Search

The key presents all 59 species of the genus Trichocera MEIGEN which occur in Europe. Four subgenera are represented: Trichocera MEIGEN 1803 (five species), Metatrichocera DAHL 1967 (seven species), Saltrichocera KRZEMIÑSKA 2002 (35 species), and Staryia KRZEMIÑSKA & GORZKA 2016 (13 species). The type material of two species, one from North America and one from Asia, are described (Trichocera columbiana ALEXANDER, 1927 and T. arctica LUNDSTRÖM, 1915), whose identities cause some problems and whose presence in the northern regions of Europe is possible. Two new species are described, Trichocera ( Saltrichocera ) longa, n. sp., and T. (Staryia) oulankae, n. sp. Trichocera versicolor is resurrected from synonymy; T. limpidipennis is synonymized with T. regelationis. There are separate keys to males and females; species are illustrated with camera pictures of diagnostic features: genitalia, antennae, and male tarsal claws, and additionally, wings and thoraces when only one sex is known, to enable further search. The state of knowledge of the genus in Europe and in the world is discussed.

The family Trichoceridae is a small group in Nematocera (Diptera) with 157 known species in the world. In this study, we report a complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Trichoceridae species, which is a circular molecule of 16,094 bp with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and a 1063 bp long non-coding region (control region). Eight gene overlaps ranging from 1 to 8 bp in length and 16 small non-coding intergenic spacers ranging from 1 to 77 bp in length are found in the mitochondrial genome. The canonical start codons (ATN) for invertebrate mitochondrial genomes are found in 11 PCGs, except for COI which uses TTG and ND5 uses GTG. Stop codons of 12 PCGs are invariably complete TAA and TAG, while COII ends with a single thymine stop codon. Twenty-two tRNAs ranges from 64 bp to 72 bp, and the rRNAs are determined to be 1326 bp in length for lrRNA and 788 bp in length for srRNA. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the family Trichoceridae is a sister-group to the remaining Tipulomorpha, and the relationship between the other families is Pediciidae + (Limoniidae + (Cylindrotomidae + Tipulidae)).

Trichoceridae, species of which are commonly known as winter crane flies, is a rather small family that includes 79 fossil species and ca. 160 extant ones (Krzemińska et al., 2009; Dong et al., 2014). Among them, 10 species have been described from the Middle-Upper Jurassic Haifanggou Formation at Daohugou, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, North China (Zhang, 2006; Krzemińska et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2012; Dong et al., 2014). The subgenus Archaeotrichocera of Eotrichocera contains seven species, described mainly from the Middle–Late Jurassic Daohugou biota of China (Zhang, 2006; Krzemińska et al., 2009; Dong et al., 2014) with one species found from the Early Cretaceous of Kempendyay in Yakutia, Russia (Krzemińska et al., 2009).

The ventral receptacle is a kind of a sperm storage shaped as an elongated pouch and positioned at the ventral side of female genitalia. It is a novelty and an alternative system to the spermathecae present in a vast majority of Diptera, and insects in general. Among the Diptera the ventral receptacle is present in the families of Brachycera Acalyptrata; the subgenus Trichocera (Staryia) is the only taxon among the entire Diptera Nematocera known to date in which the ventral receptacle was found. The subgenus comprises 13 species known from northern and central Europe. In this paper two new species of Staryia are described, one from Switzerland, and the other from Scandinavia. Additionally, a revised description of a female of T. (Metatrichocera) gigantea DAHL, 1967, is provided, based on specimens from the far eastern locality in Siberia.

A checklist is presented of all 986 extant species of Diptera known from the archipelago of the Maltese Islands situated in the central Mediterranean. Species considered to be alien to the Islands are listed with annotations in Appendix 1. The history of dipterology applicable to the islands is outlined and the three important historical published records by Zetterstedt, Rondani and Bezzi & de Stefani-Perez are listed in Appendices 2–4. Species names that are synonyms are indicated where these were used in published records for Malta more or less after the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera was published. Species we consider to have been misidentifications are also indicated with an annotation in most cases. Vermileo immaculatus Carles-Tolrá syn. n. & Cuesta-Segura and Vermileo balearicus Wheeler syn. n. are proposed junior synonyms of Vermileo vermileo (Linnaeus).

Antarctica currently has few non-native species, compared to other regions of the planet, due to the continent’s isolation, extreme climatic conditions and the lack of habitat. However, human activity, particularly the activities of national government operators and tourism, increasingly contributes to the risk of non-native species transfer and establishment. Trichocera (Saltitrichocera) maculipennis Meigen, 1888 (Diptera, Trichoceridae) is a non-native fly originating from the Northern Hemisphere that was unintentionally introduced to King George Island in the maritime Antarctic South Shetland Islands around 15 years ago, since when it has been reported within or in the vicinity of several research stations. It is not explicitly confirmed that T. maculipennis has established in the natural environment, but life-history characteristics make this likely, thereby making potential eradication or control a challenge. Antarctic Treaty Parties active in the region are developing a coordinated and expanding international response to monitor and control T. maculipennis within and around stations in the affected area. However, there remains no overarching non-native invasive species management plan for the island or the wider maritime Antarctic region (which shares similar environmental conditions and habitats to those of King George Island). Here we present some options towards the development of such a plan. We recommend the development of (1) clear mechanisms for the timely coordination of response activities by multiple Parties operating in the vicinity of the introduction location and (2) policy guidance on acceptable levels of environmental impacts resulting from eradication attempts in the natural environment, including the use of pesticides.

The Romanian Trichoceridae fauna is poorly known. Trichocera (Saltrichocera) annulata Meigen, 1818 and Trichocera (Saltrichocera) maculipennis Meigen, 1818 are amongst the most widespread species in Europe, but the former species was not recorded from Romania so far and the later has only 120 years old records. Herein we report T. (S.) annulata from Romania for the first time and bring new records for T. (S.) maculipennis. A total of 18 Trichocera species are known from Romania at the moment.

The genus Tipula Linnaeus, 1758 is a large group of crane flies with more than 2400 known species from 41 subgenera. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of the subgenus Tipula (Yamatotipula), which is a circular molecule of 15,668 bp with an AT content of 77.2%. The mt genome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a long non-coding region. Three conserved overlapping regions, 8 bp between tRNATrp and tRNACys, 7 bp between ATP8 and ATP6, and 7 bp between ND4 and ND4L, are found. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the Tipulomorpha includes the family Trichoceridae and the Trichoceridae is sister-group to the remaining Tipulomorpha.

Family Trichoceridae Rondani, 1841 Revised diagnosis. Tipulomorpha with distinct basal R and M bends opposed at atrophied MA (=arculus), 1A (2A of traditional system) shortened (its distal portion often subtransverse), ocelli developed, scutoscutellar suture obscure, and female cerci (when elongate) curved downwards. Pedicel somewhat enlarged, larger than scape, usually contrasting to setaceous flagellum (except for some Jurassic genera with moniliform antennae). Composition. Trichocerinae Rondani, 1841, Paracladurinae Krzemińska, 1992, Kovalevinae Krzemińska, Krzemiński et Dahl, 2009 and Ewauristinae subfam. nov. Remarks. The following characters, not found in the new genus, could no more be considered as diagnostic for Trichoceridae: crossvein sc-r in proximal position, R with 3 long branches, and R2 crossvein-like near the R3 base. In fact, R2 is not proximal also in several other trichocerid taxa: it is equidistant between R2+3 origin and R1 apex in a few species, or even slightly nearer to the R1 apex in modern Nothotrichocera antarctica (Edwards, 1923) and Jurassic Mailotrichocera jurassica Kalugina, 1985 (Krzemińska 2001: fig. 20; Krzemińska, Krzemiński et Dahl 2009: fig. 19B)., Published as part of Shcherbakov, Dmitry E. & Azar, Dany, 2019, A new subfamily of Trichoceridae (Diptera: Tipulomorpha) from Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber, pp. 311-324 in Zootaxa 4563 (2) on page 312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/2601233, {"references":["Rondani, C. (1841) Progetto di una classificazione in famiglie degli Insetti Ditteri europei. Memoria terza per servire alla Ditterologia italiana. Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturalie Rendiconto dei Lavori dell'Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna con Appendice agraria, 5, 257 - 285.","Krzeminska, E., Krzeminski, W. & Dahl, C. (2009) Monograph of Fossil Trichoceridae (Diptera) over 180 Million Years of Evolution. Krakow, Polish Academy of Sciences, 171 pp.","Edwards, F. W. (1923) Notes on the dipterous family Anisopodidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (9) 12, 475 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932308632964","Kalugina, N. S. & Kovalev, V. G. (1985) The Diptera from the Jurassic of Siberia. Nauka, Moscow, 198 pp. [In Russian]","Krzeminska, E. (2001) Nothotrichocera Alexander (Diptera: Trichoceridae): new species, redescriptions and phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Invertebrate Systematics, 15, 205 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 96033"]}

Ewaurista gen. nov. Type species. E. pusilla sp. nov. Diagnosis. Minute trichocerids with rather short legs (hind femur no longer than abdomen). Remarkably sexually dimorphic: male larger with pedicel more enlarged, costal space wider, Sc much longer, medial cells more elongate, anal lobe broader, 1A remote from wing margin and distally subtransverse (submarginal in female). Head and thorax dorsally with few, regularly arranged setae; male abdomen and terminalia with long bristles. Eyes bare. Meron entirely sclerotized, slightly wider than eucoxa. Tibial spurs present (1:2:2). 1st tarsomere subequal to four remaining tarsomeres combined. Crossvein sc-r subterminal. Rs originating about wing midlength, divided into R5 and R2+3+4, the latter connected by R2+3 crossvein to R1 near apex; short pterostigma around apical R1 section. Bases of M1+2 and M3 oblique. Distal M1+2 section (beyond im) longer than M2. CuA bent at m-cu at almost right angle, reclined beyond it; m-cu just before M3+4 fork, nearer to wing margin than to M bifurcation. Setal fringe along wing margin moderately long and dense; veins without macrosetae. Gonocoxites elongate, without basal lobes forming ventral bridge. Gonostyles long, slender, with inner basal lobe. Parameres acute, diverging at about 60�� and downcurved, as long as aedeagus. Female cerci long (as long as height of abdomen), sclerotized, markedly downcurved, acuminate apically; sternite 8 with oval apical incision. Three spermathecae. Composition. Monobasic. Comparison. Distinct from all other genera in the characters listed under the subfamily diagnosis. The shape of the male gonostyle in Ewaurista resembles that of some species of Trichocera Meigen, 1803, s.l. (subgenus Metatrichocera Dahl, 1966, especially T. tetonensis Alexander, 1945) and Nothotrichocera Alexander, 1926, while the slender gonocoxites lacking basal lobes are similar to those of Cladoneura Scudder, 1894 (= Diazosma Bergroth, 1913) and some species of Paracladura Brunetti, 1911. For further comparison, see the Table 1. Distribution. Lower Cretaceous of Lebanon. Etymology. After Ewa Krzemińska, the world authority in Trichoceridae. The genus name is feminine., Published as part of Shcherbakov, Dmitry E. & Azar, Dany, 2019, A new subfamily of Trichoceridae (Diptera: Tipulomorpha) from Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber, pp. 311-324 in Zootaxa 4563 (2) on pages 312-313, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/2601233, {"references":["Dahl, C. (1966) Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of Swedish Trichoceridae (Dipt. Nemat.). Opuscula Entomologica, 31, 93 - 118.","Alexander, C. P. (1945). Records and descriptions of North American crane-flies (Diptera), part V. Tipuloidea of the Grand Teton National Park and Teton National Forest, Wyoming. American Midland Naturalist, 33, 391 - 439. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421338","Alexander, C. P. (1926) The Trichoceridae of Australia (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 51, 299 - 304.","Scudder, S. H. (1894) Tertiary Tipulidae, with special reference to those of Florissant, Colorado. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 32, 163 - 245.","Bergroth, E. (1913) A new genus of Tipulidae from Turkestan, with notes on other forms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (8) 11, 575 - 584. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931308693359","Brunetti, E. (1911) Revision of the Oriental Tipulidae with descriptions of new species. Records of the Indian Museum, 6 (5), 231 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 21334"]}

Ewaurista pusilla sp. nov. Material. Holotype male, no. 264; Lebanese amber, Early Barremian; Hammana Mdeirij outcrop. Paratypes: males, nos. 88, 204a, 336 (head missing), 436d, 517, 611, 771d, 1038, 1120a, 1243b (wings and abdomen missing, sex determined by antenna structure); females, nos. 296, 332, 467, 1151d, 204b (in same piece of amber as, and close to, male no. 204a; fragmented, abdomen missing, sex determined by wing and leg structure), 1120b (in same piece of amber as, and close to, male no. 1120a); Lebanese amber, Early Barremian; Hammana Mdeirij outcrop. Description (Figs. 1���21). Ocellar tubercle with median depression; ocelli three, small. Ommatidia quite large (about 10 rows across the eye), without hairs in between. Antennae of 18(?) segments (segmentation obscure distally). Pedicel enlarged, almost 1/3 (female) or 1/2 (male) eye diameter. 1st flagellomere largest, almost twice wider and 1.5 times longer than next one. Palps shorter than head capsule, of four free segments (not counting very short basal piece), first longest, two last ones of subequal length, terminal one neither elongated (as in Cladoneura) nor constricted (as in some Trichocera spp.). Labium small. Mesonotum with about 5 dark setae on each side; scutellum with pair of apical setae. Femora slightly clavate. Tibiae and tarsi covered with suberect setae, femora (especially towards base) more sparsely so. Legs (especially tarsi) and abdomen more slender in male. Male claws and last tarsomeres not strongly differing from those of female. Ratio of wing length to its maximal width 2.9���3.1 in both sexes; pterostigma more pigmented in male. Sc ending distad of Rs and M bifurcations (male) or about midlength of Rs stem (female). Rs originating nearer to M bifurcation than to basal R bend. Male abdomen dorsoventrally flattened (more so in distal segments), gonocoxites and gonostyli laterally with long, erect, dark bristles (some of them exceeding width of abdomen), the inner side of gonostyli with much shorter setae. Gonocoxites directed dorsolaterad. Gonostyli nearly twice longer than gonocoxites, with acute, claw-shaped inner lobe curved basad. Female abdomen with few, short setae; sternite 8 with oval apical incision; cerci bare, without apical setae. Wings very slightly and evenly infuscated, without markings, except for small darker pterostigma; membrane with conspicuous microtrichia; veins more or less darkened. Body darkened, more so on dorsal side, especially mesonotum; halters with large darkened knob; coxae, proximal part of hind femora, and female cerci pale; setae on body and appendages rather dark. Variation. In males, 1A often not reaching margin due to its apex atrophied (both wings of holotype and no. 204a). Sometimes im faint or absent (and wing membrane more infuscated: both wings of female no. 204b), or mcu joining M3+4 bifurcation (one wing of female no. 296), or sc-r terminal (another wing of same female). Measurements (mm). Males larger (wings larger; antennae, fore tarsi and hind legs longer; dimorphism not evident in total body length and length of abdomen, possibly due to male abdomen being more susceptible to shrinkage)���values for males and for females (in parentheses), sexually dimorphic parameters in bold: wing length 1.7���1.95 (1.4���1.53); wing width 0.55���0.67 (0.46���0.53); body length 1.5���1.6 (1.57���1.7); antenna length 1.15 (0.9���1.0); femur 1 length 0.45 (0.45���0.5); tibia 1 length 0.6 (0.55���0.63); tarsus 1 length 0.6 (0.5���0.55); femur 2 length 0.5���0.55 (0.5); tibia 2 length 0.7���0.75 (0.65���0.8); tarsus 2 length 0.5 (0.4���0.5); femur 3 length 0.63���0.65 (0.55���0.6); tibia 3 length 0.9���0.95 (0.75���0.8); tarsus 3 length 0.65���0.75 (0.55���0,63); abdomen length 1.0���1.3 (1.05���1.3); terminalia length 0.2 (0.25). Etymology. Latin pusillus (tiny), to be treated as adjective., Published as part of Shcherbakov, Dmitry E. & Azar, Dany, 2019, A new subfamily of Trichoceridae (Diptera: Tipulomorpha) from Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber, pp. 311-324 in Zootaxa 4563 (2) on pages 313-314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/2601233

The paper deals with female reproductory system in the Diptera and describes the first case of the ventral receptacle among the Nematocera in the family Trichoceridae. The receptacle is a sperm storage organ alternative to the spermathecae, and was till now described in Brachycera: Schizophora. Herewith, the receptacle appears in a small group of species which present the different stages of evolution from the spermathecae to the receptacle within the genus Trichocera Meigen. The group was formerly known as a rectistylus group of species; herein it is raised to the subgenus level. Three new species are described. The ventral receptacle is a unique character within the genus and the family, whose all species have spermathecae and a similar morphology of the female inner and outer genitalia. Other accompanying modified structures in females of the new subgenus include strongly reduced genital plate and genital fork, and changed shape of the genital segment. Two species show possible evolutionary transition states from the plesiomorphic state of three spermathecae to a new sperm storage system: one new species has both the spermathecae and the receptacle, whereas another, Trichocera polanensis Starý, has three poorly sclerotized spermathecae.

Here is described the oldest known species of Trichoceridae, from Sogyuty, near lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan; Lower Jurassic: Sinemurian). The species is placed in the genus Mailotrichocera Kalugina, 1985in Kalugina & Kovalev (1985), based on isolated wings. The venation of fossil and Recent Trichoceridae is discussed in terms of the biomechanical properties of the wings. The wings of the stem lineage of the family, characterised by a short subcostal vein, also had a larger distal supporting sector than younger lineages, including Recent representatives.

The first find of Trichoceridae in the Mesozoic of Gondwana and in Cretaceous ambers worldwide, Ewaurista pusilla gen. et sp. nov. is separated into Ewauristinae subfam. nov. demonstrating some venational traits in common with Limoniidae and a peculiar sexual dimorphism. The diagnosis of Trichoceridae is emended, and relationships of the family are discussed.

35. Melusina [Melusina] Meigen, 1800: 19. CURRENT STATUS: Unavailable name; work suppressed for the purposes of zoological nomenclature by action of I.C.Z.N. (1963: 339 [Opinion 678]); treated under Trichocera Meigen, 1803 [teste Dahl (1992: 33)]. [Melusium] Bezzi, 1907a: 56. CURRENT STATUS: Unavailable name; criteria to make the name available not fulfilled in this work. REMARKS: Bezzi (1907a) included this name (incorrect subsequent spelling of Melusina) only in a list of Meigen 1800 names without stating their availability. Melusina Meigen in Hendel, 1908: 50 . ORIGINALLY INCLUDED SPECIES: Tipula regelationis Linnaeus, 1758. TYPE SPECIES: Tipula regelationis Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy. CURRENT STATUS: Preoccupied by Melusina St��l, 1868; Melusina Haeckel, 1880; junior synonym of Trichocera Meigen, 1803. New Synonymy. FAMILY: TRICHOCERIDAE. REMARKS: Melusina was originally proposed by Meigen (1800: 19) without included species and later made unavailable by the suppression of the entire work for the purposes of zoological nomenclature by action of the I.C.Z.N. (1963: 339 [Opinion 678]). Hendel (1908: 50) was the first after Meigen (1800) to give characters to differentiate the taxon (reproducing Meigen���s characters) and to treat Melusina as valid, which makes the name available from that work with Meigen as author. Hendel (1908) included a single species: Tipula regelationis Linnaeus, 1758, which is the type species by monotypy. Tipula regelationis Linnaeus, 1758 is currently treated in Trichocera Meigen, 1803 [teste Dahl (1992: 33)], which makes Melusina Meigen in Hendel, 1908 a junior synonym of Trichocera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. In attempting to decipher Meigen���s 1800 names, Hendel (1908: 50) concluded that Melusina was synonymous with Atractocera Meigen, 1803, for which Meigen had included the single species ��� Tipula regelationis ��� (Meigen, 1803: 263). Atractocera Meigen, 1803 is later synonymized with Simulium when Meigen (1818) placed Tipula regelationis Linnaeus, 1758 as a synonym of Simulium ornata Meigen, 1818 in the genus Simulium Latreille, 1802. The ICZN Commission (I.C.Z.N. 1981: 105 [Opinion 1174]) solved the problem by determining that Tipula regelationis Linnaeus, 1758 is the type species of Atractocera Meigen, 1803 and that Atractocera Meigen, 1803 was an invalid junior synonym of Trichocera Meigen, 1803., Published as part of Evenhuis, Neal L. & Pape, Thomas, 2017, Battling the un-dead: the status of the Diptera genus-group names originally proposed in Johann Wilhelm Meigen's 1800 pamphlet, pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 4275 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4275.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/804234, {"references":["Meigen, J. W. (1800) Nouvelle classification des mouches a deux ailes (Diptera L.) d'apres un plan tout nouveau. Par J. G. Meigen. \" An VIII (1800 v. s.) \". J. J. Fuchs, Paris, 40 pp. [before 22 September] [Dated from Thompson et al. (1999: 476).] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119764","Meigen, J. W. (1803) Versuch einer neuen Gattungs-Eintheilung der europaischen zweiflugligen Insekten. Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 2, 259 - 281. [after 17 May] [Dated from Thompson et al. (1999: 476).]","Dahl, C. (1992) Family Trichoceridae (Petauristidae). In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Trichoceridae-Nymphomyiidae. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 31 - 37. [30 April] [Dated from Evenhuis (2008).]","Bezzi, M. (1907 a) Nomenklatorisches uber Dipteren. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 26, 51 - 56. [15 February]","Hendel, F. (1908) Nouvelle classification des mouches a deux ailes (Diptera L.). D'apres un plan tout nouveau par J. G. Meigen, Paris, an VIII (1800 v. s.). Mit Kommentar herausgegeben von Friedrich Hendel. Verhandlungen der K. - k. Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 58, 43 - 69. [22 April]","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. L. Salvii, Holmiae [= Stockholm], [4] + 823 + [1 (Emendanda)] pp. [1 January] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Stal, C. (1868) Bidrag till hemipterernas sytematik. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 24 (7) [1867], 491 - 560. [early 1868] [Header on first page of issue is dated \" 1867 \" but last page of issue has \" 1868 \" as year of printing.]","Haeckel, E. (1880) System der Acraspeden. Zweite Halfte des Systems der Medusen. Denkschrift der Medizinisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 1 (2), 1 - 672. [31 December +]","Meigen, J. W. (1818) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Erster Theil. F. W. Forstmann, Aachen, xxxvi + 324 pp., 11 pls. [October] [Date recorded in Journal de la Litterature Etranger.]","Latreille, P. A. (1802) Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des crustaces et des insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite a l'histoire naturelle generale et particuliere, composee par Leclerc de Buffon, et redigee par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs societes savantes. Tome troisieme Familles naturelles des genres. \" An X. \" Dufart, Paris, xii + 13 - 467 + [1] pp. [6 November] [Dated from Evenhuis (1997).] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15764"]}

Here we report a new winter crane fly (Trichoceridae) species, belonging to the subgenus Metatrichocera Dahl, 1966 from Bulgaria. Further records of Metatrichocera Dahl from Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia are presented with illustrations and taxonomic remarks. The records of Trichocera (Metatrichocera) forcipula Nielsen, 1920 and Trichocera (Metatrichocera) ticina Stary & Podenas, 1995 represent the first records of Trichoceridae from Serbia.

Subfamily Paracladurinae Krzemińska, 1992 Cross-vein m-cu distal to fork of M3+4. Two longitudinal folds, along Cu and A1, are present. Transverse suture of scutum complete, V-shaped; meron reduced to small, partially membranous plate one-tenth the length of katepisternum. First tarsomere about one-tenth the length of the second, articulation between them is rigid, not capable of bending; tibial spurs absent; tarsal claw operates toward end of tarsomere. Male aedeagus, parameres and apodemes fused dorsally to form aedeagal complex. Female hypogynial plate with central canal; one spermatheca present (Krzemińska 2005)., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on page 563, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Krzeminska, E. (1992) Paracladurinae - new subfamily (Diptera, Trichoceridae). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 35, 73 - 78.","Krzeminska, E. (2005) Subfamily Paracladurinae. III. Phylogenetic biogeography: two new genera and three species described (Diptera, Trichoceridae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 32, 317 - 352. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2005.9518422"]}

Subfamily Trichocerinae Rondani, 1841 Cross-vein m-cu usually basal to fork of M3+4. The V-shaped transverse suture of the scutum is disrupted medially; meron ranging in size from one-fifth of katepisternum to larger proportion than that. First tarsomere from twice as long to half as long as the second tarsomere; tibial spurs present; tarsal claw operates toward the long axis of the tarsomere. Male aedeagus, parameres and apodemes fused dorsally to form aedeagal complex., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on page 564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459

Key to species of Trichoceridae known from Korea 1. Relatively small in size, wing 4–6 mm long, D-cell pentagonal, first tarsal segment very short, only about 1/10 of the second segment............................................ Subfamily Paracladurinae, Paracladura rasnitsyni Krzemińska - Larger in size, wings mostly 7–9 mm long; D-cell more triangular, first tarsal segment long, up to twice as long as the second segment........................................................................ Subfamily Trichocerinae, 2 2. Wing patterned, dark areas over the base of vein Rs, cross-veins r-m, r-r, around D-cell, over the radial vein area and medial veins, at the end of A 2 (Fig. 1–6)......................................... T. (S.) maculipennis punctipennis Brunetti - Wing unpatterned (Fig. 7), or at most with a spot over cross-vein r-m............................................ 3 3. Gonostylus with one or more conspicuous processes at mid-length.............................................. 4 - Gonostylus without processes at mid-length; at most with an inconspicuous basal tubercle........................... 6 4. Gonostylus with one triangular, acute process at mid-length; apex of gonostylus hooked (Fig. 20)..................................................................................................... T. (T.) sakaguchii Alexander - Gonostylus with two or three processes....................................................................5 5. Gonostylus with one long, straight process at base and one smaller process closer to apex (Fig. 24)... T. (T.) sibirica Edwards - Gonostylus with one long, slightly bent process at base and two processes at apex, forming a “V” shape (Fig. 25). Distal wing cells with macrotrichia............................................................ T. (T.) mirabilis Alexander 6. Pleuron with setae on both anepimeron and metepisternum (Fig. 23).................. T. (S.) sparsa Starý & Martinovský - Pleuron bare or rarely with one or two setae either on anepimeron or metepisternum.................................7 7. Ventrobasal lobes of gonocoxites not fused, with a clear gap (i.e. gonocoxal bridge incomplete, Figs. 22, 23)............. 8 - Ventrobasal lobes of gonocoxites fused, forming a complete bridge (Figs. 17–21)...................................9 8. Ventrobasal lobes of gonocoxites rather narrow, forming a high arc (Fig. 22). Usually a clear spot is visible on r-m, tarsal claw only slightly shorter than the last tarsal segment...................................... T. (S.) regelationis (Linnaeus) - Ventrobasal lobes wide, they form a rather low arc (Fig.26–27). Wings clear, tarsal claw equals half of the last tarsal segment (Fig. 29)........................................................................... T. (S.) latipons sp. nov. 9. Gonostylus longer than gonocoxite, slightly bent at mid-length, slightly sinuous, without basal tubercle (Fig. 19); one of the largest species, wing length 8–9 mm...................................................... T. (T.) major Edwards - Gonostylus approximately equal in length to gonocoxite, with tooth-like or smaller triangular tubercle at base.......... 10 10. Basal tubercle of gonostylus thin and acute, tooth-like (Fig. 18). Sternite IX with an outgrowth at median, directed toward the bridge (not clearly visible in all specimens)............................................. T. (T.) hiemalis (De Geer) - Basal tubercle triangular and blunt (Fig. 17). Sternite IX lacking median outgrowth.................................................................... T. (T.) tuberculifera Alexander (T. latilobata (Fig. 21) should key out here as well)., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on pages 573-574, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459

Trichocera (Trichocera) major Edwards, 1921 (Fig. 19; Krzemińska 2001b, Figs. 1–17) Trichocera major Edwards, 1921: 229. Trichocera (Trichocera) major: Dahl & Alexander, 1976: 16. Distribution. This species is widely distributed in Europe, being found from Ireland (Ashe & O’Connor 1989), Great Britain (Edwards 1921) and Spain (Dahl et al. 2002) to European part of Russia (Petrašiūnas & Paramonov 2013) and further east to Japan (Nakamura (2014) as well as the specimens collected by T. Nakamura and donated to the senior author of this report, stored in MZVU) and Korea (the present study). Examined material (Fig. 38): 1 male (pinned), North Korea, Seren Mts., alt. 4–5000 ft., 0 2.10.1937 coll. A. M. Yankovsky; 1 male, 1 female (same pin), 2 specimens without genitalia (same pin), North Korea, Ompo, alt. 800 ft., 0 5.11,1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky; 1 female (pinned), North Korea, Ompo, alt. 600 ft., 26.09.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky, wrongly named as paratype of Dicranoptycha prolongata by C. P. Alexander (all USNM). Notes. This appears to be a widely distributed species; however, these records are the first for Korea., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on page 570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Edwards, F. W. (1921) British Limnobiidae: Some records and Corrections. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1 - 2, 196 - 230.","Krzeminska, E. (2001 b) Trichocera major Edwards: clinal variation in Europe; Trichocera setosivena Alexander restored from synonymy (Diptera: Trichoceridae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 70, 131 - 139.","Dahl, C. & Alexander, C. P. (1976) A world catalogue of Trichoceridae Kertesz, 1902 (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica, 7 (1), 7 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631276 X 00027","Ashe, P. & O'Connor, J. P. (1989) Notes on Irish Trichoceridae (Insecta: Diptera) including two species new to Ireland. Dipterists Digest, 2, 31 - 33.","Dahl, C., Krzeminska, E. & Baez, M. (2002) Trichoceridae. In: Carles-Tolra, M. H. (Ed.), Catalogo de los Diptera de Espana Portugal y Andorra (Insecta). Monografias S. E. A., 8, pp. 327.","Petrasiunas, A. V. & Paramonov, N. M. (2013) New data on the distribution of winter gnats (Diptera, Trichoceridae) in Russia. Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 92, 901 - 909. https: // doi. org / 10.7868 / s 0044513413060111","Nakamura, T. (2014) Trichoceridae. In: Nakamura, T. (Ed.), Catalogue of the insects of Japan, vol. 8. Diptera, part 1: Nematocera - Brachycera Aschiza, pp. 170 - 172."]}

Trichocera (Trichocera) mirabilis Alexander, 1934 (Fig. 25; Nakamura & Saigusa 1997, Figs. 7–8, 80–85) Trichocera mirabilis Alexander, 1934: 20. Metatrichocera mirabilis: Dahl 1966: 97. Trichocera (Metatrichocera) mirabilis: Dahl & Alexander 1976: 14. Trichocera (Trichocera) mirabilis: Krzemińska 2001a: 398. Distribution. Known from Korea (Alexander 1934; Alexander 1938) and Japan (Nakamura 1995; Nakamura & Saigusa 1997; Suzuki et al. 2007). Examined material (Fig. 39): 1 male, 1 female (same pin), North Korea, Ompo, alt. 800 ft., 0 5.11.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky; 1 male (pinned) North Korea, Ompo, alt. 1200 ft., 0 3.11.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky; 1 male (pinned) North Korea, Ompo, alt. 600 ft., 10.11.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky (all USNM). Previous records for Korea. 1 female, North Korea, Kongo-san, 0 8.10.1933, coll. Machida; 1 male, North Korea, Kongo-san, 18.10.1933, coll. Machida (Alexander 1934); North Korea, Yanchen, alt. 40 ft., 0 6.10.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky; North Korea, Ompo, alt. 600 ft., 17.11.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky; North Korea, Seren Mountains, alt. 1800 ft., 13.10.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky (Alexander 1938)., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on page 570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1934) New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern Asia (Diptera). XXI. Philippine Journal of Science, 55 (1), 19 - 60.","Nakamura, T. & Saigusa, T. (1997) A revision of the Japanese species of the subgenus Metatrichocera Dahl, 1966 of the genus Trichocera Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Trichoceridae). Nature and Human Activities, 2, 59 - 89.","Dahl, C. & Alexander, C. P. (1976) A world catalogue of Trichoceridae Kertesz, 1902 (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica, 7 (1), 7 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631276 X 00027","Krzeminska, E. (2001 a) New additions to the subgenus Trichocera (Trichocera) Meigen (Diptera: Trichoceridae). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 44 (4), 391 - 399.","Alexander, C. P. (1938) New or little known Tipulidae from Eastern Asia (Diptera), XL. Philippine Journal of Science, 67, 129 - 165.","Nakamura, T. (1995) New Record of Trichocera mirabilis Alexander (Diptera, Trichoceridae) from Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 63 (2), 260.","Suzuki, Y., Miyatani, H. & Kobayashi, T. (2007) Diptera. In: Tanzawa Ohyama Mountain flora and fauna, 2007, pp. 254 - 272. [in Japanese]"]}

Species of Trichoceridae Rondani known to occur on the Korean Peninsula are reviewed; eight of these are recorded for Korea for the first time. Trichocera ( Saltrichocera ) sapporensis Alexander, 1935 and T . ( S .) maculipennis pictipennis Alexander, 1930 are proposed as synonyms of T . ( S ). maculipennis punctipennis Brunetti, 1912 which is transferred to a subspecific rank. A new species— Trichocera ( Saltrichocera ) latipons sp. nov. is described.

Trichocera (Saltrichocera) latipons sp. nov. (Figs. 8, 26–30) Diagnosis. Medium-sized species, body length 6–7 mm, wing length 7–8 mm. Body coloration brown. Antennal segments with short pubescence. Metepisternum bare or with single setae. Male terminalia with gonocoxal bridge low and very wide, with a membraneous ventral flange; both halves touching in the middle at a narrow point. Gonostylus slightly bent inwards, parallel-sided, without tubercle, apex rounded. Ninth sternite with a very slight indentation towards the middle (Figs. 26, 27). Material examined (Fig. 33): Type specimens 6 males. Holotype: male (in ethanol) Gyeonggi-do, Gapyeong-gun, Buk-myeon, Jeokmok-ri, Garimgyo (Br.) GREC, 25.10.2015 at light, 12 PM, coll. Y.- J. Bae (KU). Paratypes: 5 males, topotypic (KU). Description. General coloration brownish, slightly lighter on abdomen, darker on thorax. Antennae (Fig. 30). first flagellomere (f1) slender, about 1.3–1.5 times longer than second flagellomere (f2). Verticils not outstanding, slightly longer than general pubescence. Thorax. Single seta on metepisternum observed in one paratype, otherwise pleura bare. Wing (Fig. 8). Wings lightly brownish, not hyaline. Vein R 2+3+4 is two to three times as long as R 3+4. A 2 bare, all other veins with setae on both sides. Legs (Fig. 29). Male tarsal claw approximately twice as short as the fifth tarsomere. Male terminalia (Figs. 26–28). Gonocoxal bridge low and wide, touching in the middle at a narrow point; ventrobasal lobe has membraneous flange along the inner margin. In two paratypes this lower flange is less sclerotized, better visible in lateral view. Gonostylus slightly bent inwards, parallel-sided, apex rounded. Basal tubercle absent. Ninth sternite medium wide, with a slight indentation towards the middle, with about 10 setae, longer ones reaching the gonocoxal bridge. In aedeagal complex parameres long, with hood hidden in between and only slightly visible in lateral view, aedeagal apodeme rather wide, rectangular, black. Lateral apodeme narrow and elongated. Notes. The newly described species has similarities with several species from Europe, namely T. (S.) hirta Starý & Martinovský, 1996 and T. (S.) pubescens Starý & Martinovský, 1996. Also, those specimens of T. (S.) latipons, that have gonocoxal bridge with membraneous flange on ventrobasal lobe less sclerotized, look similar to Trichocera (Saltrichocera) nordica Krzemińska & Gorzka, 2014. Contrary to T. (S.) hirta and T. (S.) pubescens, which have numerous long and rather stiff setae on both epimeron and metepisternum (Starý & Martinovský 1996), only one specimen of T. (S.) latipons has only single seta on metepisternum. Antennae of T. (S.) latipons reach the middle of the first abdominal segment and are not as long as in T. (S.) hirta and T. (S.) pubescens. T. (S.) latipons does not have elongate, erect verticils as in these other two species, though it’s antennae are generally pubescent. Wing vein R 2+3+4 is two to three times as long as R 3+ 4 in T. (S.) latipons, while in T. (S.) hirta and T. (S.) pubescens R 2+3+4 is half as long or sub-equal in length to R 2+3. Male genitalic structures of T. (S.) hirta and T. (S.) latipons are similar in several aspects: the bridge is rather low, ventrobasal lobe has membraneous flange along inner margin, ninth sternite without deep excision and has setae all along posterior margin, lateral apodemes are narrow and elongated in both of these species. However, T. (S.) hirta has gonostylus conspicuously curved inwardly in hook-like manner before broadly rounded apex (Starý & Martinovský 1996, Fig. 19), but in T. (S.) latipons gonostylus is not curved as that and is slightly bent inwards along the whole length. Moreover, paramere is comparatively short and very broad proximally, and aedeagal apodeme is pale and short, narrow laterally in T. (S.) hirta while paramere in T. (S.) latipons is long and equally narrow along it’s length and aedeagal apodeme is black, rectangular and rather wide.The general view of male genitalia is similar in the newly described species (in specimens with membraneous flange on ventrobasal lobe of gonocoxites less sclerotized) compared to T. (S.) nordica, but gonostyli are slightly more curved medially in T. (S.) latipons compared to almost straight in T. (S.) nordica . Lateral apodemes of aedeagal complex in T. (S.) latipons are longer and more oval compared to those in T. (S.) nordica . Antennal flagellomeres are similar in size and form in both of these species, but the general pubescence is not that dense in T. (S.) latipons as in T. (S.) nordica. Male hind tarsal claws are longer in T. (S.) latipons, reaching about half of the length of the fifth tarsomere, while they are only 1/3 of the fifth tarsomere in males of T. (S.) nordica. Etymology. The name of the species refers to its wide gonocoxal bridge (latus = wide, pons = bridge) and is a noun in the nominative singular, standing in apposition to the generic name., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on pages 564-565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Stary, J. & Martinovsky, J. (1996) Little-known and new Trichocera s. str., related to T. implicata and revised checklist of the Czech and Slovak Trichoceridae (Diptera). Entomological Problems, 27, 151 - 166.","Krzeminska, E. & Gorzka, D. (2014) Subgenus Trichocera (Saltrichocera) in Scandinavia: a new species and first records from Finland (Diptera, Trichoceridae). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 57, 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.3409 / azc. 57 _ 1 - 2.01"]}

Trichocera (Trichocera) sibirica Edwards, 1920 (Fig. 24; Dahl 1967, Figs.1–5, 20–23) Trichocera sibirica Edwards, 1920: 432. Trichocera siberica: Alexander 1938: 132. Metatrichocera sibirica: Dahl 1966: 97. Trichocera (Metatrichocera) sibirica: Dahl & Alexander 1976: 14. Trichocera (Trichocera) sibirica: Starý 1998: 185. Distribution. Czech Republic (Martinovský & Starý 1988), Finland (Dahl 1968), Korea (Alexander 1938), Romania (Ujvarosi & Krzemińska 2002), Russia (Edwards 1920), Slovak Republic (Starý 1997), Sweden (Dahl 1967). Examined material (Fig. 41): 1 male (pinned), North Korea, Seren Mountains, alt. 5000 ft., 0 3.10.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky (USNM). Previous records for Korea. The specimen we examined in this study was reported by Alexander (1938)., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on page 573, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Edwards, F. W. (1920) A new Trichocera from Siberia (Diptera Polyneura). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9 (5), 431 - 432.","Dahl, C. (1967) Additional notes on the taxonomy and distribution of Swedish Trichoceridae (Dipt. Nemat.). Opuscula Entomologica, 32 (3), 188 - 200.","Alexander, C. P. (1938) New or little known Tipulidae from Eastern Asia (Diptera), XL. Philippine Journal of Science, 67, 129 - 165.","Dahl, C. & Alexander, C. P. (1976) A world catalogue of Trichoceridae Kertesz, 1902 (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica, 7 (1), 7 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631276 X 00027","Martinovsky, J. & Stary, J. (1988) The winter gnat subgenus Metatrichocera in Czechoslovakia (Diptera, Trichoceridae). Casopis Slezskeho zemskeho muzea Opava (A), 37, 87 - 93.","Dahl, C. (1968) Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of Trichoceridae (Dipt. Nemat.) from Finland and adjacent areas of the USSR. Opuscula Entomologica, 33 (3), 365 - 370.","Ujvarosi, L. & Krzeminska, E. (2002) New data on Trichoceridae (Diptera) from Romania. Entomologica Romanica, 7, 63 - 66.","Stary, J. (1997) Trichoceridae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae. Faunistic records from Czech and Slovak Republics: Diptera. In: Vanhara, R. & Rozkosny, M. (Eds.), Dipterologica bohemoslovaca, 8, pp. 211 - 236."]}

Trichocera (Saltrichocera) regelationis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 22; Krzemińska 2000, Figs. 1–9, 15–18, 20–23) Tipula regelationis Linnaeus, 1758: 2817; 1761: 434. Tipula vegetationis: Fabricius 1787: 324. Trichocera regelationis: Meigen 1818: 214. Trichocerodes georgianus Brèthes, 1925: 172. Trichocera (Trichocera) regelationis: Dahl & Alexander 1976: 16. Trichocera (Metatrichocera) regelationis: Starý 1998: 185. Trichocera (Saltrichocera) regelationis: Krzemińska 2002: 204. Distribution. This is a Holarctic species, with records from most of European and other Palaearctic countries as well as USA and Canada (Dahl & Alexander 1976). Some populations are known to be introduced by man to islands on southern hemisphere (Dahl 1970). Examined material (Fig. 34): 1 male (pinned), North Korea, Ompo, alt. 150 ft., 13.05.1938, coll. A. M. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 male (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Daegwallyeong-myeon, Yongsan-ri, Mt. Balwangsan, 23.04– 14.05.2008., coll. J. D. Yeo et al., Malaise trap (NIBR); 4 males, 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Hoedong-ri, Jeongseon-eup, Gwangsangol, Mt. Gariwangsan, 21.04– 13.05.2009 (st. 6), coll. W. Y. Choi et al., Malaise trap (NIBR); 1 male (pinned), S. Korea, Gangwon-do province, Odaesan National Park, Sangwonsa, N37.78785, E128.56758, alt. 853 m, 0 2.05.2012, coll. S. Podenas (NIBR); 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Jeollabuk-do, Namwon, Jucheon-myeon, Gogi-ri, waterfall on a small creek, N35.36654, E127.50798, alt. 771 m, 0 7.05.2013, coll. S. Podenas (NIBR); 4 males (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Gapyeong-gun, Buk-myeon, Jeokmok-ri, N37.97627, E127.441601, 0 2.01.2015, 3:00 PM, coll. Y.- J. Bae (KU), 1 male (in ethanol), S. Korea, Jirisan NP Piagol valley, N35.26590, E127.58096, alt. 446 m, 23.04.2015 at light (NIBR); 1 male (in ethanol), 28.04.2015, 1 female (in ethanol), 30.04.2015 at light, all coll. S. Podenas (NIBR); 1 male (in ethanol), S. Korea, Jirisan NP Piagol valley, N35.27177, E127.57146, alt. 490 m, 24.04.2015 (4), coll. S. Podenas (NIBR). Notes. Although it is a widely distributed species, there were no earlier published records for Korea., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on pages 566-567, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Krzeminska, E. (2000) Trichocera (Metatrichocera) regelationis (Linnaeus), 1758: intraspecific variability in European populations (Diptera: Trichoceridae). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 43 (3 - 4), 217 - 232.","Dahl, C. & Alexander, C. P. (1976) A world catalogue of Trichoceridae Kertesz, 1902 (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica, 7 (1), 7 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631276 X 00027","Dahl, C. (1970) Diptera: Trichoceridae of South Georgia. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 271 - 273."]}

Trichocera (Saltrichocera) sparsa Starý & Martinovský, 1996 (Fig. 23) Trichocera (Trichocera) sparsa Starý & Martinovský, 1996, Figs. 8, 17, 23, 29, 33. Trichocera (Metatrichocera) sparsa: Starý 1998: 185. Trichocera (Saltrichocera) sparsa: Krzemińska 2002: 204. Distribution. The species is recorded from many European countries: Czech Republic, Poland, Switzerland (Starý & Martinovský 1996), Findland (Krzemińska & Gorzka 2014), Hungary (Krzemińska 2003), Lithuania (Petrašiūnas & Visarčuk 2007), Norway (Hågvar & Krzemińska 2007), Romania (Ujvarosi & Krzemińska 2002; Verdes et al. 2005), Russia (Petrašiūnas & Paramonov 2013, 2014), Slovak Republic (Starý & Martinovský 1996; Starý 2009), Sweden (Starý & Martinovský 1996; Krzeminska & Gorzka 2014). Examined material (Fig. 35): 3 males, 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Jinbumyeon, Dongsan-ri, Odaesan NP, N37.76583, E128.57727, alt. 768 m, st. 2, 30.10– 28.11.2013, coll. S.- J. Park, S.- B. Oh, Flight interception trap (NIBR). Notes. The specimens of T. sparsa collected from Korea again raise the question of identity of Trichocera japonica Matsumura. Starý & Martinovský (1996) considered T. japonica to be a species of uncertain identity, not conspecific with any of their newly described species, although in general the male terminalia of this species in the drawings of Tokunaga (1938, Figs. 13, 19, 25, 26) look similar to T. sparsa. All specimens we examined had sparse setae both on the anepimeron and metepisternum, a feature typical for T. sparsa in Europe, but there is nothing known about pleural setae of T. japonica. Unfortunately, the types of T. japonica were not available for this study, so the question of identity of this species remains open., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on page 567, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Stary, J. & Martinovsky, J. (1996) Little-known and new Trichocera s. str., related to T. implicata and revised checklist of the Czech and Slovak Trichoceridae (Diptera). Entomological Problems, 27, 151 - 166.","Krzeminska, E. & Gorzka, D. (2014) Subgenus Trichocera (Saltrichocera) in Scandinavia: a new species and first records from Finland (Diptera, Trichoceridae). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 57, 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.3409 / azc. 57 _ 1 - 2.01","Krzeminska, E. (2003) A new species of Trichocera Meigen from Hungary and further remarks on the Hungarian Tichoceridae (Diptera: Trichoceridae). Folia entomologica Hungarica, 64, 227 - 234.","Petrasiunas, A. & Visarcuk, P. (2007) Updated Checklist of Lithuanian winter Gnats (Diptera: Trichoceridae). Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 17, 276 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 13921657.2007.10512844","Hagvar, S. & Krzeminska, E. (2007) Contribution to the winter phenology of Trichoceridae (Diptera) in snow-covered southern Norway. Studia dipterologica, 14, 271 - 283.","Ujvarosi, L. & Krzeminska, E. (2002) New data on Trichoceridae (Diptera) from Romania. Entomologica Romanica, 7, 63 - 66.","Verdes, K., Benedek, O. Z., Lakatos, L. & Ujvarosi, L. (2005) Data on the Diptera fauna of the wet habitats of Rosia Montana and adjacent areas. Collegium Biologicum, 5, 102 - 108.","Petrasiunas, A. V. & Paramonov, N. M. (2013) New data on the distribution of winter gnats (Diptera, Trichoceridae) in Russia. Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 92, 901 - 909. https: // doi. org / 10.7868 / s 0044513413060111","Petrasiunas, A. V. & Paramonov, N. M. (2014) New data on the distribution of winter gnats (Diptera, Trichoceridae) in Russia. Entomological Review, 94, 190 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / s 0013873814020055","Stary, J. (2009) The Trichocera (Trichocera) rectistylus species group: females and a new species (Diptera: Trichoceridae). Zoosymposia, 3, 263 - 271.","Tokunaga, M. (1938) New or little known Trichoceridae from Japan (Diptera). Tenthredo, 2 (2), 137 - 150."]}

Trichocera (Metatrichocera) latilobata Alexander, 1938 (Fig. 21) Trichocera latilobata Alexander, 1938: 133, Figs. 3, 26. Trichocera (Metatrichocera) latilobata: Dahl & Alexander 1976: 14. Previous records for Korea (Fig. 32): 1 male, North Korea, Ompo, altitude 650 ft., 11.08.1937., coll. A. M. Yankovsky (Alexander 1938). Notes. This species is only known from the holotype specimen (it was not available for this study) and it’s identity remains unclear, as only the wing and part of the male genitalia were illustrated by Alexander (1938), not allowing for unambiguous identification of this species., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on page 564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1938) New or little known Tipulidae from Eastern Asia (Diptera), XL. Philippine Journal of Science, 67, 129 - 165.","Dahl, C. & Alexander, C. P. (1976) A world catalogue of Trichoceridae Kertesz, 1902 (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica, 7 (1), 7 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631276 X 00027"]}

Paracladura rasnitsyni Krzemińska, 2005 (Fig. 9) Paracladura rasnitsyni Krzemińska, 2005: 327. Distribution. The species was described rather recently from Russian Far East, Primorsky Krai and only holotype male and paratype female specimens were known (Krzemińska 2005, Figs. 5, 54-60). Examined material (Fig. 31): 1 male (pinned, genitalia in vial of glycerol), North Korea, Ompo, alt. 500 ft., 28.05.1938, coll. A. M. Yankovsky (USNM). Notes. First record for Korean Peninsula and only the second case of this species ever recorded. Males of this species have unique parameres in shape of two broad, membranous lobes covering aedeagus from ventral side, then abruptly narrowing into long, thin hooks curved to inside and almost meeting medially (Krzemińska 2005), better visible in lateral view (Fig. 9)., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on page 563, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Krzeminska, E. (2005) Subfamily Paracladurinae. III. Phylogenetic biogeography: two new genera and three species described (Diptera, Trichoceridae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 32, 317 - 352. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2005.9518422"]}

Trichocera (Trichocera) sakaguchii Alexander, 1930 (Fig. 20) Trichocera sakaguchii Alexander, 1930: 107. Trichocera (Trichocera) sakaguchii: Dahl & Alexander 1976: 17. Trichocera (Metatrichocera) sakaguchii: Starý 1998: 186. Trichocera (Trichocera) sakaguchii: Krzemińska 2001a: 393, Figs.11–15. Distribution. Japan (Alexander 1930), India (Krzemińska 2001a) and Korea (the present study). Examined material (Fig. 40): 1 male (pinned, genitalia in vial of glycerol), North Korea, Ompo, alt. 1200 ft., 0 3.11.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 male (pinned, together with Trichocera sp. 1 spec.), North Korea, Seren Mountains, alt. 5000 ft., 0 3.10.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 male (pinned), S. Korea, Korean National Forest, 18 miles NE of Seoul, # 1, 18.04.1954, coll. G. W. Byers (U-M); 3 males (pinned), S. Korea, 15 miles ENE of Seoul, # 44, 28.11.1954, coll. G. W. Byers (USNM); 1 male (pinned) South Korea, Province S. Kangwon, Mts. Sorak-san, alt. 700 m, 38°05’20”N, 128°23’18”E, 12.10.2001, leg. A. Kun & L. Ronkay (HNHM). Notes. These are the first records for Korea., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on page 570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1930) Records and descriptions of Trichoceridae from the Japanese empire (Ord. Diptera). Konowia, 9, 103 - 108.","Dahl, C. & Alexander, C. P. (1976) A world catalogue of Trichoceridae Kertesz, 1902 (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica, 7 (1), 7 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631276 X 00027","Krzeminska, E. (2001 a) New additions to the subgenus Trichocera (Trichocera) Meigen (Diptera: Trichoceridae). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 44 (4), 391 - 399."]}

Trichocera (Saltrichocera) maculipennis punctipennis Brunetti, 1912 (Figs. 1–6, 10–13) Trichocera punctipennis Brunetti, 1912: 511, Fig. 13. Trichocera (Saltrichocera) punctipennis: Krzemińska 2002: 204. Trichocera maculipennis ssp. pictipennis Alexander, 1930: 106, syn. n. Trichocera (Saltrichocera) sapporensis Alexander, 1935: 525, Figs. 1, 25, syn. n. Distribution. Japan (Alexander 1930; 1935), India (Brunetti 1912) and Korea (the present study). Examined material (Fig. 36): 1 male (pinned), Japan, Sapporo, Sept. 1922, coll. S. Kuwayama (holotype #5712 of Trichocera sapporensis, USNM) (Figs. 1, 10); 1 female (pinned), 30.09– 04.10.1897; 1 female (pinned), 0 7.10.1897, Russia, Sidemi, South Ussuri kray (currently Bezverkhovo, Primorsky kray), A. M. Yankovsky (T. (S.) maculipennis pictipennis , det. C. P. Alexander, ZIN) (Fig. 4); 1 male (pinned), India, c. 7000 ft., Simla Hills 25.04.1907, N. Annandale, Brunetti B. M., 1927–184 (T. (S.) maculipennis punctipennis , det. E. Krzeminska, BMNH); 1 male (pinned), India Theog c. 8000 ft., Simla Hills 27.04.1907, N. Annandale, Brunetti B. M. 1927–184 (T. (S.) maculipennis punctipennis , det. E. Krzeminska, BMNH); 1 female (pinned), India, Kasauli, March, Col. S. R. Christophers, B. M. 1923–107 (T. (S.) maculipennis punctipennis , det. E. Krzeminska, BMNH); 1 female (pinned), India, Naini Tal., 6700 ft., 15.02.1934, J. A. Graham, Brit. Mus. 1934–143 (T. (S.) maculipennis punctipennis , det. E. Krzeminska, BMNH); 1 male (pinned), India, Naini Tal., 6700ft., 0 1.03.1934, J. A. Graham, Brit. Mus. 1934–263 (T. (S.) maculipennis punctipennis , det. E. Krzeminska, BMNH) (Figs. 5, 12, 13); 1 female (pinned), North Korea, Ompo, 600 ft., 19.09.1937, coll. A. M. Yankovsky (USNM); 2 females (pinned), N. Korea, Potani Paiktusan, 6000 ft., 26.07.1940, coll. A. M. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 male, Korea, Mt. Kongo, 0 8.10.1933, coll. Machida (USNM); 1 male (pinned), Korea 15 miles ENE of Seoul, # 44, 28.11.1954, coll. G. W. Byers (USNM); 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Jeongseon-gun, Hoedong-ri, Jeongseon-eup, Gwangsangol, Mt. Gariwangsan, 21.04– 13.05.2009, (st. 6), coll. W. Y. Choi et al., Malaise trap (NIBR); 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Inje-gun, Girin-myeon, Bangdong-ri, Mt. Bangtaesan, 04.05– 28.05.2010, st. 3, coll. H.- W. Byun et al., Malaise tr. (NIBR); 5 males (Figs. 2, 11), 1 female (Fig. 3) (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Jinbumyeon, Dongsan-ri, Odaesan NP, N37.76583, E128.57727, alt. 768 m, st. 2, 30.10– 28.11.2013, coll. S.- J. Park, S.- B. Oh, Flight interception trap (NIBR); 2 males, 2 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Yeongju-si, Punggi-eup, Gyochon-ri, Ba-ro, Sobaek-san (Mt.) NP, 0 3.04.2015, coll. Korea National Park Service, Malaise trap (NIBR). Notes. Wing venation and darkened pattern of the above mentioned specimens from Korea were found to be almost identical with those of the holotype of T. sapporensis Alexander, 1935 known from Hokkaido, Japan. Male aedeagal complexes also look conspecific; although as the slide of the holotype of T. sapporensis is flattened, it is not easy to compare these structures, the parameres are wide at the basal part both in the holotype and in the other examined specimens from Korea. The distinct difference can be seen in the basal part of gonostyles. The holotype of T. sapporensis lacks any projections on gonostyles, while the specimens from Korea examined by us have small basal tubercles on gonostyles. This feature, together with the general form of the genitalia and wing venation seem to be typical for T. maculipennis. Nominal subspecies of T. maculipennis usually has five dark areas on the wing; however, T. (S.) maculipennis pictipennis Alexander, 1930 has more, and a rather clear band across the radial field (Figs. 3, 4), like that seen in our specimens collected from Korea. While describing subspecies pictipennis, C. P. Alexander designated as one of the paratypes the following specimen: “1 sex?, Sapporo, September 1922 (S. Kuwayama)” (Alexander 1930)—a specimen probably from the same catch as the holotype of the later described T. sapporensis (Alexander 1935). T. Nakamura and T. Tachi (Japan) reportedly attempted to collect T. sapporensis in Sapporo for many years without success, as all the males they caught had a basal tubercle on the gonostyli (pers. comm.). The male holotype of T. sapporensis seems to be an aberrant form of T. maculipennis pictipennis, lacking the basal tubercle on the gonostyli. Specimens of T. (S.) punctipennis Brunetti, 1912 examined by us or illustrated by Brunetti (1912) in the original description have the same pattern of wing markings as T. maculipennis pictipennis (Figs. 4, 6); moreover, the male and female terminalia (Figs. 12, 13), antennae and tarsal claws are like those of typical T. maculipennis, so we consider T. (S.) punctipennis to be of subspecific rank and identical with T. (S.) maculipennis pictipennis Alexander, 1930 syn. n. As T. punctipennis has priority over T. (S.) maculipennis pictipennis and T. (S.) sapporensis syn. n., we consider these two later species to be synonyms of T. (S.) maculipennis punctipennis., Published as part of Petrašiūnas, Andrius & Podenas, Sigitas, 2017, New data on winter crane flies (Diptera: Trichoceridae) of Korea with description of a new species, pp. 561-575 in Zootaxa 4311 (4) on pages 565-566, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4311.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/848459, {"references":["Brunetti, E. (1912) Diptera Nematocera. In: Schipley, G. A. K. & Marshall, A. E. (Eds.), The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, 1912, pp. 499 - 513.","Alexander, C. P. (1930) Records and descriptions of Trichoceridae from the Japanese empire (Ord. Diptera). Konowia, 9, 103 - 108.","Alexander, C. P. (1935) New or little-known Tipulidae from Eastern Asia (Diptera). XXIV. Philippine Journal of Science, 56 (4), 525 - 562."]}

Received: 19. VI. 2014. Accepted: 5. VII. 2014. Available online: 23 December 2014 KRZEMINSKA E., GORZKA D. 2014. Subgenus Trichocera (Saltrichocera) in Scandinavia: a new species and first records from Finland (Diptera, Trichoceridae). Acta zool. cracov., 57(1-2): 1-10. Abstract. From localities in Sweden in Finland in the vicinity of Polar Circle 14 species of the subgenus Trichocera (Saltrichocera) are recorded; all new to Finland, and 5 – to Sweden. A new species related to T. (S.) antennata, T. (S.) montium and T. (S.) thaleri is described from Finland. A female of T. (S.) michali is illustrated.

Six species of winter gnats are recorded for the first time in the fauna of Russia: Trichocera (Trichocera) inexplorata (Dahl, 1967), T. (Saltrichocera) antennata Starý, 1999, T. (S.) calva Starý, 1999, T. (S.) dahlae Mendl, 1971, T. (S.) recondita Starý, 2000, and T. (S.) sparsa Starý et Martinovský, 1996. One species, Trichocera arctica Lundstrom, 1915, is transferred to the subgenus Saltrichocera. Females of T. (S.) dahlae Mendl, 1971 are described and illustrated for the first time. Occurrence of several winter gnat species in the territory of Russia is confirmed and their ranges are described.

The investigation of crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) in the current territory of Mongolia started in 1880 with specimens collected by G. N. Potanin in north-central Mongolia. The most productive period has been during the last 17 years with the sampling and research fostered by the joint American-Mongolian Lake Hovsgol Survey in 1995–1997 and the Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey (2003–2011). Since 1995, among the true crane flies, the families Cylindrotomidae (4 species) and Trichoceridae (5 species) have been newly discovered in Mongolia, the number of Tipulidae has doubled (now 136 species), the number of Limoniidae tripled (140 species), and nearly eight times more Pediciidae (15 species). In addition, two species of Tanyderidae (primitive crane flies), and one species of Ptychopteridae (phantom crane flies) are known from Mongolia. Most Mongolian species have Palaearctic (29.0%), Eastern Palaearctic (28.7%), or Mongolian Plateau (14.0%) distribution ranges. The peak flight period for adult c...

A traditionally controversial taxon, the Tipulomorpha has been frequently discussed with respect to both its familial composition and relationships with other Nematocera. The interpretation of internal relationships within the Tipuloidea, which include the Tipulidae sensu stricto, Cylindrotomidae, Pediciidae and Limoniidae, is also problematic. We sequenced the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Symplecta hybrida (Meigen, 1804), which belongs to the subfamily Chioneinae of family Limoniidae, and another five nearly complete mt genomes from the Tipuloidea. We did a comparative analysis of these mt genomics and used them, along with some other representatives of the Nematocera to construct phylogenetic trees. Trees inferred by Bayesian methods strongly support a sister-group relationship between Trichoceridae and Tipuloidea. Tipulomorpha are not supported as the earliest branch of the Diptera. Furthermore, phylogenetic trees indicate that the family Limoniidae is a paraphyletic group.

The toxic ectomycorhizal fungi Amanita muscaria (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) was first recorded in New Zealand in 1937, and it is now widespread throughout the country. We collected decaying fruiting bodies of the mushroom in 2005 and 2006 and placed them in enclosed emergence traps to determine use by fungivorous insects. This study clarified that the endemic species Mycetophila fagi, M. filicornis (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) and Zedura curtisi (Diptera: Trichoceridae), as well as exotic Drosophila busckii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), utilised the exotic A. muscaria in various vegetation types in the North and South Islands of New Zealand. A significant difference was observed in the number of fungivorous insects found on the mushrooms between North and South Islands; the endemic M. fagi was dominant in South Island, while Psychodidae sp. dominated North Island. A significant difference was observed in the number of fungivorous insects between the exotic and endemic vegetation inhabited by A. muscaria. Furthermore, the biodiversity of fungivorous insects on A. muscaria within endemic Nothofagus vegetation was more than three times greater than that within the exotic Betula , Pinus, Pseudotsuga and tsuga vegetation. These observations suggest that the greater diversity of fungivorous insects on A. muscaria in natural Nothofagus forests may reflect the higher diversity found in natural forests compared with plantation forests.

Schneeberg, K. and Beutel, R.G. 2011. The adult head structures of Tipulomorpha (Diptera, Insecta) and their phylogenetic implications. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 92: 316–343. Head structures of adults of Tipula paludosa, Limonia sp. and Trichocera saltator were examined and described. The results are compared with conditions found in other dipterans and other antliophoran groups, notably Nannochoristidae. Several potential synapomorphies of a dipteran–nannomecopteran–siphonapteran clade are present in Tipuloidea and Trichocera, the labro-epipharyngeal food channel, the loss of the galea and the postpharyngeal pumping apparatus. The sensorial field of the maxillary palpomere 3, a potential dipteran–nannomecopteran synapomorphy, is also present but modified. The presence of M. clypeolabralis, labellae and mandibular stylets are groundplan apomorphies of Diptera, with secondary loss of the mandibles in Tipuloidea, Trichoceridae and many other groups. Tipuloidea is supported by the origin of M. tentorioscapalis anterior on the head capsule, the reduction of M. frontobuccalis anterior and the loss of the ocelli. The reduced tentorium, the origin of two further antennal muscles on the head capsule, the maxillary sensorial field with sensilla in individual pits, the lacking dorsal prelabial concavity and the unpaired salivary channel entering the head are apomorphies of Tipulidae. Closer affinities of Tipulidae and Cylindrotomidae are suggested by pseudotracheae of the advanced type, which have evolved independently in this lineage. The results do neither support a basal placement of Tipuloidea nor close affinities with Brachycera.

The list of Lithuanian crane flies and winter flies, whose larvae were found developing in fungi, is given. The list of fungi, in which larvae of crane and winter flies develop, is compiled in Lithuania for the first time. For the first time were larvae of Metalimnobia bifasciata (Schrank, 1781) reared from seven species of fungi and Ula bolitophila Loew, 1869 was first reared from one fungus species. This study revealed one new for Lithuania species of crane flies – Ula mixta Stary, 1983. In addition, for the first time a trophic relationship between this species of crane flies and fungi was revealed.

A new trichoceriid species of a fossil genus Zherikhinina Krzeminska, Krzeminski & Dahl 2009 is described from Shar Teg, a well known Upper Jurassic locality in Mongolia. Its plausible ancestry to a Recent genus Nothotrichocera Alexander 1926 supports the Laurasian origin of this latter genus, now of strictly circum-Antarctic distribution.

cover page

Females of the Trichocera (Trichocera) rectistylus species group have been found to profoundly differ from those of other Trichocera Meigen, 1803 by the structure of their terminalia. The female terminalia are described for T. (T.) altipons Starý, 1998, T. (T.) basidens Starý, 1998, T. (T.) polanensis Starý, 2002 and T. (T.) rectistylus Starý, 1998. In addition, another species of the rectistylus group, T. (T.) villosa sp. n. (Czech Republic), is described from both males and females.

External and internal head structures of the larva of Tipula montium are described in detail. The results are compared to conditions found in other representatives of Tipuloidea and other dipteran and antliophoran lineages. Despite of the conceivably basal position of Tipulomorpha within Diptera, the larvae are mainly characterised by derived features. The partially retracted head, the specific hemicephalic condition and several other derived character states support the monophyly of Tipuloidea. A clade comprising Tipuloidea excluding Pediciidae is suggested by the strongly retracted head, by deep dorsolateral incisions of the head capsule, by a distinctly toothed anterior premental margin, by the loss of the second extrinsic maxillary muscle, and possibly by the loss of the pharyngeal filter. Eriopterinae and Hexatominae are characterised by a tendency towards an extreme reduction of the head capsule. Limoniinae, Cylindrotomidae, and Tipulidae form a clade supported by the presence of a premaxillary suture. This implies the non-monophyly of Limoniidae. A feature shared by Cylindrotomidae and Tipulidae is the presence of a movable lacinia mobilis. However, this is arguably a plesiomorphic feature, as it also occurs in Nannochoristidae. Features of the larval head of Trichoceridae, which were included in Tipulomorpha, do not show affinities with those of Tipuloidea. Trichocerid larvae share a specialised subdivided mandible with larvae of psychodomorph groups. Tipuloidea are a highly specialised group. The characters examined did not reveal plesiomorphic features supporting a basal position, and features suggesting closer affinities with Brachycera are vague. The evolution of dipteran larval head structures was apparently strongly affected by the loss of legs and the tendency to live in cryptic habitats. Diptera are the group of Endopterygota with the highest number of apomorphic features of the larval head. The appendages are generally simplified and the muscular apparatus is strongly reduced. Specialised features evolving within dipteran lineages include specifically arranged brushes of hairs on the labrum and epipharynx, movable messores, subdivided mandibles, different mandibular brushes, and a far-reaching reduction of labial parts.