterus rivulatus en Argentina, mientras T. roigi es registrado en seis arroyos de las provincias de Jujuy (Volcán Granada, Volcán Tuzgle, El Moreno, Cieneguillas y Santa Catalina) y de Salta (La Poma) en áreas de altura entre los 3000 a 4600 m s.n.m. y T. alterus entre los 2000 a 2400 m s.n.m. en tres localidades en la provincia de Catamarca (El Bolsón, Fiambalá y Chauschil). Actualmente los peces de la Puna están amenazados por salmónidos (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introducidos en 1960., The Altiplano-Puna Basin exhibits a particular group of freshwater fishes, being its biological diversity still unknown. News records of Trichomycterus species are herein added to the checklist of fishes living in the Puna of Argentina: This is the first record of Trichomycterus rivulatus in Argentina, while T. roigi is recorded in six streams of Jujuy province (Volcán Granada, Volcán Tuzgle, El Moreno, Cieneguillas, and Santa Catalina) and Salta province (La Poma) in high-elevation area between 3,000 to 4,600 m a.s.l., and T. alterus between 2,000 to 2,400 m a.s.l. at three localities of Catamarca province (El Bolsón, Fiambalá, and Chauschil). At present, Puna fishes are threatened by salmonids (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduced since 1960., Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet"

This work aimed to describe Cambeva cauim, sp. nov., endemic to the Rio Iguacu basin, Brazil and redescribe Cambeva stawiarski using external and internal morphological data through the revision of specimens deposited in fish collections including the type material. In this process, we have also added comments on the possible type locality of C. stawiarski. Cambeva cauim, sp. nov. and C. stawiarski are mainly diagnosed by the anatomy and number of procurrent caudal-fin rays in addition to colouration and several meristic and morphometric characters. Both species are compared with other possibly related species and their synapomorphic characters are discussed. Cambeva cauim, sp. nov. and C. stawiarski along with other eight congeners are endemic to the Rio Iguacu basin, a high impacted freshwater region which could be considered as a biodiversity hotspot to the genus.

Trichomycterus has been considered for a long time to be the most problematic genus of the diverse neotropical subfamily Trichomycterinae. Recently, Trichomycterus was restricted to a clade from eastern South America supported by molecular data, but no unique morphological character state was found to distinguish it, making it difficult to allocate new species based on morphology alone. The objectives of this study were to conduct an osteological comparative analysis comprising a large sample of valid species of Trichomycterus, to conduct a total evidence phylogenetic analysis, combining osteological characters and a multigene database, and to propose an intrageneric classification based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis. Fifty-two osteological characters were combined with a multigene molecular data set of 2974 bp for 44 species of Trichomycterus, and 21 outgroups generated a well-supported phylogenetic tree, making it possible to delimit and diagnose intrageneric lineages, of which six subgenera are recognized. The high morphological diversity of osteological structures herein first reported for Trichomycterus from eastern South America is possibly related to some ecological specializations. This study shows that osteological characters combined with molecular data may be useful to consistently delimit and distinguish between trichomycterines, shedding light on the still persistent problems in trichomycterine systematics.

Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) huacraensis infecting the catfish Trichomycterus spegazzinii from Escoipe River, Salta province (Argentina), is redescribed and genetically characterised for the first time, based on three genetic markers (nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [cox1] mtDNA). The phylogeny of Camallanidae was also discussed. Morphological evaluation of P. (S.) huacraensis using light and scanning electron microscopy revealed the previously undescribed features: location of deirids, accurate morphology of larvae (L1) and ovijector in females, as well as phasmids in males. Differences were found comparing the newly collected material and the type specimens, probably because the original description lacked detailing. Unfortunately, type specimens of P. (S.) huacraensis were no available for loan. The results of morphological and genetic analyses supported the validity of P. (S.) huacraensis. Inconsistencies regarding the taxonomic identification of species of Camallanidae in GenBank database were noted. Based on the current genetic database of Camallanidae, phylogenetic reconstructions using the 18S rRNA sequences were most consistent, due to the inclusion of higher number of taxa. Procamallanus (S.) huacraensis appeared as sister group of P. (S.) rarus, also isolated from a catfish in a neighbouring region. The order and habitat of hosts were also similar within some well-supported parasite lineages, but without common geographic origin. However, it is still premature to make definitive affirmations regarding the role of such features in the phylogenetic patterns of Camallanidae, given the scarcity of genetic data. The phylogenetic reconstructions also confirmed the artificiality of the morphology-based systematics of the family.

Our study analyzes the distribution of fish communities related to the environmental variables of the Alto Madre de Dios River, an Andean-Amazon watershed of southern Peru, between 300 and 2811 m a.s.l. within the Manu Biosphere Reserve. We provide new ecological and diversity data on fishes for these poorly studied rivers and new data for palm swamp habitats. With electric fishing techniques, we collected a total of 1934 fish specimens belonging to 78 species, 42 genera and 15 families. To assess main patterns of diversity we combined SIMPER and ANOSIM with canonical correspondence analysis to obtain an overview of the community structure of fish and their distribution related to aquatic habitats. Our results show an important shift on fish diversity at 700 m a.s.l. separating headwater and middle-lowland communities. Electrofishing was a hindrance due to the depth, flow and low conductivity of the rivers, but also allowed us to capture fish not observed with other techniques. We also compared the use of elevation with slope as an alternative variable for statistical analysis. Our results show that slope offers a solid and equivalent explanation for fish distribution variability, avoids redundance, and instead of giving geographical data offers ecologically solid information.

Nematomorpha Vejdovsky, 1886 includes most of its species in the taxon Gordiida, presenting a freshwater free-living adult and a parasitic larval stage that live in some aquatic invertebrates, amphibians and fish. Present results documented morphological characteristics of unencysted and encysted larvae of gordiids in the intestines of two new freshwater fish hosts, Aplochiton zebra Jenyns, 1842 (Osmeriformes, Galaxiidae) and Trichomycterus areolatus Valenciennes, 1846 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), in the south of Chile. El Phylum Nematomorpha Vejdovsky, 1886 incluye la mayoría de sus especies en el taxón Gordiida, incluyendo un estado adulto de vida libre dulceacuícola y un estado larvario parasítico que vive en algunos invertebrados acuáticos, anfibios y peces. Los resultados del presente estudio documentan las características morfológicas de larvas enquistadas y no enquistadas de gordiáceos en dos nuevos peces hospederos dulceacuícolas, Aplochiton zebra Jenyns, 1842 (Osmeriformes, Galaxiidae) y Trichomycterus areolatus Valenciennes, 1846 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), en el sur de Chile.

This paper reports on a new species of Trichomycterus from the Rio Doce basin. Unusually for new taxa in the genus during the past few decades, the new species is not narrowly endemic but instead widely distributed in its major drainage, the Rio Doce. The species has been collected and deposited in scientific collections for some years, but has been systematically misidentified as the more abundant Trichomycterus immaculatus or, to a lesser degree, as other morphologically similar species from south-eastern Brazil such as T. nigricans and T. pradensis. A combination of several morphological characteristics, such as vertebral number, pectoral-fin ray counts, pigmentation pattern and barcoding distance, were iteratively used and unambiguously distinguish the new species from all congeners. The present case reveals a pattern of diversity-discovery in which rare and narrowly endemic morphologically conspicuous species are discovered and described before visually inconspicuous taxa, even when the latter are more abundant and widespread. The morphological similarities among south-eastern Brazilian species with a uniform dark-grey color serve as basis for a brief discussion about the concepts of cryptic and pseudo-cryptic species in Trichomycterus and their consequences for potentially hidden diversity in the genus.

The Neotropical genus Scleronema is revised based on the re-examination of the type specimens and 1,713 newly collected specimens. Scleronema is diagnosed from other trichomycterids by the following unambiguous derived characters: fleshy flap at the base of the maxillary barbell; skin flap in the posterior margin of the opercle; articulation between the autopalatine and the vomer ventrally located, with the medial margins of the autopalatines very close to each other; and autopalatine with an interrupted or not interrupted ossified arch-shaped process on its dorsal surface forming a canal. Scleronema minutum and S. operculatum are redescribed, S. angustirostre is considered a junior synonym of S. minutum, and six new species are described. A lectotype is designated for Trichomycterus minutus. The type localities of S. angustirostre, S. minutum, and S. operculatum are reviewed in order to correct erroneous information cited in articles and catalogs subsequent to the original descriptions. Species of Scleronema are geographically distributed in the La Plata basin and Atlantic coastal drainages from Southern Brazil, Southern Paraguay, Northeastern Argentina and Uruguay. They inhabit rivers or streams with sand- or gravel-bottoms across the Pampa grasslands. We provide evidences to recognize two putative monophyletic units within the genus, namely the S. minutum species group and the S. operculatum species group, and discuss the distribution patterns of their species. RESUMO O gênero Neotropical Scleronema é revisado com base na análise do material-tipo e outros 1.713 espécimes recentemente coletados. Scleronema é diagnosticado de outros tricomicterídeos pelos seguintes caracteres derivados não ambíguos: aba de pele na base do barbilhão maxilar; aba de pele na margem posterior do opérculo; articulação entre o autopalatino e o vômer posicionada ventralmente, deixando as margens mediais dos autopalatinos muito próximas entre si; e o autopalatino com um processo com formato de arco na sua superfície dorsal. Scleronema minutum e S. operculatum são redescritas, S. angustirostre é considerada um sinônimo júnior de S. minutum e seis novas espécies são descritas. Um lectótipo é designado para S. minutum. As localidades-tipo de S. angustirostre, S. minutum e S. operculatum são revisadas com o intuito de corrigir informações errôneas citadas em artigos e catálogos após suas descrições. As espécies de Scleronema distribuem-se na bacia do rio da Plata e drenagens costeiras atlânticas no sul do Brasil, sul do Paraguai, nordeste da Argentina e Uruguai, habitando rios e riachos ao longo do Pampa com fundos de areia ou cascalho. Dois grupos de espécies supostamente monofiléticos, o grupo S. minutum e o grupo S. operculatum, são reconhecidos no gênero e os padrões de distribuição de suas espécies são discutidos.

The current analysis investigates whether the uplift of the Serra da Esperança and the Ponta Grossa Arch in the Serra Geral resulted in ichthyofaunistic changes in adjacent basins. For this, we describe the phylogeographic structure among populations of Trichomycterus collected in hydrographic basins in southern Brazil by using partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I. Analyses revealed that the nomenclature Trichomycterus davisi fails to contain the whole genetic diversity range found in the collected specimens and indicates at least six genetic lineages in Trichomycterus. Diagnostic morphological characteristics not associated to T. davisi could be identified in some specimens from the Iguaçu Piquiri haplogroup, indicating the occurrence of species Trichomycterus stawiarski. The lack of morphological differences among the other clades clearly suggests a cryptic species case. Molecular analyses revealed at least five new species besides T. davisi in the hydrographic basins and support the interpretation that genetic structure in T. davisi species complex is explained by tectonic events intrinsic to the areas of influence of Serra da Esperança and the Ponta Grossa Arch which occurred around 1.7 My.

A new species of troglomorphic catfish is described from de Gedania Cave, located in the middle Suárez River drainage, Magdalena River system, Colombia. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: reduction or loss of the cornea, reduction of eyes and skin pigmentation, very long nasal and maxillary barbels (maximum of 160% and 135% of HL, respectively), nine branched pectoral-fin rays, first unbranched ray of the pectoral fin prolonged as a long filament, reaching 80% of pectoral-fin length, anterior cranial fontanel connected with the posterior fontanel through an opening of variable length and width, first dorsalfin pterygiophore inserted between neural spines of free vertebra 13-14 and free vertebrae 33-34. The presence of troglomorphisms such as regression of the eyes, reduction of skin pigmentation and long barbels suggest the troglobitic status of this species. A comparative analysis with other species of Trichomycterus from epigean and hypogean environments is presented. Resumen Una nueva especie de bagre troglomorfo es descrito de la cueva de Gedania, cuenca media del río Suárez, sistema río Magdalena, Colombia. La nueva especie puede distinguirse de sus congéneres por la combinación de los caracteres de reducción o pérdida de la córnea, reducción de ojos y pigmentación de la piel, barbillas nasales y maxilares muy largas (máximo 160 % y 135 % de LC respectivamente), nueve radios ramificados de la aleta pectoral, primer radio simple de la aleta pectoral prolongado como un filamento largo, alcanzando 80 % de la longitud de la aleta pectoral, fontanela craneal anterior conectada con la fontanela posterior por una apertura de amplitud y longitud variable, primer pterigioforo de la aleta dorsal insertado entre la espina neural de la vértebra libre 13-14 y 33-34 vertebras libres. La presencia de características troglomorficas como la regresión de ojos y reducción de la pigmentación, así como barbillas largas sugieren el estatus troglobítico de la especie. Se presenta un análisis comparativo con otras especies de Trichomycterus de ambientes epigeos e hipogeos.

Trichomycterus rosablanca is described as a new troglobitic catfish species from caves in southeastern Santander, Colombia. These caves are drained by the Carare River of the Magdalena River basin. The new species is characterized by the advanced condition in the typical troglomorphisms found in other congeneric cave-dwelling species, such as absence of eyes and pigmentation. Trichomycterus rosablanca is diagnosed by the following putative autapomorphies: 1) presence of a circular foramen in the main body of the interopercle, dorsal to the interopercular plate supporting the odontodes, and 2) presence of a single sensory pore in the posteriormost section of the infraorbital canal. Trichomycterus rosablanca can be distinguished from all known Trichomycterus species from Colombia by having the supraorbital canal interrupted in the nasal section, resulting in the pattern of s1, s2, s3, and s6 sensory pores, and the lachrimal/antorbital bone not enclosing the anteriormost section of the infraorbital canal. The genetic distinctiveness of Trichomycterus rosablanca is confirmed by GMYC and genetic distance method analyses of the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene sequence. The description of this species places Colombia as the second most diverse country in the continent in terms of number of cave fish species and calls the attention on the conservation efforts needed to guarantee the permanence of this remarkable diversity of hypogean fishes. Resumen Se describe Trichomycterus rosablanca, una especie nueva de bagre troglobio de cuevas en el suroriente de Santander, Colombia. Estas cuevas son drenadas por el río Carare, de la cuenca del río Magdalena. La especie nueva se caracteriza por la condición avanzada en los troglomorfismos típicos encontrados en otros congéneres habitantes de cuevas, como ausencia de ojos y pigmentación. Trichomycterus rosablanca es diagnosticado por las siguientes autapomorfías putativas: 1) presencia de un foramen circular en el cuerpo principal del interopérculo, dorsal a la placa interopercular soportando los odontodes, y 2) presencia de un único poro sensorial en la sección más posterior del canal infraorbital. Trichomycterus rosablanca puede ser distinguida de todas las especies conocidas de Trichomycterus de Colombia por tener el canal supraorbital interrumpido en la sección nasal, resultando en el patrón de poros sensoriales s1, s2, s3 y s6 y el hueso lacrimal/antorbital no encerrando la sección más anterior del canal infraorbital. La identidad genética de Trichomycterus rosablanca es confirmada por análisis GMYC y de distancia genética de la secuencia génica de la subunidad I de la citocromo C oxidasa. La descripción de esta especie ubica a Colombia como el segundo país más diverso en el continente en términos del número de especies de peces cavernícolas y llama la atención sobre los esfuerzos de conservación necesarios para garantizar la permanencia de esta extraordinaria diversidad de peces hipogeos.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:48:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-10-01 Trichomycteridae is the second most diverse family of the order Siluriformes, its members are widely distributed through the freshwaters of Central and South America, exhibiting an exceptional ecological and phenotypic disparity. The most diverse subfamily, Trichomycterinae, represented mainly by the genus Trichomycterus, historically has been recognized as non-monophyletic and various characters used to unite or divide its constituents are repeatedly called into question. No comprehensive molecular phylogenetic hypothesis regarding relationships of trichomycterids has been produced, and the present study is the first extensive phylogeny for the family Trichomycteridae, based on a multilocus dataset of three mitochondrial loci and two nuclear markers (3284 bp total). Our analysis has the most comprehensive taxon-sampling of the Trichomycteridae published so far, including members of all subfamilies and a vast representation of Trichomycterus diversity. Analysis of these data showed a phylogenetic hypothesis with broad agreement between the Bayesian (BI) and maximum-likelihood (ML) trees. The results provided overwhelming support for the monophyletic status of Copionodontinae, Stegophilinae, Trichomycterinae, and Vandelliinae, but not Sarcoglanidinae and Glanapteryginae. A major feature of our results is the support to the current conceptualization of Trichomycterinae, which includes Ituglanis and Scleronema and excludes the “Trichomycterus” hasemani group. Divergence time analysis based on DNA substitution rates suggested a Lower Cretaceous origin of the family and the divergence events at subfamilial level shaped by Paleogene events in the geohistory of South America. This hypothesis lays a foundation for an array of future studies of evolution and biogeography of the family. Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Biociências UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leiva The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University – ANSP Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo – MZUSP Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Biociências UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho”

New records of two Trichomycterus species are herein added to the existing checklist of catfishes living at elevations above 3,000 m in the Andes of South America. Trichomycterus alterus and T. corduvensis are recorded at 3,430 m above sea level from the High Andean Plateau (or Puna) in a stream near Antofagasta de la Sierra, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. Morphometric and meristic data of examined specimens are included. Fil: Fernandez, Luis Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; Argentina. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina Fil: Andreoli Bize, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra Diversidad Animal II; Argentina

A new species of Trichomycterus is described from rocky and psammic sectors near the main channel of the middle and upper Rio Doce basin in Southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus astromycterus n. sp., is distinguished from all congeners by a number of autapomorphic characters, such as the distally expanded maxilla; the short and thick mesethmoid cornua; and the elongated anterior process of the vomer. Additional characters (short barbels, large head, 33 vertebrae, ii+8 or ii+9 dorsal-fin rays, nine dorsal-fin pterygiophores, markedly enlarged lips, narrow caudal peduncle, bilobed caudal fin with the lower lobe longer than the upper one) also distinguish the new species from all its congeners in Southeastern Brazil and from most congeners anywhere. Examination of internal anatomy reveals that T. astromycterus shares some intriguing characteristics with the austral genus Bullockia Arratia et al., 1978. However, the phylogenetic significance of such similarities is still uncertain and will require further comparative study. For this reason, the new species is provisionally included in the all-encompassing genus Trichomycterus. An osteological description is presented on the basis of CT-scan imaging and cleared and stained specimens.

AimThe Pakaraima Mountains are an ancient mountain range along the borders of Guyana, Brazil, and Venezuela. The high plateau is drained by multiple river systems in all directions. Although hypotheses have been presented for the biogeographic relationships of lowland rivers, the interconnectivity of rivers on the top of the plateau is unknown. With multiple complex rivers in a small, upland area we predicted a high level of endemism for stream fishes and complex biogeographic relationships. We explore this with the incredibly diverse pencil catfish genusTrichomycterus. Only two species are known from the region. In this study, we 1) confirm the discovery of multiple endemicTrichomycterusspecies in the region, 2) determine the phylogenetic placement of our samples to posit biogeographical scenarios, and 3) provide clarification for the identification ofT. guianensisbased on morphology.LocationPakaraima Mountains, a part of the Guiana Shield in Guyana, South AmericaTaxonPencil catfish genusTrichomycterusMethodsUsing collections from recent expeditions to the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, we amplified three mitochondrial (16S, COI, and cytb) and two nuclear markers (myh6 and RAG2). We constructed individual gene trees as well as a concatenated tree to determine the placement of these taxa within theTrichomycterusof the Trans-andean/Amazonian clade.ResultsOur results identify six unique lineages in the highlands of Guyana. Only two species,Trichomycterus guianensisandT. conradi, were previously known to science.Main ConclusionsThe Pakaraima Mountains of South America are a region of high endemism, as demonstrated here inTrichomycteruscatfishes. We find two species occupying multiple basins, suggesting that Pakaraima streams either maintain or had some degree of recent connectivity. We identify six endemic lineages ofTrichomycterusfrom the highlands of the Pakaraima Mountains. The upper portions of the study rivers have been connected either through surface flow or by stream capture. Both processes have occurred on multiple time scales and are independent of the patterns seen in the lowlands.

The trichomycterid catfish species Trichomycterus alternatus (Eigenmann, 1917) and Trichomycterus zonatus (Eigenmann, 1918) are reportedly among the most pervasive species in mid- to high-elevation coastal streams of Southeastern Brazil. Despite their apparent abundance and ecological ubiquity, the applicability of their names is still uncertain. Examination of the type material of the two species reveals that part of the confusion stems from a mixing of species in the T. zonatus type series. Other issues relate to reports of character conditions in the respective species that do not actually correspond to the situation in their type specimens. Such situation triggered a long-lasting chain of taxonomic misinterpretations and erroneous identification protocols and traditions so that even the taxonomic distinctiveness of the two species is nebulous. That situation is disentangled in detail on the basis of new information on the holotypes and remaining type specimens of each species by classical and new (stereo triplet radiography) morphology analyses for data acquisition. Results show that the type specimens of T. alternatus and T. zonatus differ pronouncedly in several traits of internal and external morphology and represent markedly distinct taxa. The latter species does not correspond to most identifications in the literature and is, in fact, endemic to the region of its type locality. We also clarify and map the reported localities of the type material and offer comments on the validity of T. alternatus and T. zonatus, along with that of possibly related forms.

The high subterranean biodiversity in South America is partially due to the epigean megadiversity as a source of potential colonizers. In tropical forests and areas subject to accentuated climatic fluctuations with flash floods during the rainy season, the plentiful input of nutrients carried by water and/or trogloxenes result in rich communities. Several genera are widely distributed, such as Plato, Loxosceles, Endecous, among terrestrial invertebrates, Trichomycterus and Hyallela among aquatic organisms. Certain taxa are typical of tropical caves, such as scorpions, amblypygids, agoristenid and stygnidae harvestmen, and cockroaches. In contrast, Aegla anomurans are restricted to subtropical and temperate areas, and Triaenonychidae harvestmen and rhaphidophorid crickets only occur in Patagonia. Some other taxa are typical of NW South America, as guacharos, pseudothelphusid crabs and chactid scorpions. Relicts include the silverfish Cubacubana, Pseudochiridiidae, pseudoscorpions, and the harvestman Picunchenops spelaeus, from semiarid areas, the speleogriphacean Potiicoara brasiliensis, the amphipod Megadiella azul and the planarian Girardia multidiverculata, from SW Brazil, and amphipods Speleaogammarus, from NE Brazil.

Summary Here the length–weight relationships (LWR, hereafter) of Pareiorhina pelicicei, Trichomycterus candidus, T. pirabitira, and T. piratymbara are provided. Samples of each species were collected between April and July 2017 with a hand net (1.5 mm mesh) in three sites from the upper Parana River basin, Southeastern Brazil. These results increase knowledge about the LWR of Neotropical freshwater fish.