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Production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of the modes of actions of Trichoderma spp. They inhibit pathogenic fungi/bacteria, promote plant growth, and also affect interactions of plants with pathogens. However, the study of VOCs emitted by Trichoderma species associated with olive roots and its benefits are still limited. In the present study, two strains of Trichoderma collected from olive grove soil were evaluated for their antagonistic activity against five strains of Verticillium dahliae named (Vd1 to Vd5) by indirect confrontation assay. In addition, identification and quantification of volatile compounds produced by each strain were assessed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The extraction of metabolites was performed from filtrates using liquid–liquid extraction. Extracts obtained were taken for analysis through GC–MS. Results of indirect confrontation assay showed a high inhibitory activity against V.dahliae. Trichoderma asperellum (T4) and Trichoderma harzianum (T12) exhibited an average inhibition rate of 64.49% and 61.59% respectively. Besides, 98 volatile compounds were detected through GC–MS analysis, including important volatile compounds with antifungal activities, such as D-limonene, octadecanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, toluene, phenylethyl alcohol, benzene derivatives, several phenolic isomers, citral, eicosane and 13-docosenamide. Other volatile compounds revealed antibacterial activity, providing growth promotion, or antioxidant activity, such as oleic acid. Importantly, 7-epi-nemorosone was detected for the first time as new molecule produced by Trichoderma harzianum (T12). This molecule provides anticancer and antioxidant activity. Overall, these strains with various activities are considered as excellent source for discovery of bioactive molecules with eventual application in different biological fields. However, they could be beneficial mainly for suppressing plant pathogens and stimulation of plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green mould contamination causes a significant challenge to mushroom growers in Malaysia leading to reduced yields and economic losses in the widely cultivated and marketed edible grey oyster mushroom, Pleurotus pulmanorius. This study aimed to identify the causal agents of green mould contaminants and determine the critical points in the cultivation process in the farm that contribute to green mould contamination. Samples of mushroom substrate (sawdust), spawn substrate (corn), environmental sources and tools were collected at different stages of mushroom cultivation. As results, the causal agents of green mould contamination were identified as Trichoderma pleuroti , T. harzianum and T. ghanese. Prior to steam pasteurisation and after steam pasteurisation, the spawn substrate and mushroom substrate were found to be free of Trichoderma. However, Trichoderma was detected in water, air within the production house and on cleaning tools. This findings suggests that water could serve as the source of green mould introduction in mushroom farms, while cultivation practices such as watering and scratching during the harvesting cycle may contribute to adverse green mould. Understanding these critical points and causal agents provides information to mitigate the green mould contamination throughout the grey oyster mushroom cultivation process. [Display omitted] • Pleurotus mushroom cultivation in Malaysia faces contamination by green mould. • T. pleuroti is the main causal agent followed by T. harzianum and T. ghanense. • Water is the primary source followed by air inside the production house. • Watering is one of critical points in mushroom cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los microorganismos antagónicos representan una alternativa para el manejo de la roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Broome), enfermedad de importancia económica en los cafetales nicaragüenses. Con el objetivo de evaluar diferentes alternativas de manejo biológico para esta enfermedad, en el municipio de San Lucas, Madriz, Nicaragua, se estableció un experimento con medidas repetidas en el tiempo con submuestreos, en una plantación de café de ocho años, variedad caturra con presencia de roya; los tratamientos evaluados fueron: 1) Lecanicillium spp, 2) Trichoderma spp, 3) Bacillus subtilis (Serenade® ASO), 4) Azoxistrobina + Cyproconazole (Amistar Xtra®), y 5) Testigo absoluto (sin aplicación); las variables evaluadas fueron número de hojas totales, número de hojas sanas, incidencia (%) y severidad (%). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y separación de medias por Tukey con 95 % de confiabilidad. Las aplicaciones y muestreos se realizaron aproximadamente cada 15 días. El tratamiento Amistar Xtra® presentó los valores más bajos de incidencia y severidad de la roya del café; sin embargo, el mejor producto biológico fue Lecanicillium spp, registrando los niveles más bajos de incidencia (15.76 %) y severidad (11.33 %) en la última fecha de muestreo, en relación con el resto de los productos biológicos a partir de la quinta aplicación, la incidencia disminuyó en 74 % y la severidad en 66 % respecto a la última fecha de muestreo, representando una alternativa biológica para el manejo de la roya del café.

This study aimed to examine the effect of co-cultured consortium of four Trichoderma spp., including T. asperellum, T. koningii, T. polysporum and T. gamsii on Pythium root rot of greenhouse cucumbers grown in rockwool hydroponic culture. Experiments were carried out: (1) in experimental hydroponic system constructed with reused rockwool slabs “naturally” infested with Pythium spp. and additionally inoculated with P. aphanidermatum, P. ultimum, Pythium groups G and F; and (2) in commercial greenhouse wherein cucumber plants (c. Boncanale) were grown in reused Pythium infested rockwool system. The bioagents were co-produced on autoclaved barley grain. The abundant spore mass was suspended in ready-to-use fertigation solution, filtered twice and adjusted to 5.0-7.5 x 107 spores ml-1. 150 ml of this solution were applied to the roots of treated plants zero, once, twice or three times. Treatments were performed manually in the experimentally constructed system starting at day 7th after sowing and followed at intervals of 14 days, or through the dripping irrigation system in the commercial greenhouse where the first treatment was performed immediately after planting while next two followed at 30 days intervals. Significant reduction in disease incidence was achieved through two or three subsequent treatments: total numbers of wilted and dead plants were reduced by 50% and 73%, respectively, in the experimental system, and by 60% and 40% in the commercially conducted experiments. This study suggests innovative biocontrol approach using preparation of multicomponent bioagent spore suspension directly in the fertigation solution, and application to the plants through dripping irrigation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Chickpea wilt complex caused by several soil-borne pathogens is a serious biotic constraint for chickpea production. Methods: To find out the effective management of the disease through seed biopriming and soil application of biocontrol agents under in vivo and in vitro conditions experiments were carried out during rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. Result: Seed biopriming showed a positive impact producing vigorous plant shoot and root system, besides disease control during in vitro conditions. While under in vivo conditions, the pooled results of two years revealed that seed biopriming for 10 h with the suspension of talc-based formulation (2 x 108 CFU/g) of Trichoderma viride or T. asperellum @ 50 g in 250 ml of water/kg of seed followed by soil application of T. viride or T. asperellum enriched FYM (10g/kg FYM) @ 100 g/m2 of soil found significant for the disease management as well as higher yield. The seed biopriming alone control the disease in the range of 23-34% and increased the yield of chickpea by 23-29%. However, combined applications of seed biopriming as well as soil application significantly control the disease in the range of 51-70% and increased the grain yield by 41-51% over untreated control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizoctonia solani is a plant pathogenic fungus that significantly reduces the productivity and establishment of several significant food crops worldwide. Currently, very limited curative treatment is available to treat damping off, stem lesions, stem rot, root rot, crown rot, and aerial web blighting symptoms caused by R. solani. Trichoderma has attained immense importance in the last few decades due to its biological control ability against several phytopathogens. The present study was undertaken to find out the antagonist potential of different Trichoderma spp., isolated from forest soils of central India, against R. solani under invitro conditions. Rhizosphere soil samples from Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh Forest divisions were collected randomly and screened for the presence of Trichoderma. Isolates were identified morphologically using a Leica Microscope and molecularly through internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Invitro antagonistic activity in different Trichoderma isolates was performed against R. solani followed by dual culture method. The results revealed that all Trichoderma isolates are fast-growing and have the ability to inhibit the growth of R. solani. One of the isolates Trichoderma cf. longibrachiatum (isolate number: TD14) showed the maximum inhibition (56.25%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cedarwood lignivorous fungi cause significant damage to cedar groves. In Morocco, the losses of cedar wood are estimated at more than 30% due to these fungi, which cause two primary diseases known as M'jej and Saboune. In this study, we are interested in the isolation and molecular identification of parasitic fungi and trichoderma species in the cedar groves of Tazekka National Park and Azrou forest, as well as the biological control of these lignivorous fungi by Trichoderma species. The molecular characterization identified three phytopathogenic fungi: Paecilomyces maximus, Pleurostoma richardsiae, and Alternaria tenuissima. Under in vitro conditions, Trichoderma species (Trichoderma lixii, Trichoderma simmonsii, and Trichoderma viridescens) were more effective. They significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of the studied pathogens through the production of volatile metabolites and mycoparasitic capacity. A maximum percentage exceeding 73 % was recorded. In addition, the direct confrontation tests showed a great capacity of Trichoderma isolates to colonize the medium in competition with the pathogenic fungi, with colonization percentages that reached 81.25 %. In general, Trichoderma agents significantly inhibited the growth of pathogens through various inhibition mechanisms, including colonization of the space, mycoparasitism, or the production of volatile or diffusible metabolites. An in-vivo study is recommended to take advantage of this ecological biocontrol solution.

Four legume crops, viz., groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) of Kharif season, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and lentil (Lens esculentum L.) of Rabi season belonging to family Fabaceae were taken for investigation of seed-borne mycoflora. Since these are severely affected by many plant-pathogenic fungi at various stages of the whole life cycle, they were chosen for the study. Many post-harvest fungal pathogens cause severe loss by contaminating the grains with various mycotoxins and also deteriorate the nutritional quality of grains. The goal of any agricultural system is to increase the yield of crops as per the population demand. Various eco-friendly management practices were performed on highly mycotoxin-producing isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. niger isolated from these grains. Four Trichoderma isolates (T1, T2, T3, and T4) were used as a biocontrol agent in the dual culture method to check antagonism between various Aspergillus isolates and Trichoderma isolates. It gave a satisfactory result in controlling mycelial growth. Achyranthes aspera leaf and stem phytoextract (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) was used as a botanical treatment in the well diffusion method, which successfully restricts the Aspergillus spp. mycelial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment entitled "Studies on the management of rice diseases through local isolates of Trichoderma spp." was conducted during 2022-23 to evaluate the effect of local isolates of Trichoderma spp. to control the Sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) and Brown spot (Helminthosporium oryzae) disease of rice. Trichoderma species had a significant effect on controlling radial growths of Sheath blight and Brown spot disease of rice. Trichoderma isolate S-8 and S-10 (98.10%) significantly inhibited the radial growth of Sheath blight at 96 hours and it was on par with S-5 (97.47%). Trichoderma isolates S-8 and S-10 (98.10%) are very effective for the management of Sheath blight diseases of rice and S-6, S-7, S-9, and S-10 (95.80%) are effective for the management Brown spot disease of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of biostimulants is associated with promoting plant growth by stimulating cell division and improving nutrient availability and uptake. A study was conducted at the University of Debrecen, Hungary, to examine the effect of biostimulants on alfalfa growth, chlorophyll content and fresh herbage yield. The experiment was arranged in a randomised complete block design with three biostimulant treatments plus control replicated three times. Data collected were subjected to analyses of variance using Genstat, where significantly different means were separated at a probability of 5% using the least significant difference. The findings show no different variation in plant height or chlorophyll content (SPAD) throughout the early stages of growth. Nonetheless, a notable impact was noted in the latter stages (28 days after biostimulant treatment application) on the growth of the alfalfa plant. Biostimulant treatments did not had effect on fresh yield for second through fourth cuts, but the fifth cut showed a significant effect, with T1 treatment recording the highest herbage yield of 19745 kg ha-1 followed by T2 (Tricho Immun plus Ino Green) and T3 (Tricho Immun), with yields of 19528 kg ha-1 and 17273 kg ha-1, respectively, while the T0 (control) recorded the lowest herbage yield of 12060 kg ha-1. However, the average mean yield indicated the application of biostimulants significantly increased fresh yield herbage by 20.5%. Correlation coefficient values suggested plant height at both 14 and 28 DAH (days after harvest) strongly correlated with fresh herbage yield (r = 0.7756 and 0.7455) which reflected in the increase in fresh herbage yield. Therefore, our results suggest that the use of biostimulants in alfalfa cultivation holds promise for improving growth and yield potential through their positive effects on chlorophyll content and the growth of alfalfa plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectobacteriaceae are plant pathogens responsible for serious diseases on many crops of interest including potato. Currently, regarding the several disadvantages of conventional control by chemicals, the application of bio-agents as alternatives is increasingly being explored. The present investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the fungal strain Trichoderma asperellum T34 as an antagonist against phytopathogen Dickeya solani on tubers of three potato varieties (Agata, Monalisa, and Picobello). For this, half-tubers were inoculated by T34 suspension with concentrations of 103 and 105 cells mL−1 at 6, 9, and 12 h before bacterial infection (D. solani at concentrations of 107 and 108 cfu mL−1). The results of infection assays without the antagonist indicated that Picobello variety was the least sensitive to soft rot, Monalisa and Agata varieties showed medium and high sensitivity, respectively. The antagonism assays revealed strong antibacterial activities, manifested by the regression of softened tissues gradually with the time of preincubation with T34, leading to a complete disappearance of disease symptoms using 12 h. Hence, the application of antagonistic Trichoderma strains as antimicrobial agents in the control of harmful plant pathogens is a subject of great interest and can be considered a promising strategy to handle soft rot diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three native Trichoderma isolates, Trichoderma koningii (OP050066), Trichoderma harzianum (OP050067), and Trichoderma viride (OP050068) selected of fourteen different native Trichoderma spp. isolated from rhizosphere of healthy soybean fields in Al-Baha region (Baljurashi Province) Saudi Arabia, were evaluated in-Vitro and under greenhouse conditions against the soil-borne fungi Rhizoctonia solani (OQ345525), Fusarium solani (OQ345527) and Fusarium oxysporum (OQ345526) isolated from soybean plants in the same region. The three tested Trichoderma isolates significantly inhibiting the mycelial growth of the three selected pathogens R. solani, F. solani and F. oxysporum in-Vitro and reduced the percentages of pre- and post-emergence damping-off caused by the three tested pathogenic fungi with significant increase of the survived soybean plants under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, activities of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and chitinase oxidative enzymes of the treated plants were increased over the untreated control. The obtained results revealed the possibility of using that native Trichoderma isolate of soybean root disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overuse of agrochemicals and development of pesticide resistance in plant pathogens is a main challenge in conventional agriculture. The use of biopesticides based on natural substances is recognized as an effective alternative of conventional pesticides. Besides the beneficial microorganisms, some plant species can be a source of microbiologically active compounds. Among the most promising are Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum, Centaurea finazzeri, Achillea crithmifolia, Artemisia spp, Thymus pulegioides, Tanacetum parthenium, Clinopodium vulgare, Salvia sclarea, Lavandula officinalis and Mentha piperita. The filamentous fungi from genus Trichoderma are some of the most studied biocontrol agents because of their versatile mode of action. They employ several different strategies to combat plant pathogens, like direct mycoparasitism, production of enzymes and antibiotic substances, competition, ability to induce resistance in plants to a variety of stresses. Cost-effective cultivation and mass production of Trichoderma sp. biomass and formulations will allow utilization of locally available low-cost materials, such as different wastes and by-products that could be used as a growth substrate for production of adequate biomass containing effective propagules with or without minimal adjustments to the composition of cultivation media. This review outlines the two major mass production methods - solid and liquid state fermentation of Trichoderma spp. The possibilities for development of novel products for the bioindustry are highlighted.

در پژوهش حاضر، توانایی بازدارندگی از رشد میسلیومی پنج اسانس گیاهی آویشن ‏شیرازی، پونه کوهی، ترخون و دو گونه اسطوخودوس بر علیه جدایه‌های شش گونه مهم بیماریزای Fusarium شاملFusarium graminearum UM29 ، F. graminearum UM89، F. verticillioides، F. brasilicum، F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis و F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici و دو قارچ آنتاگونیست Trichoderma harzianum و T. viride، در پنج غلظت (75، 150، 300، 600 و 1000 میکرولیتر بر لیتر) به روش اختلاط با محیط کشت PDA مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. اجزای شیمیایی اسانس­ ها با استفاده از دستگاه GC-MS مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. همچنین تأثیر بازدارندگی از رشد گونه‌های Trichoderma harzianum T447 و T. viride T125 به دو روش کشت متقابل و اثر ترکیبات فرّار آنها بررسی شد. نتایج آنالیز GC-MS نشان داد که تیمول و کارواکرول، ترکیبات اصلی اسانس آویشن شیرازی و نپتالاکتون و 1،8-سینئول ترکیبات اصلی پونه کوهی محسوب می‏ شوند. اسانس آویشن شیرازی در غلظت 300 میکرولیتر بر لیتر، رشد میسلیومی اغلب گونه­ هایFusarium مورد بررسی را به طور کامل مهار نمود. نتیجه آزمایشات کشت متقابل تیمار‌ها نشان داد بیشـترین درصد بازدارندگی در تعامل بین جدایه T. viride و قارچ بیمـاری‏زای F. brasilicum با میانگین 78/64 درصد و کمترین مقدار آن در تعامل بین جدایه T. harzianum و قارچ‌ بیماریزای F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici با میـانگین 52/36 درصد می­ باشد. با توجه به نتایج تحقیق حاضر، اسانس آویشن شیرازی و T. harzianum T447 و T. viride T125 پتانسیل بالایی در بازداری از رشد میسلیومی قارچ­ های مورد بررسی از جنس Fusarium داشتند. ارزیابی­ های گلخانه­ای و مزرعه ­ای جهت بررسی کارایی آنها در کنترل این بیماگرها ضروری می­ باشد.

All fungi emit mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during growth. The qualitative and quantitative composition of these volatile mixtures vary with the species of fungus, the age of the fungus, and the environmental parameters attending growth. In nature, fungal VOCs are found as combinations of alcohols, aldehydes, acids, ethers, esters, ketones, terpenes, thiols and their derivatives, and are responsible for the characteristic odors associated with molds, mushrooms and yeasts. One of the single most common fungal volatiles is 1-octen-3-ol also known as "mushroom alcohol" or "matsutake alcohol." Many volatiles, including 1-octen-3-ol, serve as communication agents and display biological activity as germination inhibitors, plant growth retardants or promoters, and as semiochemicals ("infochemicals") in interactions with arthropods. Volatiles are understudied and underappreciated elements of the chemical lives of fungi. This review gives a brief introduction to fungal volatiles in hopes of raising awareness of the physiological importance of these gas phase fungal metabolites to encourage mycologists and other biologists to stop "throwing away the head space." • Filamentous fungi and yeasts are prolific producers of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). • Fungal VOCs are responsible for the characteristic odors associated with molds, mushrooms, and yeasts. • Molds growing in water damaged buildings release VOCs that may cause risks to human health. • Fungal VOCs can affect plant growth in positive and negative ways. • Trichoderma VOCs inhibit the growth of certain plant-pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal and aromatic plants are valuable sources of herbal products worldwide due to their secondary metabolite content, high antioxidant activities and many other biological activities. As a result of the developing technology, the demand for natural active substances obtained from plants has increased. For use, plants collected from nature do not have the desired quality standards. For this reason, sustainability can be achieved by using microbial inoculants as well as many biotechnological and molecular approaches such as micro propagation, synthetic seed technology to increase the yield and quality standards of medicinal and aromatic plants. Thanks to microbial inoculants, yield increase can be realized and at the same time, product quality can be contributed due to increased soil quality. In this review, it was aimed to evaluate the important roles of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Arbiscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma inoculants in increasing productivity, nutrient uptake and resistance of medicinal and aromatic plants to environmental stresses in the light of literature. In this review, the variation in the resistance of plants to environmental stresses is summarized by evaluating the ultimate effects of microbial inoculants alone and in combination. In addition, it has been added to the evaluation in studies to prevent the decrease of secondary metabolite content formed under environmental stress conditions in medicinal and aromatic plants by microorganisms.

The overuse of agrochemicals and development of pesticide resistance in plant pathogens is a main challenge in conventional agriculture. The use of biopesticides based on natural substances is recognized as an effective alternative of conventional pesticides. Besides the beneficial microorganisms, some plant species can be a source of microbiologically active compounds. Among the most promising are Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum, Centaurea finazzeri, Achillea crithmifolia, Artemisia spp, Thymus pulegioides, Tanacetum parthenium, Clinopodium vulgare, Salvia sclarea, Lavandula officinalis and Mentha piperita. The filamentous fungi from genus Trichoderma are some of the most studied biocontrol agents because of their versatile mode of action. They employ several different strategies to combat plant pathogens, like direct mycoparasitism, production of enzymes and antibiotic substances, competition, ability to induce resistance in plants to a variety of stresses. Cost-effective cultivation and mass production of Trichoderma sp. biomass and formulations will allow utilization of locally available low-cost materials, such as different wastes and by-products that could be used as a growth substrate for production of adequate biomass containing effective propagules with or without minimal adjustments to the composition of cultivation media. This review outlines the two major mass production methods - solid and liquid state fermentation of Trichoderma spp. The possibilities for development of novel products for the bioindustry are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have reported the deleterious effects of excessive salt stress on Triticum aestivum L. seedlings. Seed pretreatment with exogenous salicylic acid (SA) enhances plants to tolerate salt stress. Herein, the present study aims to investigate the potential of plant-growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TG1) to increase the plant growth and enhance the salicylic acid (SA) contents and antioxidants activity in wheat seedlings under different concentrations of salt stress. Wheat seeds were pretreated in TG1 spore suspension before exposure to different salt stresses. Compared with 0, 50, 100, 150 salt stresses, the TG1 and NaCl increased the wheat seeds germination rate, germination potential and germination index significantly; the shoot height and root length were increased by an average of 39.45% and 29.73%, respectively. Compared to NaCl stress across the four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM), the TG1 treated wheat seedlings increased SA concentration and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) by an average of 55.87% and 24.10% respectively. In addition, the TG1+NaCl-treated seedlings increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the shoot by an average of 47.68%, 23.68%, and 38.65% respectively compared to NaClstressed seedlings. Significantly, the genes, SOD, CAT, and POD were relatively upregulated in the salt-tolerant TG1-treated seedlings at all NaCl concentrations in comparison to the control. Wheat seedlings treated with TG1+NaCl increased the transcript levels of SOD, POD and CAT by 1.35, 1.85 and 1.04-fold at 50 mM NaCl concentration, respectively, compared with 0 mM NaCl concentration. Our results indicated that seeds pretreatment with TG1 could increase endogenous SA of plants and promote seedling growth under salt stress by improving enzymatic antioxidant activities and gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. Trichoderma spp. posee varios mecanismos para ayudar con la promoción del crecimiento de las plantas: síntesis de fitohormonas, producción de vitaminas, solubilización de nutrientes, aumento de la captación y translocación de nutrientes, mayor desarrollo de la raíz y aumentos en la tasa metabólica. Objetivo. Evaluar la promoción del crecimiento de las plantas de tomate inoculadas con cepas nativas e importadas de Trichoderma spp. tanto a nivel de invernadero como en campo. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo se realizó en invernadero y campo en setiembre del 2018, el suelo estaba infestado con Fusarium oxysporum. Se utilizaron cepas de Trichoderma spp., aisladas de productos comerciales (THU-01 y THC-02) y 2 cepas nativas (THM-03 y THM-04), se aplicaron los tratamientos con una concentración de 12 x 109 esporas.mL-1 tanto a nivel de invernadero en maceteras y en campo, con un tratamiento testigo que era sin Trichoderma. En ambos experimentos se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con 5 repeticiones por tratamientos. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: a) altura (cm), b) longitud de raíz (cm), c) biomasa seca (g) y d) número de hojas. Resultados. Las plantas de tomate inoculadas con las diferentes cepas de Trichoderma spp., presentaron mayor cantidad de hojas, longitud de raíz, altura y biomasa. Las cepas T. asperellum y T. asperelloides fueron las que presentaron valores significativamente mayores en la mayoría de las variables evaluadas. Conclusión. Existen cepas nativas de la especie de Trichoderma que promueven el crecimiento vegetal de las plantas de tomate como llevar a mayor acumulación de biomasa, incremento de la altura, más longitud de raíz y número de hojas tanto a nivel de invernadero como en campo; donde la mejor fue la especie de T. asperrellum (nativa); no obstante, se obtuvieron resultados similares con la especie importada T. asperelloides.

The study aimed to isolate the pathogen of eucalyptus trees scattered in various locations of Anbar University and some of the groves of the city of Ramadi and the surrounding areas that were marked by signs of wilting stems and branches that showed soot deposits. The effect of Trichoderma spp fungi isolated 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days from cuddling was tested, as examination results showed non-inhibiting ratios for both collection dates 10 days and 15 days. The percentages were 0% for both previous collection dates. The results of collection dates after 20 days of the higher vaccine gave an effect in Inhibiting the growth of pathogenic mushrooms H. toluroidea As the percentage of inhibition reached 73% the result showed to examine the effect of mixing between products of secondary metabolism of the fungus Trichoderma spp isolated after 20 days from brood and some of the antioxidants, which reached the percentage of inhibition of the growth of pathogenic fungi 100% and 70% and 69% when mixing treatments for secondary metabolites Trichoderma spp. Has hydroquinone, vitamin E and ammonium tartrate, respectively..

Aphids are one of the most common insect pests in greenhouse and field crops worldwide, causing significant crop yields and economic losses. The objective of this study was to determine the mortality, enzymatic antioxidant activity and gene expression of cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in response to Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (T6) at different time points from Day 1 to 7 after inoculation. Our results showed that the highest mortality of B. brassicae was observed on Day 7 at a concentration of 1 × 108 spores ml−1 (73.31%) after inoculation with T6 compared with the control on Day 7 (11.51%). The activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were increased by 52.98%, 44.77%, 48.26%, 49.39%, 45.13% and 39.67%, respectively on Day 3 after inoculation with T6 compared to the control. Howerver increased days post treatment (dpt) decreased the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GPX and GST enzymes by 20.79%, 21.05%, 13.75%, 20.45%, 25.38%, and 19.76% repectively on Day 7 compared to control. The transcript levels of SOD, POD, CAT, GPX, and GST genes were increased by 10.87, 9.87, 12.77, 6.22 and 4.07 respectively at Day 3 after inoculation with T6 in comparison to the control. However, the SOD, POD, CAT, GPX, and GST transcription levels decreased by 0.43, 0.44, 0.35, 0.52 and 0.47 respectively, compared to control at Day 7. Our results suggest that the T6 strain has a potential effect on the antioxidant activity and mortality of B. brassicae and therefore could be used as a natural biocontrol agent against B. brassicae in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jorong Parit Dalam Nagari Taeh Baruah Kecamatan Payakumbuh Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota merupakan salah satu nagari yang memiliki berbagai permasalahan seperti kekeringan, tingginya jumlah lahan tidur dan jauhnya akses. Tanaman utama yang ditanam saat musim hujan adalah padi sawah, namun sebagian besar lahan menjadi lahan tidur saat musim kemarau. Dalam hal pemupukan, petani di lokasi ini masih menggunakan pupuk buatan (pupuk kimia) serta dalam hal pengendalian hama dan penyakit masih menggunakan pestisida kimia. Solusi yang dapat ditawarkan adalah dengan penanaman tanaman cabai yang lebih tahan terhadap kekeringan, pengolahan limbah pertanian menjadi kompos suatu alternatif untuk mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap penggunaan pupuk kimia, penggunaan Trichoderma dan pestisida nabati sebagai agens pengendali hama dan penyakit, serta pengolahan hasil produksi cabai untuk meningkatkan nilai jual, daya saing serta pendapatan masyarakat. Tujuan kegiatan pemberdayaan kelompok tani ini adalah untuk menambah pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai pemanfaatan Trichoderma yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman cabai, serta juga dapat dijadikan sebagai agens hayati untuk mengendalikan hama dan penyakit yang sering menyerang tanaman cabai saat dibudidayakan. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu dengan sosialisasi dan penyuluhan, pelatihan terstruktur dan praktik langsung dilapangan pengaruh Trichoderma terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman cabai. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan ini yaitu masyarakat dapat mengetahui adanya alternatif pengendalian yang lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan penggunaan pestisida sintetik. Masyarakat juga dapat pemahaman baru terkait peningkatan pertumbuhan dan hasil dari tanaman cabai dengan memanfaatkan agens hayati Trichoderma tersebut. Sehingga pada akhirnya dapat mengurangi ketergantungan pada pestisida sintetik yang diperoleh dari luar. Maka dari itu lingkungan dan keseimbangan ekosistem di daerah Nagari Taeh Baruh menjadi terjaga. Kesimpulan dari kegiatan ini yaitu pertumbuhan tanaman yang diaplikasikan dengan menggunakan Trichoderma spp lebih tinggi dari pada tanaman yang tidak diberi perlakuan Trichoderma spp (kontrol). Penggunaan Trichoderma spp sangat disarankan karena selain mudah untuk didapatkan juga memberikan nilai positif terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman dan baik untuk teknologi lingkungan sekitar tanaman budidaya.

The in vitro effects on mycelial growth of the antagonistic fungi Trichoderma asperellum (ICC 012) and Trichoderma gamsii (ICC 080) were studied based on the active ingredients of 12 commonly used herbicides: amidosulfuron, dicamba, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluorochloridone, foramsulfuron, isoxaflutole, metribuzin, pendimethalin, prosulfocarb, pyridate, S-metolachlor and tembotrione. The fungal growth rates were evaluated at 20 °C and 25 °C using PDA plates that included 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 0% of the recommended herbicide application rates. These herbicides were classified into four categories based on inhibition of mycelial growth in the toxicity testing. Growth inhibition of Trichoderma spp. was seen for all of these herbicides at almost all doses and at both temperatures, although some major differences were seen. Lower herbicide concentrations in the agar also reduced the inhibitory effects, but generally not linearly. Temperature had no significant effects on the levels of inhibition of mycelial growth. Amidosulfuron, dicamba and isoxaflutole showed the least inhibition of mycelial growth of both Trichoderma spp., and the lowest doses with amidosulforone (6.25%, 12.5%) even significantly stimulated mycelial growth of both Trichoderma spp. Fluazifop-P-butyl, pyridate and tembotrione showed moderately harmful to harmful effects on mycelial growth, with 70% to 80% inhibition at the recommended herbicide application rates. Fluorochloridone, S-metolachlor, prosulfocarb, metribuzin and pendimethalin inhibited mycelial growth the most, in descending order of inhibition. At 50% to 100%, fluorochloridone, prosulfocarb and S-metolachlor had fungicidal effects. Fluorochloridone and prosulfocarb had significant inhibitory effects (> 75%) even at the lowest concentration of 6.25%. Of these herbicides tested, the least adverse effects were seen for amidosulfuron, dicamba and isoxaflutole, which are thus likely to be compatible with Trichoderma spp. in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sclerotium rolfsii is a soil-borne plant pathogen that causes root diseases in hundreds of plant species. It also causes collar rot disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The present pot study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil amendment with dry biomass of a weed Chenopodium album L. and two antagonistic fungi, namely Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride, on growth and yield of chickpea variety Noor 2009 in soil infected with S. rolfsii. The pathogen-contaminated soil was amended either with 1, 2, or 3% C. album dry biomass, T. harzianum, and T. viride alone, or combinations of either of the two Trichoderma species and plant dry biomass. The lowest shoot and root dry biomass and grain yield of chickpea were recorded in S. rolfsii inoculation alone without any soil amendment (positive control). Plant growth and yield were significantly and gradually increased over positive control with an increase in C. album dry biomass application in the soil. Likewise, soil application of either of the two Trichoderma species significantly enhanced plant growth and yield over positive control under biotic stress of S. rolfsii. Combined application of either T. harzianum or T. viride with 3% dry biomass of C. album also proved highly effective in alleviating biotic stress of S. rolfsii on growth and yield of chickpea.

Strains of Trichoderma spp., producing L-lysine-a-oxidase, prospective in chemotherapy of malignant tumors, were studied. The best results of the enzyme biosynthesis were observed on the wheat bran medium. When grown on the media with various pH levels, the strains showed different spectra of the L-aminooxidase activity. The highest activity of the strains was recorded with respect to destruction of L-lysine. The lysine-producing organism Brevibacterium sp. induced L-lysine-a-oxidase activity in Trichoderma spp.

Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) are susceptible to the infection by diverse pathogens that cause devastating diseases such as vascular wilt, which causes great losses at the production level. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is one of the etiologic agents of this disease and its control lies in the use of synthetic chemicals which generate a negative impact in both health and the environment; thus, it is necessary to implement biological control as a healthier and more efficient alternative. The fungus Trichoderma spp. is a favorable option to be employed as a biocontroller against this pathogen thanks to its antagonist mechanisms, determined by metabolic and genetic characteristics. On the one hand, for Fol it is indispensable the activation of signaling routes such as MAPK Fmk1, MAPK Mpk1 y HOG, while Trichoderma spp. uses effectors involved in the interaction with the plant such as proteins, enzymes and secondary metabolites that also strengthen its immune response against infection, determined by both Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP) and effectors. Therefore, this article makes a review about the mentioned characteristics and suggests a greater application of tools and molecular markers for the management of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) suffers from many soil borne pathogens that deteriorate the quality of the seeds and are responsible for high yield loss. Practically Trichoderma sp. is used for seed treatment, it minimizes the seed and soil borne pathogens and supports plant growth promotion activities. In the present study, five different isolates of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from groundnut (A. hypogaea) rhizosphere soil. All the five isolates were confirmed by morphological methods and using molecular tools through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of Trichoderma sp. and DNA gets amplified in 650 bp to 700 bp. Trichoderma spp. were molecularly identified as T(SP)-20 (Trichoderma longibrachiatum), T(AR)-10 (T. asperellum), T(VT)-3 (T. hamatum), T(BI)-16 (T. longibrachiatum), T(TK)-23 (T. citrinoviride). Phytostimulation activities of all the six isolates viz., phosphate solubilization, Ammonia production, IAA production, and Siderophore production, were evaluated. Among the six isolates, T(SP)-20, T(AR)-10, and TNAU-TA showed higher phytostimulation activities. The growth promotion of Trichoderma spp. on groundnut was assessed through the roll towel method. The isolate T (SP)-20 (T. longibrachiatum) produced the highest germination percentage of 93.33 and vigor index of 2246.2. This work developed a new isolate of T. longibrachiatum (T(SP)-20) which is a native isolate having significant phytostimulation and growth promotion activities and it could be exploited for other soil borne disease managing successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to isolate and diagnose the pathogen of seed and seedling rot disease from infected okra roots [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] and its control using the chemical fungicide Topsin M and some species of Trichoderma spp. [Trichoderma aspirelloides (1), Trichoderma atroviride (2), Trichoderma longibrachaitum (3), Trichoderma asperellum (4)]. The results showed the possibility of isolating 15 fungal isolates that were morphologically diagnosed as different species belong to Fusarium spp. The results of the pathogenicity test of 15 fungal isolates in plastic pots showed that all isolates were pathogenic and the rates of inhibition of seed germination ranged between 0.00% - 73.30% and significant difference from the percentage of seed germination in the control treatment, which reached to 100%. Among those isolates, the isolated fungus (5) was the most pathogenic compared to the other isolates by preventing seed germination (0.00%) compared to isolate (1) which had a little effect in reducing the percentage of seed germination (73.30%). The most pathogenic fungus (isolate 5) was molecularly diagnosed as Fusarium culmorum using the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). The results proved that all species of fungi Trichoderma spp. had a significant effect in inhibiting F. culmorum compared to the control treatment (pathogenic fungus alone). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early blight is a common challenge to tomato production all over the world. Microbial antagonists, unlike synthetic chemicals, are friendly to the environment and human health. In this study, five microbial antagonists were evaluated for their effectiveness in managing the early blight of tomatoes under greenhouse and field conditions. Microbial antagonists included two Trichoderma isolates, two Bacillus subtilis isolates and one Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate. Water and Tower 72 WP® were used as control and reference test, respectively. Data were collected on disease parameters and tomato yield. All treatments significantly reduced the per cent disease index compared to the control in the greenhouse and in the field. The per cent disease index recorded for Tower 72 WP® was comparable to the per cent disease index recorded for most selected antagonists. All treatments recorded significantly higher yields compared to the control in the greenhouse and in the field. Trichoderma isolates and Tower 72 WP® recorded the highest tomato yields in the greenhouse. Selected microbial antagonists were effective in managing early blight in tomato under greenhouse and field conditions and minimised yield losses caused by the disease. These should be integrated in the management of early blight of tomatoes to reduce the dependence on agrochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the relative disease severity of chickpea wilt in the most important chickpea growing areas in North Algeria and their relationship to soils properties. The physicochemical and biological parameters of 14 soils were analyzed and correlated to the disease index severity (Dis). Soil physicochemical factors were determined as a means of particle size distribution, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), CaCO3 content, total Nitrogen (Total-N), Olsen-P and biological factors including Foc inoculum density (ID-Foc), Trichoderma spp propagule number (TrPn), Pseudomonas spp and Bacillus spp. The results revealed that the spread of the disease was evident in all prospected areas and recorded as low to medium with values ranging from 2.05 to3 9.8. The disease severity was positively correlated with EC (r=0.62), Total-N (r= 0.79), and ID-Foc (r=0.72), whereas negatively correlated with Olsen-P (r=-0.67), TrPn (r=-0.70) and Pseudomonas spp (r=-0.89). There was no correlation between Dis and soil physical (clay, loam and sand), chemical (pH, CaCO3 content) and biological factors (Bacillus spp). As well, ID-Foc was positively correlated with Total-N and negatively correlated with Olsen-P. The results indicated that TrPn and Pseudomonas spp were positively correlated, whereas both were negatively associated with ID-Foc and Dis. Our finding pointed out the critical role of some physicochemical and biological soil characteristics in the epidemic development of chickpea wilt under field conditions.

Soybean is the most important crop in the world due to growing external demand. Nevertheless, its production requires a high use of pesticides. Trichoderma is a fungal genus with the potential to promote plant growth because of its broad metabolic arsenal. Because it increases efficiency in several cultures, Trichoderma spp. have the potential to be used as an alternative to chemicals. Given this context, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the ICB Nutrisolo Trichoderma® inoculant on parameters related to soybean growth and production. Crops with five different soil and climate conditions were evaluated in Rio Grande do Sul State (southern Brazil) using parameters such as average plant height, average plant population, average number of grains/pod, number of pods/plant average, and average weight of one thousand grains, which revealed the results of productivity. The ICB Nutrisolo Trichoderma® increased plant height, number of pods, and grain weight, consequently increasing productivity in soybean plants. In this way, it was possible to characterize the product ICB Nutrisolo Trichoderma® as a growth-promoting inoculant for the soybean crop, increasing the scope of product registration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is an important vegetable crop due to increased production and consumption all over the world. Numerous viruses attack tomato plants but Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the serious concerns under the open and protected cultivations. In the present study, we collected leaf samples from TYLCV infected plants grown in some farms located in the desert regions of Najaf and Karbala provinces in Iraq. We diagnosed 16 disease-inducing viral isolates using the polymerase chain reaction and the degenerate coat protein (CP) primer pair was used to determine the nucleotide sequence of the amplified PCR product. BLAST results revealed that all identified isolates belong to TYLCV. Among the identified TYLCV isolates, it was evident that the highest differences in the CP nucleotide sequences were found in the TYLCV isolates 7 and 13 ranging between 97%-99%. Whiteflies-mediated inoculation of tomato plants (Super Marmande and Moneymaker) with the isolates 7 and 13 separately induced different symptoms in severity and the time of symptoms appearance. Biological control agents i.e. Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, and Trichoderma asperlloides were mixed with soil. Plants grown in soil infested with the fungi T. asperlloides and T. asperellum did not show typical symptoms of TYLCV infection and the absence of the virus was confirmed by PCR. Whereas, all plants grown in soil infested with the fungus T. longibrachiatum exhibited TYLCV infection but with fewer symptoms compared with the more severe symptoms noticed in the control treatment. Moreover, application of the nanoparticles notably silver nitrate (AgNO3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) in 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, and 2200 ppm concentrations did not prevent infection of TYLCV, but it was noted that there was a significant reduction in the displayed symptoms and silver nitrate (AgNO3) nanoparticles were the most effective in preventing the symptoms compared with the other nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma spp. are long been recognized as efficient fungal biocontrol agents for the control of plant disease and for their ability to increase plant growth and development. Management of soil borne diseases has become very much important since it causes high crop yield losses. The present study was carried out to isolate Trichoderma spp. from soil samples collected from different locations of Kerala and to test their in vitro efficacy against soil borne pathogens viz., Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani. The Trichoderma spp. was isolated on Trichoderma Selective Medium (TSM) and observed that the isolates differed in radial growth and colony characters such as colony colour, texture and sporulation. In vitro studies revealed the potential of Trichoderma isolates against soil borne pathogens. Isolates TRPN3 and TRPN7 exhibited no sporulation and white mycelial colour. Isolates which completed their growth at four days after inoculation include TRKR1, TRPN3, TRPN7, TRPN10 and TRPN18. Biocontrol activities against different pathogens resulted in inhibition of pathogens. Maximum inhibition percentage was observed by the isolates TRPN7, TRPN15 and TRKR2 against both the pathogens. The maximum inhibition exhibited against both the pathogens is due to the antagonistic property displayed by the isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]