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ABSTRACT Organophosphorus pesticides are commonly employed in agricultural fields due to their potent insecticidal properties and short environmental persistence. However, organophosphorus pesticides enter the human body through the food chain, surface, and groundwater, leading to irreversible damage to the nervous system. Therefore, monitoring the presence of organophosphorus pesticides in food is necessary to ensure human safety. Herein, an ultra‐sensitive electrochemical biosensor has been prepared by using graphitic carbon nitride decorated molybdenum sulfide (g‐C3N4@MoS2) as a catalyst for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides, trichlorfon. The synergistic effect of g‐C3N4@MoS2 boosts the electron transfer across the electrode surface, further contributing to the immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. At optimum conditions, the developed biosensor (AChE/g‐C3N4@MoS2/ITO) demonstrated a broad linear range (5–100 nM) with a low detection limit (LOD) of 2.1 nM obtained using the equation 3σ/S where σ is the standard deviation and S is the sensitivity of the bioelectrode. In addition, the AChE/g‐C3N4@MoS2/ITO biosensor exhibited good stability and reproducibility, with satisfactory results for real sample analysis of trichlorfon detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drinking water treatment residual (DWTR) is an inevitable byproduct produced during the water treatment process. Despite efforts to recycle and reuse DWTR, concerns persist regarding the release of aluminum (Al) during its application. In this study, pyrolysis was employed to mitigate Al release from DWTR. The influence of pyrolysis temperature on the properties, metal release risks, and adsorption capacity for organophosphorus pesticides (specifically trichlorfon) of DWTR biochar was investigated. Results indicate that higher pyrolysis temperatures increased the aromatic content of DWTR biochar and decreased the unstable fractions of Al and Fe. Initially, the specific surface area of DWTR biochar increased, but then decreased with rising pyrolysis temperature. Pyrolysis led to a reduction in Al release risk, meeting drinking water standards, as elevated temperatures transformed unstable Al forms into more stable ones. DWTR biochar demonstrated effective adsorption of trichlorfon, albeit decreasing with higher temperatures. Chemical adsorption dominated, facilitated by active surface functional groups. This research underscores the potential of eco-friendly and cost-effective waste management strategies for DWTR utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of pesticides in some areas where fish species such as tilapia are farmed may cause damage to the environment and affect commercial fish and therefore, human health. Water leaching with the pesticide trichlorfon, during the fumigation season in the field, can affect water quality in fish farms and consequently affect fish health. At the same time, the use of immunomodulatory compounds such as β-glucan supplied in the diet has become widespread in fish farms as it has been shown that improves the overall immune response. The present research examines the immunomodulatory impacts observed in macrophages of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after being fed a diet supplemented with β-glucan for 15 days, followed by their in vitro exposure to trichlorfon, an organophosphate pesticide, at concentrations of 100 and 500 µg mL−1 for 24 h. The results showed that β-glucan diet improved the viability of cells exposed to trichlorfon and their antioxidant capacity. However, β-glucan did not counteract the effects of the pesticide as for the ability to protect against bacterial infection. From the present results, it can be concluded that β-glucan feeding exerted a protective role against oxidative damage in cells, but it was not enough to reduce the deleterious effects of trichlorfon on the microbicidal capacity of macrophages exposed to this pesticide. Highlights: The B-glucan diet enhances cell viability when exposed to trichlorfon and boosts their antioxidant capacity. Trichlorfon exposure triggers multiple immune responses, including overexpression of immune-related genes and intracellular ROS production in macrophages. Prior consumption of B-glucan reduces ROS production, exerting a protective role against cellular damage in these cells. The pesticide's impact diminishes the cell's ability to defend against bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the morphological and physiological responses of Brassica juncea to the stresses of Cadmium (Cd) and trichlorfon (TCF), and the phytoremediation potential of B. juncea to Cd and TCF were investigated under hydroponics. Results showed that Cd exhibited strong inhibition on biomass and root morphology of B. juncea as Cd concentration increased. The chlorophyll a fluorescence intensity and chlorophyll content of B. juncea decreased with the increased Cd concentration, whereas the malondialdehyde and soluble protein contents and superoxide dismutase activity increased. TCF with different concentrations showed no significant influence on these morphological and physiological features of B. juncea. The biomass and physiological status of B. juncea were predominantly regulated by Cd level under the co-exposure of Cd and TCF. B. juncea could accumulate Cd in different plant parts, as well as showed efficient TCF degradation performance. A mutual inhibitory removal of Cd and TCF was observed under their co-system. The present study clearly signified the physiological responses and phytoremediation potential of B. juncea toward Cd and TCF, and these results suggest that B. juncea can be used as an effective phytoremediation agent for the Cd-TCF co-contamination in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichlorfon, one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides, is commonly employed in aquaculture and agriculture to combat parasitic infestations. However, its inherent instability leads to rapid decomposition into dichlorvos (DDVP), increasing its toxicity by eightfold. Therefore, the environmental effects of trichlorfon in real-world scenarios involve the combined effects of trichlorfon and its degradation product, DDVP. In this study, we systematically investigated the degradation of trichlorfon in tap water over time using HPLC and LC–MS/MS analysis. Subsequently, an experiment was conducted to assess the acute toxicity of trichlorfon and DDVP on goldfish (Carassius auratus), employing a 1H NMR-based metabolic approach in conjunction with serum biochemistry, histopathological inspection, and correlation network analysis. Exposure to trichlorfon and its degradation product DDVP leads to increased lipid peroxidation, reduced antioxidant activity, and severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in goldfish. Based on the observed pathological changes and metabolite alterations, short-term exposure to trichlorfon significantly affected the liver and kidney functions of goldfish, while exerting minimal influence on the brain, potentially due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier. The changes in the metabolic profile indicated that trichlorfon and DDVP influenced several pathways, including oxidative stress, protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism. This study demonstrated the applicability and potential of 1H NMR-based metabonomics in pesticide environmental risk assessment, providing a feasible method for the comprehensive study of pesticide toxicity in water environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aquaculture, copper sulphate and trichlorfon are commonly used as disinfectants and insecticide, sometimes in combination. However, improper use can result in biotoxicity and increased ecological risks. The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification, lipid metabolism, nutrient storage, and immune function in fish. Selecting the liver as the main target organ for research helps to gain an in-depth understanding of various aspects of fish physiology, health, and adaptability. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to Cu (0.5 mg/L) and Tri (0.5 mg/L) alone and in combination for 21 days. The results demonstrate that both Cu and Tri caused hepatocyte structure damage in zebrafish after 21 days of exposure, with the combination showing an even greater toxicity. Additionally, the antioxidant and immune enzyme activities in zebrafish liver were significantly induced on both day 7 and day 21. A transcriptome analysis revealed that Cu and Tri, alone and in combination, impacted various physiological activities differently, including metabolism, growth, and immunity. Overall, Cu and Tri, either individually or in combination, can induce tissue damage by generating oxidative stress in the body, and the longer the exposure duration, the stronger the toxic effects. Moreover, the combined exposure to Cu and Tri exhibits enhanced toxicity. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the combined use of heavy metal disinfectants and other drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichlorfon is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in aquaculture and has potential neurotoxicity, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to trichlorfon at concentrations (0, 0.1, 2 and 5 mg/L) used in aquaculture from 2 to 144 h post fertilization. Trichlorfon exposure reduced the survival rate, hatching rate, heartbeat and body length and increased the malformation rate of zebrafish larvae. The locomotor activity of larvae was significantly reduced. The results of molecular docking revealed that trichlorfon could bind to acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Furthermore, trichlorfon significantly inhibited AChE activity, accompanied by decreased acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin content in larvae. The transcription patterns of genes related to acetylcholine (e.g., ache, chrna7, chata, hact and vacht), dopamine (e.g., drd4a and drd4b) and serotonin systems (e.g., tph1, tph2, tphr, serta, sertb, htrlaa and htrlab) were consistent with the changes in acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin content and AChE activity. The genes related to the central nervous system (CNS) (e.g., a1-tubulin, mbp, syn2a, shha and gap-43) were downregulated. Our results indicate that the developmental neurotoxicity of trichlorfon might be attributed to disorders of cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling and the development of the CNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrochemicals used for treating and preventing aquaculture diseases are usually present in combination with other compounds, and the toxicity resulting from their chemical interactions presents an important reason to assess the ecotoxicity of compound mixtures in view to better understanding the joint action of chemicals and avoiding their environmental impacts. In this study, we evaluated the acute aquatic ecotoxicity of several compounds used in Brazilian fish farming (Oxytetracycline [OXT], Trichlorfon [TRC], and BioFish® [BIO]), both individually and in binary and ternary mixtures. Initial test concentrations were prepared according to the recommended concentrations for aquaculture application, and from these, a geometric dilution series was tested on two important fresh water quality indicator species, the microcrustacean Daphnia magna and the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. At the recommended pond application rate, TRC and BIO applied individually showed toxicity to the tested organisms in terms of the lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC), and D. magna was always more sensitive than A. fischeri. For the two test organisms, the results obtained with the binary mixtures showed that the TRC and BIO mixture was more toxic than TRC and OXT, which in turn was more toxic than OXT and BIO. The toxicity from all agrochemicals in the ternary mixture was more than that of the agrochemical combinations in the binary mixtures. Given the results presented in this study, it is evident that the mode of action and availability of the tested compounds undergo changes that increase toxicity when they are present in combination, and therefore, aquaculture wastewater treatment should be adopted to ensure decontamination of agrochemical residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rhipicephalus microplus is among the most important ectoparasites for livestock. The use of synthetic acaricides has raised some concerns due to the selection of tick populations that are resistant to acaricides and environmental contamination. Therefore, plant extracts have been used as alternatives for the treatment of animals infested with ticks. In this study, R. microplus populations from seven different dairy farms were collected and assessed for their resistance to the acaricides cypermethrin or trichlorfon. Larvae of the most resistant population were used in assays to evaluate the acaricide effect of leaf extracts from plants of the Brazilian savanna. The most active extracts were also tested against fully engorged females. Among seven tick populations, five and three showed resistance level ≥ III for cypermethrin or trichlorfon, respectively. The most resistant tick population was evaluated in mortality assays with the plants Piptadenia viridiflora , Annona crassiflora , Caryocar brasiliense , Ximenia americana , and Schinopsis brasilienses. The ethanolic extracts of C. brasiliense , X. americana and S. brasilienses showed higher larvicidal effects in comparison to the other extracts and cypermethrin. The ethanolic extract of X. americana showed 60.79 % efficacy against fully engorged females of the acaricide resistant tick strain. The ethanolic extracts of C. brasiliense , X. americana, and S. brasilienses showed peaks in HPLC-DAD, indicating the presence of tannins and flavonoids. Three of the plants showed promising results and should be explored in further studies to develop novel tools to control R. microplus in cattle. [Display omitted] • Acaricide resistant R. microplus are commonly found in dairy farms. • Plants extracts induce mortality on acaricide resistant R. microplus larvae. • Plants extracts are effective against acaricide resistant R. microplus females. • Plant extracts are an alternative to control acaricide resistant ticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of high-affinity antibodies has hindered the development of satisfactory immunoassays for dichlorvos (DDVP) and trichlorfon (TCP), two highly toxic organophosphorus pesticides. Herein, the de novo synthesis of a novel anti-DDVP hapten was introduced. Subsequently, a specific anti-DDVP monoclonal antibody (Mab) was produced with satisfying affinity to DDVP (IC 50 : 12.4 ng mL−1). This Mab was highly specific to DDVP, and TCP could readily convert into DDVP under mild alkaline conditions. Leveraging this insight, an indirect competitive ELISA was successfully developed for simultaneous detection of DDVP and TCP. The limit of detection in rice, cabbage and apple for DDVP /TCP was found to be 12.1/14.6 μg kg−1, 7.3/8.8 μg kg−1 and 6.9/8.3 μg kg−1, respectively. This study not only provides an effective strategy for producing a high-quality anti-DDVP Mab but also affords a reliable and cost-effective tool suitable for high-throughput detection of DDVP and TCP in food samples. [Display omitted] • The de novo synthesis of a novel anti-DDVP hapten was introduced. • A specific anti-DDVP monoclonal antibody with a satisfying affinity was produced. • TCP was found readily convert into DDVP in a borate buffer at pH 8.0. • An ic-ELISA for the detection of DDVP and TCP was firstly developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichlorfon (TCF) has the possibility of contaminating agricultural crops and posing some health risks to humans. Herein, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on Fe, Cu dual-atom catalysts (Fe/Cu-N-C DACs) and Au@Luminol was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of TCF. Fe/Cu-N-C with diatomic sites has a very high catalytic activity and can be used as a co-reaction accelerator to activate H 2 O 2 to generate a large number of hydroxyl radicals which triggered a strong cathodic ECL signal of luminol. TCF molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was further introduced as a specific recognition element, and the interaction between the template molecule and the functional monomer was verified by molecular docking technique. The developed sensing platform was successfully applied to the ultrasensitive detection of TCF with a linear range from 1.0 pg/mL to 5.0 μg/mL with a low detection limit (0.39 pg/mL). This study broadens the application of DACs in ECL sensing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that might appear to influence the work reported herein., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of trichlorfon on brain acetylcholinesterase, serum catalase enzymes, and gill and liver tissues of golden fish in the presence of vitamin C. The fish (10±0.5 g) were exposed to water-soluble trichlorfon for one month in four treatments as 1 control (no poison and vitamin), 2 (0.4 mg/l trichlorfon), 3 (0.4 mg/l trichlorfon and 200 mg/kg food vitamin C) and 4 (200 mg/kg food vitamin C), with 3 replicates. The results showed that trichlorfon significantly decreased the acetylcholinesterase activity compared to the control treatment, but the administration of vitamin C with this poison significantly (P˂0.05) increased the activity of this enzyme compared to the treatment without vitamin C. Trichlorfon did not significantly change the catalase activity compared to the control (P˃0.05). Trichlorofon caused necrosis, edema, shortness, slashing, and hyperplasia of secondary lamellas in the gills tissue of fish. This poison also caused bleeding, necrosis, and swelling of hepatocytes in the liver tissue, but because of the antioxidant properties of vitamin C, the administration of this vitamin reduced the severity of this tissue damage. According to the results, vitamin C with antioxidant properties improved enzymatic conditions and reduced the severity of gill and liver tissue damage caused by trichlorfon.

Trichlorfon is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in aquaculture and has potential neurotoxicity, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to trichlorfon at concentrations (0, 0.1, 2 and 5 mg/L) used in aquaculture from 2 to 144 h post fertilization. Trichlorfon exposure reduced the survival rate, hatching rate, heartbeat and body length and increased the malformation rate of zebrafish larvae. The locomotor activity of larvae was significantly reduced. The results of molecular docking revealed that trichlorfon could bind to acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Furthermore, trichlorfon significantly inhibited AChE activity, accompanied by decreased acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin content in larvae. The transcription patterns of genes related to acetylcholine (e.g., ache, chrna7, chata, hact and vacht), dopamine (e.g., drd4a and drd4b) and serotonin systems (e.g., tph1, tph2, tphr, serta, sertb, htrlaa and htrlab) were consistent with the changes in acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin content and AChE activity. The genes related to the central nervous system (CNS) (e.g., a1-tubulin, mbp, syn2a, shha and gap-43) were downregulated. Our results indicate that the developmental neurotoxicity of trichlorfon might be attributed to disorders of cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling and the development of the CNS.

In aquaculture, copper sulphate and trichlorfon are commonly used as disinfectants and insecticide, sometimes in combination. However, improper use can result in biotoxicity and increased ecological risks. The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification, lipid metabolism, nutrient storage, and immune function in fish. Selecting the liver as the main target organ for research helps to gain an in-depth understanding of various aspects of fish physiology, health, and adaptability. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to Cu (0.5 mg/L) and Tri (0.5 mg/L) alone and in combination for 21 days. The results demonstrate that both Cu and Tri caused hepatocyte structure damage in zebrafish after 21 days of exposure, with the combination showing an even greater toxicity. Additionally, the antioxidant and immune enzyme activities in zebrafish liver were significantly induced on both day 7 and day 21. A transcriptome analysis revealed that Cu and Tri, alone and in combination, impacted various physiological activities differently, including metabolism, growth, and immunity. Overall, Cu and Tri, either individually or in combination, can induce tissue damage by generating oxidative stress in the body, and the longer the exposure duration, the stronger the toxic effects. Moreover, the combined exposure to Cu and Tri exhibits enhanced toxicity. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the combined use of heavy metal disinfectants and other drugs.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a destructive pest of fruits and vegetables in the world. Trichlorfon belongs to organophosphate group and it is used to control wide range of fruit flies especially B. zonata. The present study was planned to characterize the development of resistance risk to trichlorfon and cross-resistance to four other insecticides in B. zonata by selecting a field population for 20 generations. Eight to ten days old fruit fly adults were exposed to insecticides using the fruit dip method. After 20 generations of selection with trichlorfon, B. zonata had a 10.54-fold and 19.67-fold resistance when compared to field and susceptible populations, respectively. This study also showed moderate level of cross-resistance to deltamethrin (11.07-fold), negative cross-resistance to spinosad (0.05-fold) and spinetoram (0.1-fold), but a high level of cross-resistance to fipronil (688.87-fold). The realized heritability (h2) of resistance to trichlorfon, fipronil, deltamethrin, spinetoram, and spinosad was 0.16, 0.29, 0.12, 0.10, and 0.12, respectively. At fixed slope = 2.84, 10-fold increase in trichlorfon resistance would need 8, 5, and 4 generations for their respective h2 = 0.16, 0.26 and 0.36, respectively at 95% mortality. When h2 = 0.16 and slope = 1.84, 2.84, and 3.84, then 11, 8, and 5 generations would be needed for a ten-fold increase in trichlorfon resistance at 95% mortality, respectively. These results suggest that the peach fruit fly has tolerance against trichlorfon under continuous selection pressure. Therefore, continuous use of trichlorfon should be avoided but rotated with spinosad and spinetoram in the field to minimize its resistance development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the high-density pond aquaculture of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) in China, copper sulfate (CuSO 4) and trichlorfon (Tri) are commonly used, either in combination or alternately, to prevent and control various diseases and harmful algae. Despite their widespread use, there is a lack of studies on the toxic effects of CuSO 4 and Tri on gibel carp, particularly regarding their combined application. This study assessed the effects of exposure to CuSO 4 (0.5 mg/L) and Tri (0.5 mg/L), both individually and in combination, on gibel carp over 21 days. Histopathological assessments revealed significant structural damage to the liver and intestines in gibel carp exposed to either CuSO 4 or Tri alone, with co-exposure notably intensifying these effects. Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activities revealed a substantial reduction in the liver and intestines, concurrent with a significant rise in the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde in both single and combined exposure groups. Moreover, quantitative PCR analyses indicated a downregulation of immune-related genes post-exposure, with the combined treatment causing more severe suppression. This suppressed immune response correlated with a reduced ability to resist infection by the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila , particularly in the combined exposure group. This indicates that long-term exposure to CuSO 4 and Tri, particularly in combination, induces significant oxidative stress damage in the liver and intestinal tissues, suppresses immune function, and reduces disease resistance. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing of the intestinal microbiota revealed that CuSO 4 and Tri exposure altered the diversity and composition of intestinal microbial communities, potentially bringing both benefits and drawbacks. These findings underscore the need for careful management of CuSO 4 and Tri in aquaculture to mitigate their adverse impacts, especially when used in combination for an extended period. • CuSO 4 and trichlorfon caused significant liver and intestine damage. • CuSO 4 and trichlorfon exposure, individually or combined, induces oxidative stress. • Immune-related gene expressions were inhibited after exposure to CuSO 4 and trichlorfon. • Combined CuSO 4 and trichlorfon exposure increased mortality rates post A. veronii infection. • CuSO 4 and trichlorfon significantly reduced intestinal microbial diversity and richness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Boophilus microplus is a major cattle tick specie causing great economic loss to the dairy industry throughout the globe including Pakistan. Trichlorfon and Deltamethrin are used to control bovine ticks, and their sprays are also used in other pest control programs that exert pressure on ticks to gain resistance. This study is aimed to examine the resistance level of Rhipiciphalus microplus against trichlorfon and deltamethrin. The engorged ticks were collected from two ecological regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KPK Pakistan i.e., Swat & Dir (zone-1), and Charsadda & Nowshera (zone-2). Four concentrations of acaricides in two-fold and ten-fold ppm with three replicates for each were used in both bioassays. Egg hatch assay and adult immersion tests were used to assess the resistance status. The probit analysis of egg hatch assay showed the highest hatching percentage in zone 1 on both dilutions (67-76% on two-fold and 68-88% on ten-fold dilution) while lethal concentration (LC95) was found to be 2.187 ppm and discriminating dose (DD) as 4.374 ppm for trichlorfon. In zone 2, hatching percentage was 73-84 on two-fold and 72-91% on ten-fold dilution while LC95 was recorded as 0.599 ppm and DD as 1.198 ppm. The same parameters were studied for deltamethrin and in zone 1 the hatching percentage was found as 38-56% on two-fold dilution and 37-80% on ten-fold dilution while LC95 was recorded as 0.001 ppm and DD as 0.002 ppm. In zone 2, the hatchability was recorded as 42-58% on two-fold and 43-85% on ten-fold dilution. The values for LC95 was recorded as 0.001 ppm and DD as 0.002 ppm. Further, analysis of adult immersion test against trichlorfon revealed the values of LC50 as 2.85 ppm and LC95 as 4.71 ppm in zone 1 and in zone 2 as 3.14 ppm and 5.28 ppm, respectively. Similarly, LC50 and LC95 against deltamethrin was recorded as 0.79 ppm & 1.71 ppm in zone 1 and 0.45 ppm & 4.325 ppm in zone 2, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, the isolated Rhipicephalus microplus was found to be more resistant to the widely used acaricides i.e., trichlorfon than deltamethrin. In order to maintain the efficacy of acaricides at country level, the study recommends continuous monitoring of resistance.

Background: Equine cutaneous habronemiasis is common in the distal regions of the limbs. Organophosphates, applied systemically, one previously used treatment, which is highly effective, but currently in disuse, due to the risks of intoxication. Regional perfusion is a potential technique for distal limb wounds, since, in addition to being used in low doses, it prevents systemic circulation of the drug and possible intoxication, and has a lower treatment cost. The current work aimed to perform clinical, laboratory, and venography evaluations of the use of trichlorfon in regional intravenous perfusion, as a possible form of treatment for cutaneous habronemosis in the distal region of equine limbs. Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve equines were used, divided into 2 groups, with the left thoracic limb (LTL) being the test limb, and the right thoracic limb (RTL) the control limb. At moment zero (M0), distal radiography and venography were performed. The tourniquet was then loosened and after 5 min, at moment one (M1), the tourniquet was repositioned for 1.25 mg/kg (G1) and 5.5 mg/kg (G2) trichlorfon injections into the left thoracic limb, diluted in 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution, and 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution was applied to the right thoracic limb. The tourniquet was maintained for 30 min after infusion in both groups. At moment 2 (M2), 4 days later, blood tests, radiography, and venography were repeated. Every day between M0 and M2, physical examinations were performed, including measurement of the pastern, fetlock, and coronet band, and a lameness examination. There were no significant alterations in clinical parameters, behavior, and appetite. In the blood cell count, there was an increase in leukocytes on D4 in G2, although remaining within the reference values for the species. The biochemical tests showed no alterations. There were no changes in the circumferences evaluated and 4 equines from G2 presented lameness in the LTL and 1 in the RTL. In the venograms, 1 G2 animal was noticed to be hypoperfused in all LTL plexuses. Discussion: The use of trichlorfon in regional perfusion at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg demonstrated safety, with no clinical, laboratory, and lameness changes in any of the animals. At the highest dose (5.5 mg/kg), individual reactions were observed, such as different degrees of lameness, swelling, and heat in foot. Serial venographies document the response to treatment used, it was decided to perform the second venography 4 days after the trichlorfon perfusion and the first initial venography evaluation, following the recommendations for the repetition time of the examination and evaluation of the use of the drug. The evaluation of radiographic images of venography, in a grading system created considering the range of contrast in 5 regions by the 3 examiners experienced in podiatry and the analysis of radiographic images of limbs of equines, without having participated in the previous procedures was important for the reliability of the assessment. The areas of hypoperfusion observed in the venography were not related to trichlorfon perfusion. It is essential that the application of trichlorfon be performed correctly, intravenously, to avoid reactions such as necrosis, pain, edema, erythema, lameness, and even more severe inflammatory reactions, such as phlegmon and thrombophlebitis. Although a small number of animals were used in this study, trichlorfon regional perfusion of equine limbs, at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg may be a technique appears to be inert to hoof vascularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichlorfon, an organophosphorus insecticide, is commonly used in different food crops, public health management, and in veterinary practice to control pests and parasites. Scanty information is available about the mechanisms of trichlorfon toxicity in target and non-target organisms. Therefore, in this study, adult male cockerels were exposed to different concentrations of trichlorfon for 45 days to evaluate its possible toxic effects. Four cockerels were randomly killed from each group at days 15, 30, and 45 for collection of blood and different visceral tissues. After different concentrations of trichlorfon treatments (16 and 20 mg/kg body weight), a dose- and time-dependent significant decrease in feed intake and body mass was recorded. The different blood parameters including red blood cells count, hemoglobin quantity, and hematocrit percent were significantly decreased in comparison with that of control cockerels. Results indicated that trichlorfon elevated the concentration of different liver function tests (ALT, AST, and ALP), kidney function tests (urea and creatinine) and cardiac biomarkers (Cholesterol, CK-Mb, and triglycerides). Results showed that trichlorfon causes higher frequency of formation of micronuclei and erythrocyte with condensed nuclei in exposed cockerels. Moreover, trichlorfon increases the percentile of DNA damage and comet tail length of isolated blood lymphocytes. Histological observation of testicular tissues of trichlorfon-treated cockerels exhibited presence of necrotic spermatids and arrest of process of spermatogenesis, while liver tissues showed congestion, pyknosis, fragmentation, and disintegration of nucleus of hepatocytes. Histopathological analysis of kidneys of trichlorfon-treated cockerels exhibited degeneration of glomeruli, necrosis of tubular epithelium and presence of necrotic epithelial cells in lumen of renal tubules. In conclusion, is reported that trichlorfon causes deleterious effects on clinico-hematological, biochemical, genotoxic, and histopathological parameters in adult cockerels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious multivoltine and polyphagous pest of fruits and vegetables. Trichlorfon, an organophosphate insecticide, is widely used to control fruit flies. To determine the fitness cost, stability, and dominance of trichlorfon resistance, a population of B. zonata was collected from the vegetable and fruit market and reared in the laboratory. After eleven rounds of continuous selection with trichlorfon, the LC50 of the selected strain (TRI-SEL) was significantly higher than that of the susceptible and unselected (UNSEL) strains. Dominance values of 0.62 and 0.61 for Cross 1 (15 TRI-SEL♀ × 15 UNSEL♂) and Cross 2 (15 TRI-SEL♂ × 15 UNSEL♀), respectively, suggested the incomplete dominance of resistance. Trichlorfon resistance was associated with a fitness cost; relative fitness value for TRI-SEL strain was 0.52, with disadvantageous traits like larval duration, pupal weight, fecundity, and reproductive rate. The TRI-SEL displayed an unstable level of resistance after six generations without selection. Our results indicate that incompletely dominant, unstable, and autosomally inherited trichlorfon resistance has negative effects on the fitness of the TRI-SEL strain. Fitness costs and the unstable nature of trichlorfon resistance suggest that the efficacy of this chemical can be enhanced by alternating it with a different mode of action insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To detect and recognise pesticide residues on garlic chive leaves quickly, accurately and non-destructively, short wave infrared hyperspectral images of 30 garlic chive (Allium tuberosum) leaves sprayed with pure water, λ-cyhalothrin, trichlorfon, phoxim and mixtures of trichlorfon and phoxim were collected. The modified mean filtering was used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the hyperspectral images, and the isolated forest algorithm eliminated outliers. This study proposed a deep learning model based on one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) to recognise pesticide residues on garlic chive leaves and compared this model with k-nearest neighbours, linear discriminant analysis, naive Bayes, random forest and support vector machine. Results show that the accuracy rates of the 1D CNN on the train set, develop set and test set were 98.5%, 98.0% and 97.9%, respectively. Moreover, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the four classes were all greater than 0.99, suggesting that the accuracy and robustness of the deep learning model were excellent and superior to the five aforementioned traditional classification models. Based on the 1D CNN model, a multi-label classification method was also developed, which gave a satisfactory prediction on the mixed pesticide residue set with a hamming loss of 0.208. Therefore, the combination of hyperspectral imaging technology and deep learning has great potential in the non-destructive detection and recognition of pesticide residues on garlic chive leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the most important freshwater fish species. As C. carpio culture has escalated, bacterial and parasitic infections have become a real threat to the industry. Antibacterial and antiparasitic treatments are provided for infection control in C. carpio. However, adequate vaccines have not yet been developed. Trichlorfon (TCF), an organophosphate, is an antiparasitic agent used in aquaculture to treat external parasites. However, there are few pharmacokinetic (PK) studies on its use in fish. This study investigated the residue elimination and temperature‐dependent PK characteristics of TCF in C. carpio at 15°C and 25°C after 30 mg/L TCF bath immersion for 30 min. TCF residue concentrations in plasma and muscle tissues were determined using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry and further analyzed using a noncompartmental model. Temperature significantly affected specific PK parameters. Increasing the temperature from 15°C to 25°C shortened the elimination half‐life from 36.07 to 22.72 h. The time to reach the maximum plasma TCF residue concentration (Cmax) (Tmax) remained the same (0.5 h), but Cmax increased from 67.72 to 70.76 µg/L. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve decreased from 1,057.31 to 962.14 h∙µg/L. The muscle TCF Cmax was 446.99 µg/L with a corresponding Tmax of 0.5 h at 25°C, and 267.53 µg/L, with a corresponding Tmax of 1.0 h at 15°C. The temperature‐sensitive PK parameters, such as increased in Cmax and decreased elimination and distribution rates, significantly affected the plasma TCF residue concentration and its overall exposure to increasing temperature. Temperature affected the therapeutic outcomes of TCF treatment in C. carpio and likely other freshwater fish. Therefore, proper dosing regimens should take temperature into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Forty 1-2-y-old water buffaloes were simultaneously treated with trichlorfon and chlorpyrifos products in the recommended dose for cattle. After a week, 19 animals started presenting clinical signs characterized by apathy, diarrhea, aggressiveness, dehydration, and motor incoordination, followed by flaccid paralysis and permanent lateral recumbency. All affected buffaloes died after a clinical course of 1-4 days. Reduction of serum cholinesterase activity in three cases was indicative of significant exposure to organophosphorus compounds (OPs). Pathological examination of three buffaloes revealed no gross and histological lesions. By thin layer chromatography, chlorpyrifos residues and trace of trichlorfon residues were detected in fresh tissue samples. The epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and toxicological findings were highly compatible with OPs-induced delayed neurotoxicity, a neurological manifestation rarely described in domestic animals.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • The AChE-nanoprobe was synthesized via an easy method, and the size was approximately 700 nm. • The AChE-nanoprobe showed 6.9-fold higher catalytic activity than AChE. • The AChE-nanoprobe can detect TCF with an LOD of 2.8 ng/L. • The AChE-nanoprobe is reusable, retaining a catalytic activity of 42% after 10 cycles. Trichlorfon (TCF) is an important chemical for pest and parasite control, but it poses risks to public and environmental health. Thus, the detection of TCF is of great value. In this study, we report a strategy to prepare an AChE-nanoprobe for detecting TCF. Benefiting from the unique and excellent structure of CHO-β-CD, this AChE-nanoprobe can wrap nano-Fe 3 O 4 and covalently bind AChE. As a proof of concept, we prepared an AChE-nanoprobe with a hydrated particle size of 717 nm and a saturation magnetic strength of 64.11 emu/g Fe. The properties were studied in detail. Its catalytic activity was 90 % of that of free AChE, and it had broadened pH, thermal, organic solvents and storage in addition to good reusability, with a residual catalytic activity of 42 % after the 10th cycle and a cumulative catalytic activity 6.9 times higher than that of the free enzyme. The AChE-nanoprobe exhibited good performance in TCF detection; the linear range of TCF was 40–4000 ng/L, and the limit of detection for TCF was 2.8 ng/L. Furthermore, our results suggest that the AChE-nanoprobe has several attractive features, such as easy preparation, outstanding stability and reusability, providing a novel and promising tool for the analysis of TCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation products of pesticide residues during the drying process were investigated. Trichlorfon transformed into dichlorvos during three drying processes of apples: hot-air drying, microwave drying, and sun drying. The conversion kinetics of trichlorfon and dichlorvos were fitted by curve regression, which mainly conformed to first-order kinetic and quadratic models (R2 = 0.69–0.98). Based on Spearman's correlation analysis, the changes of trichlorfon were mainly related to their physical and chemical properties (aqueous hydrolysis DT50, octanol-water partition coefficient). Microwave drying promoted the transformation of trichlorfon into dichlorvos. Hot-air drying had the highest scavenging capacity against trichlorfon and dichlorvos (99.8% and 99.4%, respectively); its temperature was the main factor affecting the transformation of trichlorfon into dichlorvos. Temperature was higher in hot-air drying (60 °C) than in sun-drying (20–28 °C), which may significantly reduce the levels of the two pesticide residues. The Toxicity Estimation Software Tool toxicity assessment showed that toxicity was greater for dichlorvos than trichlorfon. Therefore, production of dichlorvos should be avoided during drying. Hot-air drying was the optimum choice for drying apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichlorfon is widely used to control pest insects and various parasitic infestations in agriculture, aquaculture and human medicine. However, the long-term widespread use and overuse of trichlorfon poses risks to public and environmental health. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of trichlorfon on gene transcription patterns in the brain of Rana chensinensis with 4 weeks treatment under control conditions and 0.1 mg/L exposure. In total, 102,013 unigenes were obtained from the brain tissue of R. chensinensis, and 874 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Functional annotation indicated that out of 118,643 unigenes, 45,600 (44.7%) were annotated in the Nr, Nt, the Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, and GO databases. The differential expression patterns of 4 genes associated with neural activity were selected and validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results revealed that except for the canonical cholinesterase-based mechanism, trichlorfon could act on other receptors and alter certain types of neuronal ion channels as the major target sites. All of these effects ultimately cause disorders of multifunctional pathways and other neurotransmitter pathways in the host. The results further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nontarget effects of organophosphate insecticides (OPs) through multitargets studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological risks posed by widespread organophosphorus pesticide (OPs) pollution in the surface waters of China remain unclear. In this study, species sensitivity distribution (SSD) parametric statistical approaches were coupled with fully acute and chronic toxicity data to fit the sensitivity distributions of different aquatic species to five typical OPs: dimethoate, malathion, parathion-methyl, trichlorfon, and dichlorvos. Crustaceans exhibit the highest sensitivity to OPs, whereas algae are the least sensitive. The acute hazardous concentrations that affected 5 % of the species (HC 5 ) were 0.112, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001 mg/L for dimethoate, malathion, parathion-methyl, trichlorfon, and dichlorvos, respectively, whereas their chronic HC 5 values were 0.004, 0.004, 0.053, 0.001, and 0.0005 mg/L, respectively. Hence, dichlorvos is highly toxic and poses greater risk to non-target aquatic species. The evaluation data revealed varying geographical distribution characteristics of the ecological risks from OPs in 15 freshwater aquatic systems across different regions of China. Dichlorvos posed the highest risk in the basins of Zhejiang and Guangdong Provinces, with the highest chronic Risk Quotient (RQ) and Hazard Index (HI) at 9.34 and 9.92, respectively. This is much higher than what was collected and evaluated for foreign rivers (the highest chronic RQ and HI in foreign rivers were 1.65 and 2.24, respectively). Thus, dichlorvos in the surface waters of China poses a substantial ecological risk to aquatic organisms, and may endanger human health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Trichlorfon [TCF] is an organophosphate compound used to eliminate or control a variety of parasites in farmed fish. The physiological and biochemical responses of juvenile Nile tilapia were studied after 96 hours of exposure to TCF. The experiment was conducted randomly with two treatments: control and TCF (0.5 mg L-1). No mortality or changes in hematological profile were recorded for the fish. On the other hand, we found that TCF exposure caused behavioral, metabolic and hormonal changes that modified the response patterns of the immune and enzymatic defense system in muscle and liver tissues. Increased plasma cortisol and glucose combined with the reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity in muscle and liver tissue after 96-h of TCF exposure indicates chemical stress. In response to this harmful situation, we observed changes in the immune system that lead to an increased number of leukocytes, thrombocytes, monocytes, lysozyme and leukocyte respiratory burst activity. Furthermore, we associate the increased activity of glutathione-S-transferase in liver tissue as a strategy fish use to combat the effects of TCF. Thus, we conclude that TCF affects the physiologic parameters of Nile tilapia, which can generate irreversible situations of recovery of the clinical condition. Such fact highlights the need to search for new compounds that could replace TCF, that have no or few adverse effects on fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus pesticides, one of the most extensively used organic chemicals to control several insect pests, making them threaten the aquatic creatures. Here, we analysed the response mechanism of Nitzschia palea to insecticides (acephate and trichlorfon) exposure, through physiological, biochemical, morphological changes and the removal ability. Results showed that the growth of N. palea was inhibited by trichlorfon, with the cell density was significantly decreased at 7 days of exposure. Although the diatom growth was hardly inhibited after acephate treatment, the diatom valve significantly abnormal morphology be found at 50 mg L−1 acephate treatment after 7 days. Meanwhile, these insecticides had no negative effect on the chlorophyll a content of N. palea. In addition, acephate and trichlorfon induced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the diatom, which play a defensive role against various environmental stresses. For further analysis revealed that the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) increased on exposure to both insecticides. N. palea also promoted 24.44–32.75% removal of acephate. The biochemical changes in N. palea on exposure to acephate and trichlorfon indicate that the diatom undergoes an adaptive change in response to the insecticides-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the protective role of dietary the extract of Angelica sinensis (EAs) on high density, CuSO4, or trichlorfon-treated Crucian carp (Carassius auratus auratus). Firstly, the study showed that the optimum density for growth and growth inhibition was 0.49 and 0.98 fish L−1 water, respectively. Dietary EAs relieved the high density–induced growth inhibition in Crucian carp. The appropriate concentration of EAs for recovery of growth was estimated to be 4.30 g kg−1 diet in high-density fish. Moreover, high density decreased both digestive and absorptive enzyme activities and increased lipid oxidation in digestive organs, suggesting the ability of high density to induce oxidative damage. However, dietary EAs inhibited the oxidative damage through elevating ROS scavenging ability and enzymatic antioxidant activity in digestive organs. Secondly, our data demonstrated that the appropriate concentration of CuSO4 to induce the decrease in feed intake (FI) was 0.8 mg Cu L−1 water. Dietary EAs returned to FI of Crucian carp treated with CuSO4. The appropriate concentration of EAs for recovery of FI was estimated to be 4.25 g kg−1 diet. Moreover, dietary EAs suppressed the CuSO4-induced decrease in digestion and absorption capacity and increase in protein metabolism in digestive organs of Crucian carp. Finally, the present results suggested that dietary EAs inhibited the trichlorfon-induced rollover (loss of equilibrium) in Crucian carp. The appropriate concentration of EAs for inhibition of rollover was estimated to be 4.18 g kg−1 diet. Moreover, trichlorfon stimulated not only the decrease in energy metabolism but also lipid and protein oxidation, suggesting that trichlorfon caused loss of function and oxidative damage in muscles of fish. However, dietary EAs improved muscular function and inhibited oxidative damage via quenching ROS and elevating non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activity in muscles of trichlorfon-induced fish. So, EAs could be used as an inhibitor of high density, CuSO4, and trichlorfon stress in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simultaneous removal of heavy metals and organics from wastewater has always been an environmental problem with great concern. In this study, a novel ecofriendly bioborbent, magnetic chitosan beads immobilized Aspergillus sydowii (MCBAs) were synthesized and used to simultaneously remove trichlorfon (TCF) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution. MCBAs showed an increased special surface area (55.38 m2·g−1) through immobilizing A. sydowii and its saturation magnetization reached 14.62 emu·g−1. The equilibrium removal capacities of TCF and Cd(II) were 135.43 mg·g−1 and 56.40 mg·g−1 in the co-system with 200 mg·L−1 TCF and 50 mg·L−1 Cd(II), respectively. The removal capacities of TCF and Cd(II) were strongly depended on the immobilized A. sydowii spore concentration, initial concentrations of TCF and Cd(II), and MCBAs dose. TCF biodegradation intermediates were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry system. Fourier transform infrared spectra displayed that –OH and –NH groups on MCBAs mainly participated in the Cd(II) sequestration and the C O stretching vibration was possibly related to the degradation intermediates of TCF. MCBAs exhibited excellent recyclability upto four cycles. Therefore, MCBAs are suitable and effective for the simultaneous removal of TCF and Cd(II) from wastewater. • A novel biosorbent MCBAs were successfully synthesized. • MCBAs showed effective simultaneous removal of TCF and Cd(II) from aqueous solution. • Biodegradation and biosorption were main removal mechanisms of TCF and Cd(II). • MCBAs could be recycled for at least 4 cycles without significant removal decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compound works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is responsible for degrading the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). The trichlorfon LC SB 50 sb -96h value for tambaqui found in our study was 0.870 mg/L with a 95% Fiducial CI ranging from 0.0656 to 1,154 mg/L. Rocha ([15]) in his dissertation also calculated the LC SB 50 sb -96h of trichlorfon in tambaqui and found the value of 0.820 mg/L (Rocha, [15], unpublished data). In immersion baths, trichlorfon dosage and bath time are considered, but extended immersion periods, combined with high dosage of the compound, can cause fish mortality (Flores-Nava & Vizcarra-Quiroz, [8]). In the current study, during the study, it was noted that the fish submitted to high trichlorfon concentrations had tight muscles and showed frequent spasms when compared with control animals. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of trichlorfon on crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and the attenuating effects of a synbiotic combination of Cetobacterium somerae and Astragalus polysaccharide on hepatotoxicity. Results showed that trichlorfon did indeed induce hepatotoxicity in crucian carp and the synbiotic reversed this hepatotoxicity caused by trichlorfon. The synbiotic increased TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT and AST levels and decreased serum HDL-C levels caused by trichlorfon. H&E and Oil Red O staining demonstrated that the synbiotic ameliorated liver damage and abnormal lipid accumulation. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) in the liver was also enhanced by the administration of the synbiotic. The supplementation of the synbiotic also increased the level of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine. In addition, the synbiotic balanced the gut microbial composition, leading to a reduction in the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria and an increase in the abundance of bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids. In conclusion, these findings indicate that trichlorfon can induce hepatotoxicity in crucian carp, whereas synbiotics can regulate gut microbiota, promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and increase the production of SCFAs, and alleviate trichlorfon-induced liver injury. [Display omitted] • Trichlorfon can cause hepatotoxicity in Crucian carp. • Administration of the synbiotic alleviated trichlorfon-induced liver injury and lipid accumulation. • Administration of the synbiotic modulated gut microbiota and increased short-chain fatty acid levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the hollow Prussian blue with ultra-small silver nanoparticle agents (Ag-HPB) was prepared by the coating-etching method by applying Prussian blue (PB) coating on Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and diffusing Ag NPs into the PB framework. The flexible biosensing platform based on Ag-HPB nanocomposites incorporated the excellent electrical conductivity of Ag NPs and the superior enzyme loading capacity of the hollow structure, which significantly enhanced its sensing performance. Subsequently, take glucose oxidase (GOx) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as examples. The sensing platform displayed a good sensitive response to glucose (Glu) (24.37 μA mM -1  cm -2 ) and a considerable limit of detection (LOD) for trichlorfon (TCF) as 2.28 pg/mL while exhibiting high stability and good reproducibility. Moreover, it can be applied to monitor trichlorfon in apple samples. Promisingly, the Ag-HPB prepared by the coating-etching strategy provides a reliable strategy for further development of sensitive and flexible biosensing platforms with excellent electrical conductivity and high enzyme loading., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, the morphological and physiological responses of Brassica juncea to the stresses of Cadmium (Cd) and trichlorfon (TCF), and the phytoremediation potential of B. juncea to Cd and TCF were investigated under hydroponics. Results showed that Cd exhibited strong inhibition on biomass and root morphology of B. juncea as Cd concentration increased. The chlorophyll a fluorescence intensity and chlorophyll content of B. juncea decreased with the increased Cd concentration, whereas the malondialdehyde and soluble protein contents and superoxide dismutase activity increased. TCF with different concentrations showed no significant influence on these morphological and physiological features of B. juncea . The biomass and physiological status of B. juncea were predominantly regulated by Cd level under the co-exposure of Cd and TCF. B. juncea could accumulate Cd in different plant parts, as well as showed efficient TCF degradation performance. A mutual inhibitory removal of Cd and TCF was observed under their co-system. The present study clearly signified the physiological responses and phytoremediation potential of B. juncea toward Cd and TCF, and these results suggest that B. juncea can be used as an effective phytoremediation agent for the Cd-TCF co-contamination in water.

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is involved in termination of synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses and plays a vital role in the insecticide detection and inhibitor screening. Here, we report the heterologous expression of an AChE from Tetronarce californica (TcA) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a soluble active protein. TcA was immobilized in calcium alginate beads; the morphology, biochemical properties, and insecticide detection performance of free and immobilized TcA were characterized. Moreover, we used sequence, structure-based approaches, and molecular docking to investigate structural and functional characterization of TcA. The results showed that TcA exhibited a specific activity of 102 U/mg, with optimal activity at pH 8.0 and 30 °C. Immobilized TcA demonstrated superior thermal stability, pH stability, and storage stability compared to the free enzyme. The highest sensitivity of free TcA was observed with trichlorfon, whereas immobilized TcA showed reduced IC 50 values towards tested insecticides by 3 to 180-fold. Molecular docking analysis revealed the interaction of trichlorfon, acephate, isoprocarb, λ-cyhalothrin, and fenpropathrin in the active site gorge of TcA, particularly mediated through the formation of hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking. Therefore, TcA expressed heterologously in E. coli is a promising candidate for applications in food safety and environmental analysis. KEY POINTS: • T. californica AChE was expressed solubly in prokaryotic system. • The biochemical properties of free/immobilized enzyme were characterized. • The sensitivity of enzyme to insecticides was evaluated in vitro and in silico., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)