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In order to enhance the durability of tribological interfaces, an investigation into the synergistic effects of sliding wear, corrosion, and their interactions is crucial. This study focuses on understanding the deformation mechanisms of NiTiNOL60, a nickel-rich nickel-titanium alloy, during sliding against Al2O3 in different corrosive environments, including acidic, alkaline, and saline mediums. The pH of the environments is found to play a significant role in the tribocorrosion process, leading to electromechanically induced transformations and various wear patterns. Plastic deformations are observed on the wear track surfaces, particularly in the severe and mild wear regimes. In an alkaline environment, depassivation of the oxide layer triggers oxidational wear, with the depassivation rate dependent on factors like contact pressure, sliding velocity, and passive film properties. The wear volume is highest in saline environments, with contributions from mechanical wear, corrosion, and third-body abrasion. Grain deformations occur in the alkaline environment due to shear forces, while in the acidic medium, corrosion accelerates mild wear involving abrasion and delamination. The findings provide insights into wear mechanisms and localized corrosion, highlighting the influence of H+ and OH− groups (pH values) on corrosive wear and crack propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an investigation into the tribological, corrosion, and tribocorrosion properties of AISI 316Ti (austenitic) and AISI 430 (ferritic) stainless steels. The comparative analysis focuses on microstructural characterization, hardness, and a series of tribological, electrochemical, and tribocorrosion tests conducted in 0.9% NaCl using a specialized linear tribometer to reveal the quality of the studied materials in tribocorrosion applications. Friction tests were performed under both dry and corrosive conditions, while tribocorrosion tests were conducted under open circuit potential (OCP) conditions in 0.9% NaCl, with the electrode potential of the test specimen monitored during friction. To evaluate the electrochemical behavior of the materials, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted using a 0.9% NaCl solution. The measured corrosion potential (Ecorr) suggests that AISI 430 is thermodynamically more stable than AISI 316Ti; however, AISI 316Ti demonstrated higher polarization resistance (RP) values compared to AISI 430. The findings indicate that material qualities significantly influence the coefficient of friction (CoF). Additionally, a notable antifriction effect of 0.9% NaCl was observed during tribological testing, resulting in a lower CoF compared to dry friction conditions. A cathodic shift in OCP during tribocorrosion testing was also observed in both materials, indicating an increase in corrosion vulnerability when the passive layer is degraded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys are established biomaterials for implantation in bone and are widely used today in dentistry. Titanium particulates have been shown in some patient clusters to induce cellular immune mediators responsible for type I and IV hypersensitivity reactions, causing amplified corrosion, osteolysis, and increased odds of implant failure. Systemically, titanium particles were found to affect varying organ tissues and cause potentially harmful effects. In vivo and vitro studies have shown that titanium dental implant corrosion can be induced by factors relating to bio-tribocorrosion. In this literature review, the consequences of titanium implant corrosion and particulate dissemination are discussed and later juxtaposed against a promising novel implant material, zirconia. Zirconia offers characteristics similar to titanium along with additional advantages such as being non-corrosive and having a lower propensity for inducing immune responses. From the mounting evidence discussed in this article, metal allergy testing would be advantageous for choosing an appropriate implant material to minimize potential adverse effects on cellular functions of local and diffuse tissues. Objective: This literature review aims to elucidate and describe mechanisms in which titanium implants may become corroded and induce cellular aberrations both locally and systemically in vivo. Implications of this study provide supportive evidence regarding the selection of appropriate biomaterials for implant patients susceptible to mounting a hypersensitivity reaction to titanium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a sequential covalent immobilization of graphene oxide (GO) and hyaluronic acid (HA) is performed to obtain a biocompatible wear‐resistant nanocoating on the surface of the biomedical grade cobalt‐chrome (CoCr) alloy. Nanocoated CoCr surfaces were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3 g/L HA electrolyte. Tribocorrosion tests of the nanocoated CoCr surfaces were carried out in a pin on flat tribometer. The biological response of covalently HA/GO biofunctionalized CoCr surfaces with and without wear‐corrosion processes was studied through the analysis of the proteome of macrophages. Raman spectra revealed characteristic bands of GO and HA on the functionalized CoCr surfaces. The electrochemical response by EIS showed a stable and protective behavior over 23 days in the simulated biological environment. HA/GO covalently immobilized on CoCr alloy is able to protect the surface and reduce the wear volume released under tribocorrosion tests. Unsupervised classification analysis of the macrophage proteome via hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the covalent functionalization on CoCr enhances the macrophage biocompatibility in vitro. On the other hand, disruption of the HA/GO nanocoating by tribocorrosion processes induced a macrophage proteome which was differently clustered and was distantly located in the PCA space. In addition, tribocorrosion induced an increase in the percentage of upregulated and downregulated proteins in the macrophage proteome, revealing that disruption of the covalent nanocoating impacts the macrophage proteome. Although macrophage inflammation induced by tribocorrosion of HA/GO/CoCr surfaces is observed, it is ameliorated by the covalently grafting of HA, which provides immunomodulation by eliciting downregulations in characteristic pro‐inflammatory signaling involved in inflammation and aseptic loosening of CoCr joint arthroplasties. Covalent HA/GO nanocoating on CoCr provides potential applications for in vivo joint prostheses led a reduced metal‐induced inflammation and degradation by wear‐corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of intermetallic compounds (ICMs) on the tribocorrosion behavior of the 7075 aluminum alloy was investigated. ICMs play important roles in the tribocorrosion resistance and mechanism of the sample. In the as-received sample, micron-sized Mg2Si, Al23Fe4Cu, and nanosized MgZn2 induced pitting corrosion and acted as abrasive materials. Accompanying the re-dissolution of Mg2Si and the growth of MgZn2, the pitting resistance worsened and adhesive wear took place. Subsequently, MgZn2 precipitated along the grain boundaries, which resulted in intergranular corrosion and aggravation of adhesive wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is focused on the manufacturing of a special self‐developed tribocorrosion setup with a controlled incubated environment. The comparative studies between wrought Co27Cr6Mo and Ti6Al7Nb alloys are performed with the respective tribometer in Ringer's solution at 37 °C. It is found that the CoCrMo alloy demonstrated a noble open circuit potential not only in non‐wear condition but also under wear conditions, in comparison to Ti6Al7Nb. The mass loss rate examined at open circuit potential and at a constant potential of 0.2 V versus Ag|AgCl|3.5 m KCl also suggests a similar superiority of the CoCrMo alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central South University is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents an investigation into the tribological, corrosion, and tribocorrosion properties of AISI 316Ti (austenitic) and AISI 430 (ferritic) stainless steels. The comparative analysis focuses on microstructural characterization, hardness, and a series of tribological, electrochemical, and tribocorrosion tests conducted in 0.9% NaCl using a specialized linear tribometer to reveal the quality of the studied materials in tribocorrosion applications. Friction tests were performed under both dry and corrosive conditions, while tribocorrosion tests were conducted under open circuit potential (OCP) conditions in 0.9% NaCl, with the electrode potential of the test specimen monitored during friction. To evaluate the electrochemical behavior of the materials, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted using a 0.9% NaCl solution. The measured corrosion potential (Ecorr) suggests that AISI 430 is thermodynamically more stable than AISI 316Ti; however, AISI 316Ti demonstrated higher polarization resistance (RP) values compared to AISI 430. The findings indicate that material qualities significantly influence the coefficient of friction (CoF). Additionally, a notable antifriction effect of 0.9% NaCl was observed during tribological testing, resulting in a lower CoF compared to dry friction conditions. A cathodic shift in OCP during tribocorrosion testing was also observed in both materials, indicating an increase in corrosion vulnerability when the passive layer is degraded.

Joint replacement surgery, essential for managing joint diseases, requires improvements in tribocorrosion performance to ensure surgical success and longevity of joint implants. Transition-metal light-element (TMLE) compound coatings, known for their high hardness and chemical stability, have been extensively researched and applied for surface protection of joint implants. However, these coatings typically lack a lubrication phase, leading to high friction coefficients and severe corrosion wear, which makes long-term effective protection challenging. A promising approach is to utilize the natural lubricating proteins present in body fluids, which are continuously available and can thus address long-term service issues of TMLE coatings. In this work, we utilized micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology to develop an underlying morphology, then conformally deposited a TiB2 layer, resulting in a cratered dual-layer TiB2/MAO coating. This unique cratered dual-layer structure not only preserves the high hardness and wear resistance of TiB2 but also aims to (1) absorb wear particles to prevent abrasive wear and (2) increase surface energy to optimize protein lubrication capacity. Consequently, the TiB2/MAO coating exhibits low friction coefficients and wear rates in protein-containing simulated body fluids. Furthermore, the dual-layer TiB2/MAO coating demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. This dual-layer coating design synergistically combines the superior intrinsic properties of material with unique structural construction, while also harnessing continuously available external proteins as lubricants to further optimize performance, thereby introducing an advanced strategy for developing protective coatings for implant materials.

To understand the tribocorrosion mechanism of TiB2–Ni coating doped with La2O3 in the deep ocean, the wear and corrosion test of La2O3–TiB2–Ni under various hydrostatic pressures was conducted and discussed in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution. The results indicate that the tribocorrosion mechanism of the La2O3–TiB2–Ni coating transitions from abrasive wear with corrosion under 0.1 MPa to abrasive wear with corrosion and adhesive wear under high hydrostatic pressure. The La2O3–TiB2–Ni coating shows significant enhancements in wear resistance and anti-friction properties compared to the TiB2–Ni coating. As the hydrostatic pressure increases from 0.1 MPa to 30 MPa, the self-corrosion current density experiences an approximate increase of 43.6 μA/cm2.

The TC4 titanium alloy is extensively utilized in marine engineering due to its exceptional comprehensive performance. However, when subjected to harsh marine environments, the TC4 titanium alloy is susceptible to tribocorrosion, which can shorten the service life of components. This paper employs an electrochemical anodic oxidation treatment of the TC4 titanium alloy and a ceramic adhesive to fabricate a TC4 anodic oxidation/carbon fiber composite (CFCM) to address this challenge. Hence, A systematic study has been conducted on the friction and wear behavior of TC4 titanium alloy in artificial marine and air environments, focusing on exploring the tribocorrosion behavior and their intrinsic mechanisms in marine environments. The corrosion behavior of the TC4 titanium alloy was determined through kinetic potential polarization analysis. The results indicate that the anodized/carbon fiber composite can significantly enhance the tribocorrosion resistance of the material. Two orders of magnitude reduce the passivation corrosion density, and the corrosion potential increases to −0.136 V compared to the TC4 substrate. Furthermore, the wear mechanism is predominantly characterized by abrasive wear. This study offers novel insights for optimizing the selection of anticorrosive materials and designing coatings in marine engineering.

To enhance the tribocorrosion resistance of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy in deep sea environments, TiB2–Ni coatings with varying La2O3 content were deposited on 7075-T6 aluminum alloy substrates using plasma spray technology. The effects of different La2O3 contents on the organization, structure, and properties of the coatings were analyzed. The results indicated that La2O3 incorporation suppressed brittle phase formation such as Ni3B; 1.0 wt% La2O3 addition reduced Ni3B by 16.9%. The coating's corrosion resistance significantly improved with La2O3 doping - the self-corrosion current density of the 1.0 wt% La2O3-doped coating decreased from 71.2 nA/cm2 to 30.2 nA/cm2.

β-type Ti–Nb alloys are promising materials for load-bearing implant applications with improved mechanical biofunctionality and biocompatibility. In this work, the electrochemical and tribo-electrochemical behaviour of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) produced β-type Ti–42Nb alloy processed via Gaussian and top hat laser was investigated and compared with commercial grade β-type Ti–45Nb and α+β-type Ti–6Al–4V ELI. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization experiments were performed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for corrosion behaviour. Tribocorrosion behaviour was studied under open circuit potential (OCP) conditions in PBS by using a reciprocating pin-on-disk tribometer. The passivation nature of the LPBF alloys is more decisive than the microstructural particularities for electrochemical behaviour. The overall corrosion response is similar due to the protective nature of the passive films formed on Ti alloys. Ti–6Al–4V ELI exhibits the best corrosion performance among all tested alloys with lower corrosion and passivation current density values. However, LPBF-produced alloys exhibit less reactive surfaces with better passive film properties compared to Ti–45Nb. In addition, EIS results revealed that passive film resistance values are higher for LPBF-produced alloys than conventionally produced Ti–45Nb. LPBF-produced alloys exhibit better tribo-electrochemical behaviour compared to Ti–45Nb. The differences in volume loss are mainly attributed to the microhardness of the alloys and the volume loss is dominated by mechanical wear. The alloys produced with LPBF show promising corrosion and tribocorrosion performance to be a potential candidate for load-bearing implant applications.

This study investigated the corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of CrN and CrAlN coatings deposited on steel through direct current magnetron sputtering. Additionally, the effects of Al addition on the microstructure, corrosion inhibition, and tribocorrosion behavior of CrN coatings were evaluated. Compared with the CrN coating, the CrAlN coating exhibited a denser columnar crystal structure and a higher hardness of 23.8 GPa. The CrAlN coating reacted with water to form Al2O3 and Cr2O3 films, which enhanced its corrosion resistance. Moreover, the addition of Al enhanced the wear resistance of the CrN coating and reduced the material loss due to corrosion, wear, and their synergistic effects. The CrAlN coating exhibited a low corrosion current density of 1.14 × 10−8 A/cm2, indicating a 92% reduction compared with the CrN coating. Furthermore, under either open circuit potential or anodic accelerated tribocorrosion conditions, the CrAlN coating featured significantly lower total material loss and synergistic material loss than the CrN coating, demonstrating higher corrosion and tribocorrosion protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of additive manufactured porous architecture on the tribological performance of Ti6Al4V. Biomimetic porous architectures were manufactured on dense multi-layer using direct energy deposition with a dense layer followed by a porous layer. Varied scanning intervals during laser processing for the porous layer influenced the microstructure and, consequently, the hardness, the corrosion resistance and the tribological behavior of the dense layer. The results indicate a substantial improvement in tribocorrosion performance, particularly noteworthy in reducing corrosive wear rates, making porous architectures beneficial for both biomimetic structures and enhanced tribocorrosion resistance in body fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ZrN coatings were prepared using multi-arc ion plating (MAIP) under different N 2 partial pressures ranging from 10 % to 80 %. A comprehensive analysis of the microstructure, electrochemical behavior, and tribocorrosion properties of these coatings showed a gradual deposition rate decrease with rising N 2 partial pressure. Analysis using GIXRD revealed higher N 2 pressure led to a shift in crystal orientation from (111) to (200), initially increasing corrosion resistance but later declining. At 70 % N 2 pressure, the ZrN coating exhibited the lowest values of capacitance C po (8.89 μF cm−2) and double-layer capacitance C dl (1.14 × 10−7 F cm−2), with the highest values for the two-time constants τ recorded as 0.274 s and 5.749 s. The tribocorrosion behavior correlated closely with the corrosion performance, with the ZrN-70 % coating demonstrating superior tribocorrosion resistance and a minimal wear rate of 4.25 × 10−5 mm3/Nm. While the ZrN-80 % coating exhibited the lowest wear rate of 2.67 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, but was more susceptible to friction and corrosion synergy, causing localized failure. The outcomes reveal crystal texture significantly affected on the electrochemical and tribocorrosion characteristics of the coatings, primarily attributed to the robust passivation tendency and stability of the passivation film associated with the (200) crystal orientation. The dominant wear mechanism identified involves the interplay of adhesive, abrasive, and corrosion-erosion wear processes. Based on these results, ZrN coatings prepared using MAIP are expected to emerge as candidate materials for critical friction components in marine equipment or other corrosion-erosion environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implants must be able to support masticatory loads combined with a high biocompatibility and wear resistance in the presence of a corrosive environment. In order to improve the simultaneous wear and corrosion response at the implant abutment interface, PEEK/titanium and titanium/titanium implants were assessed by tribocorrosion analyses under conditions mimicking the oral environment. The tribocorrosion tests samples were performed on a reciprocating ball-onplate tribometer at 30N normal load in artificial saliva at 370C. Open circuit potential (OCP) was measured before and after reciprocating sliding tests. The worn surfaces were characterized by stereomicroscopy. The results revealed a lower wear rate on PEEK combined with a lower coefficient of friction (COF), when compared to titanium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sliding wear of Ti-6Al-4V alloys coexisting with dental amalgam in a simulated temperature-controlled cell was evaluated. Disc-shaped samples of Ti-6Al-4V (n = 30) and spherical silver amalgam (n = 30) were prepared. Discs were subjected to wear while immersed in artificial and fluoridated saliva as follows: Ti-6Al-4V–Ti-6Al-4V (G1); amalgam–amalgam (G2), and Ti-6Al-4V–amalgam (G3). Samples were analyzed for mass variation, volume loss, and surface roughness. Wear tracks were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Wearing induced significant mass loss for all groups except G3 in fluoridated saliva: Ti-6Al-4V (p = 0.045) and amalgam (p = 0.732). These samples presented an increase in mean surface roughness (p = 0.032 and 0.010, respectively). Overall, Ti-6Al-4V showed 0.07 mm3 (95% CI: [0.06–0.07]) higher wear track volume. Ti-6Al-4V has a higher mass loss when subjected to fluoridated media but no significant roughness variation. Fluor-containing substances should be avoided over Ti-6Al-4V alloys placed in areas of mechanical wear, especially if dental amalgam is also present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

الملخص: مع التقدم في علوم طب الأسنان والحاجة المتزايدة لتحسين صحة الأسنان، أصبح من الضروري تطوير مواد زراعة جديدة تمتلك خصائص هندسية وميكانيكية وفيزيائية أفضل. البيئة الفموية هي بيئة أكالة، كما أن الحركة النسبية بين الأسنان تجعل البيئة أكثر عدائية. لذلك، يجب دراسة التآكل المشترك وعلم الاحتكاك المعروف باسم تآكل الغرسات. إن الأشكال المعقدة لزراعة الأسنان ومتطلبات الأداء العالي لهذه الغرسات تجعل التصنيع صعبا من خلال عمليات التصنيع التقليدية. مع ظهور التصنيع الإضافي أو الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد، أصبح تطوير الغرسات أمرا سهلا. ومع ذلك، فإن المتطلبات المختلفة مثل خشونة السطح، والقوة الميكانيكية، ومقاومة التآكل تزيد من صعوبة تصنيع الغرسات. تستعرض الورقة الحالية الدراسات المختلفة المتعلقة بالغرسات المطبوعة ثلاثية الأبعاد. كما تحاول الورقة تسليط الضوء على الدور الذي يمكن أن تلعبه الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد في مجال زراعة الأسنان. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من الدراسات التجريبية والعددية لاستنباط الظروف المثلى لغرسات الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد لتطوير الغرسات ذات الخصائص الميكانيكية والتآكل والبيولوجية المحسنة. Abstract: With the advancements in dental science and the growing need for improved dental health, it has become imperative to develop new implant materials which possess better geometrical, mechanical, and physical properties. The oral environment is a corrosive environment and the relative motion between the teeth also makes the environment more hostile. Therefore, the combined corrosion and tribology commonly known as tribocorrosion of implants needs to be studied. The complex shapes of the dental implants and the high-performance requirements of these implants make manufacturing difficult by conventional manufacturing processes. With the advent of additive manufacturing or 3D-printing, the development of implants has become easy. However, the various requirements such as surface roughness, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance further make the manufacturing of implants difficult. The current paper reviews the various studies related to3D-printed implants. Also, the paper tries to highlight the role of 3D-Printing can play in the area of dental implants. Further studies both experimental and numerical are needed to devise optimized conditions for 3D-printing implants to develop implants with improved mechanical, corrosion, and biological properties.

Amorphous carbon coatings by various physical vapor deposition (PVD) have been widely attempted for enhancing both anti-wear and corrosion resistance of bulk materials used in harsh marine environments. However, PVD coatings are apt to be worn due to the existence of growth defects mostly like macro-size nodular particles. In this work, we deliberately fabricated the SiO2 nanoparticles with a size of 200 nm as nodular defects in Cr and graphite-like carbon (Cr/GLC) multilayer coatings, and the dependence of tribocorrosion behavior of coating on the nodular defects was focused by the comprehensively tribological and electrochemical tests. The results showed that introducing SiO2 nodular particles could not degrade the mechanical properties of Cr/GLC coating, but significantly accelerated both the abrasive wear in early sliding-stage under dry friction and the corrosive failure in chloride solution. Particularly, once the tribocorrosion tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were conducted for the Cr/GLC coating with nodular defects, the distinct ploughing damage originated from abrasive wear promoted the localized spallation of coatings, which thereafter enabled the easy water wedging along spallation for the substantial catastrophe of coatings. The present observations could evident the importance to fabricate the defect-free protective coatings required for harsh tribocorrosion applications.

With the development of deep-sea exploration technology, the technology of fire-retardant hydraulic fluid (HFC) has played an important role in the power transmission of exploration equipment. However, the mechanism of the influence of seawater content on the tribocorrosion behavior of HFC remains unclear. In this study, the effects of different seawater contents on the tribological and corrosive properties of HFC were systematically investigated. The results showed that when the seawater concentration exceeds 30 wt%, a soft Mg-containing reaction film is formed in the friction contact area owing to seawater corrosion, thus effectively improving the sintering load and wear resistance to some extent. By contrast, with increasing seawater concentration, the lubricity declines, the wear intensifies, and the extreme pressure characteristics decrease significantly. The comparative analysis shows that the composition of the wear and corrosion reaction films significantly differs under high-concentration seawater conditions, which is also a key factor affecting the friction and corrosion behavior of HFC. This study provides a direction for the research and development of wear- and corrosion-resistant materials and coatings on the surface of deep-sea exploration equipment.

The article presents a study of the tribocorrosion phenomenon and its effects on Inconel 718 alloy produced conventionally by extrusion and additively manufactured using the laser powder bed fusion method. In addition, the samples were subjected to a heat treatment process to change their properties. The research was carried out using the pin-on-disk method in 3.5% NaCl. Based on the study, it was found that the material made with additive technology is more resistant to tribocorrosion phenomenon, and the difference from conventionally made material is about 50%. The synergistic effect between friction and corrosion (ΔZ) occurred. However, heat treatment in the AA-2 variant ensures higher hardness and reduces purely mechanical wear (ZM) and the synergy effect (ΔZ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the ball-on-disk sliding wear and tribocorrosion behavior in the H2SO4 and HCl solution of NiCoCrMoCu alloys with carbon additions of 0.2, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt.% with the Al2O3 ball as a counterpart was investigated systematically. Obvious tribocorrosion antagonistic effects were found after wear in both aqueous solutions. Compared with dry sliding wear conditions, the lubrication effect of the aqueous solution significantly reduces the wear rate of the alloy, and the reduction effect in the H2SO4 aqueous solution was more obvious than that in HCl. The antagonistic effects of the 0.2C and 1C alloys decrease with the load and sliding rate, while those of the 1.5C and 2C alloys increase. The (coefficient of friction) COF and wear rate under different loads and sliding rates were analyzed using the response surface analysis (RSM) method. It was found that the COF mainly showed dependence on the sliding rate, while the wear rate showed dependence on load and sliding speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the electrochemical and mechanical characteristics of 6061‐T6 aluminum alloy and hard anodized specimens are investigated after tribocorrosion experiments with rotational speed in dry, distilled water, and sulfuric acid solution. The tribocorrosion experiments indicate that the corrosion potential of aluminum alloys and hard anodized specimens decrease with the initiation of friction/wear. In particular, the increase in the wear track width of an aluminum alloy and the exposure of the base material by completely destroying the anodized layers of the hard anodized specimens dramatically decrease the corrosion potential. Compared to the dry conditions, both the width and depth of damage in the distilled water and sulfuric acid solution increase dramatically. However, damage in the distilled water and sulfuric acid solutions do not present a significant difference. The results are attributed to the fact that the presence of fluid has a greater impact on damage degree in a material than corrosion. In particular, the brittleness and porosity of a hard anodized layer facilitates the impingement and penetration of fluid, making it relatively easy to generate and propagate cracks. These cracks accelerate the degradation and damage to the material by synergistic effects of wear and corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous investigation has established the formation of tribofilm is influenced by tribochemical reactions between the electrolyte and the articulating surface of cobalt alloy through sliding tests in various simulated fluids. Although it has successfully characterized the film composition via spectroscopy analysis and indicated to have impact on material loss, a comprehensive understanding of the material degradation mechanism in tribocorrosion condition was still lacking. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of protein in the tribocorrosive degradation of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy in different simulated physiological electrolytes. Using a similar testing protocol, tribocorrosion tests were conducted with reciprocating ceramic ball against CoCrMo samples immersed in saline and culture medium, compared to both electrolytes diluted with 25% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Synergistic and mechanistic approaches were employed to model the tribocorrosive degradation. Results reveal that protein plays a beneficial role in reducing corrosive (electrochemical) surface degradation under tribocorrosion condition, whilst increasing mechanical wear degradation in the process. Despite studies have shown that tribocorrosion behavior in metal alloys is highly influenced by the presence of organic matter, this study provides a more clarity of the roles played by protein in tribocorrosive degradation on CoCrMo surface as its novel finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The tribocorrosion of titanium implants is the primary cause of their late failure. As the most promising third-generation medical β-type titanium alloy, Ti-13Nb-13Zr (TC26) demonstrates superior corrosion resistance and harmless chemical element composition, making it an excellent alternative to Ti-6Al-4V alloy (TC4). Nonetheless, this study has revealed a significant weakness of TC26 in tribocorrosion properties under low dissolved oxygen concentration conditions, which could pose potential hazards in subsequent medical applications. The effects of low dissolved oxygen concentration on the tribocorrosion properties and ion release were examined using electrochemical methods, laser confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The findings indicate that TC26 exhibits significantly inferior corrosion resistance compared to TC4 due to the sluggish recovery rate of the passivation film under low dissolved oxygen concentration conditions during wear. Moreover, TC26 experiences greater mechanical wear loss than that of TC4. However, under the synergistic effect of wear and corrosion, TC26 releases a minimal amount of ions, while excessive harmful Al ions are released by TC4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to investigate the effect of the burnishing surface treatment on the tribocorrosion resistance related to Ti6Al4V specimens, in the framework of the head-neck tribo-pair characterising a total hip replacement. The experimental procedure carried out started by choosing the specimens referred to different burnishing conditions together with specimens not treated or treated only with the turning process. Then, tribocorrosion experiments with fixed load and two frequencies were conducted through a reciprocating tribometer equipped with a potentiostat able to measure the electrochemical corrosion potential and current associated to the synergistic wear phenomenon analysed together with the coefficient of friction. Furthermore, optical topographical acquisitions were performed before and after the experiments. The results showed that the non-burnished specimens exhibited unexpected oscillations of the coefficient of friction approximately in the middle of the rubbing phase and the same happens for the cell potential; the wear volume was measured after the tribocorrosion test. This allowed to estimate the wear factor related to all the analysed configurations, showing a greater mean value in correspondence of greater sliding frequencies in the non-burnished cases, while the opposite happens in the burnished cases. Finally, the burnished sample at the lower burnishing force resulted to have the noblest corrosion potential, while the non-burnished samples exhibited the lowest corrosion current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the tribocorrosion performance of a cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy prepared using casting and electromagnetic stirring (EMS) at specific frequencies. The tribocorrosion behaviour of the alloy was evaluated when exposed to Ringer's lactate solution to optimize the EMS parameters and improve its properties. The research focuses on biomedical implant applications and explores how EMS affects alloy wear and corrosion resistance. As did the friction coefficient and wear volume, the wear rate of samples produced with EMS frequencies of 75 Hz and 150 Hz decreased. These improvements are attributed to the ability of EMS to refine grain size and homogenize the microstructure, thereby increasing the resistance to tribocorrosion. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profilometry were used for surface and wear analysis, while mechanical properties were evaluated through instrumented indentation tests. The findings confirm that EMS improves the alloy's durability and tribocorrosion resistance, making it highly suitable for demanding biomedical applications such as joint replacements. This highlights the importance of advanced manufacturing techniques in optimizing biomedical alloys for simulated body conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical ASTM F139 stainless steel is used for temporary fixtures in the biomedical field. Tribocorrosion is a major concern in this application. The aim of the present work was to study the interplay between tribocorrosion behavior and the surface chemistry of the ASTM F139 stainless steel in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS). Sliding wear tests were conducted against alumina balls at different electrochemical potentials: open circuit potential (OCP), cathodic potential (−100 mV versus the OCP), and anodic potentials (+200 mVAg/AgCl and +700 mVAg/AgCl). The normal load was 20 N. The wear volume was estimated based on micrographs obtained from the wear tracks using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Moreover, the wear tracks were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface chemistry of the ASTM F139 specimens was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wear volume was dependent on the electrochemical potential, being maximized at +700 mVAg/AgCl. Delamination areas and grooves were observed in the wear tracks. Detailed assessment of the surface chemistry inside the wear tracks allowed identification of the main chemical species and their relative quantities, thus enabling correlation of the passive film composition with the observed tribocorrosion behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribocorrosion in passive metals involves a complex and interactive mechanism between mechanical and electrochemical actions at a rubbing contact in a corrosive environment. The mechanical wear mechanism disrupts the passive film on the metal surface; and instantly, the metal repassivates and dissolves in the corrosive environment. This surface damage failure can occur in various components such as marine structures and medical implants which can force significant downtime and repair costs. In this article, historical advancement in the well‐known theories and models which have been developed for passivation and tribocorrosion current (as a measure for wear‐accelerated corrosion) is presented and discussed. The strengths and limitations associated with the models are reviewed to generate an overall picture of the progress in the field. The links between different models are also discussed and finally, some possible directions for future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the amorphous carbon (a-C) films were deposited using HiPIMS and DCMS at same average power. The composition, microstructure and the anti-tribocorrosion property at hydrostatic pressure environment were investigated in detail. The results showed the HiPIMS:a-C film exhibited a higher fraction of sp3 bonding (59 %) compared to DCMS. The increased sp3 fraction led to improved mechanical properties and significantly enhanced the film's capacity loading during sliding. Furthermore, due to the denser structure, the HiPIMS:a-C film demonstrated enhanced localized corrosion resistance at 30 MPa, which can be attributed to its lower defect density. These findings highlight the substantial advantage of HiPIMS in producing high-performance a-C films suitable for harsh deep-sea environments.

In this study, anodic TiO 2 ceramic coating was formed on titanium alloys produced by SLM by using the anodization method. After then, hybrid ceramic coatings are produced by combining a formation of ZrO 2 nanostructures in the TiO 2 coating with the SILAR technique. The microstructure, wettability, electrochemical properties, and tribocorrosion behavior of anodic TiO 2 and hybrid ceramic coatings were also investigated. According to XRD results, two TiO 2 peaks are observed in anodic TiO 2 films. After the SILAR process, the tetragonal-ZrO 2 , and monoclinic-ZrO 2 with TiO 2 peaks were obtained in the hybrid ceramic coatings. Especially, while the intensity of the TiO 2 peaks decreased, the intensity of the ZrO 2 peaks increased with the increase in cycle time. The surface wettability experiments indicate that the HB-80 specimen exhibits superhydrophobic behavior, and it also has the highest contact angle value among all specimens. Corrosion tests in SBF solution confirmed that hybrid ceramic films importantly increased the anticorrosion performance of anodic TiO 2 film, depending on the cycle times owing to filling the pores, and the best outcomes for corrosion resistance were obtained from the HB-80 specimen owing to its superhydrophobic properties. Moreover, the results of tribocorrosion tests revealed that all hybrid ceramic films displayed higher tribocorrosion resistance than anodic TiO 2 ceramic film and uncoated Ti6Al4V substrate, and the best performance was seen from the HB-80 specimen due to its decreased porosity and the direct contact area between pin and surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a destructive phenomenon with possible detrimental impact especially when it comes to human life, tribocorrosion has always been imperative to be researched. Hence, various investigations have outlined its influential role in the biomaterial apparatuses. Also, disparate routes have been introduced to address this problem. The use of several types of alloys, the application of various types of coatings, and the production of porous layers are some of these efforts made till now. Because of this issue's importance, and lack of a comprehensive review paper in this area of research, this paper shows an overview of existing publications in this area of research. This study presents the important ideas behind studies and provides a perspective of the research trend. In this exploration, the critical elements of the tribocorrosion-related studies were discussed thoroughly. The origin of the problem and the influential parameters in the process like loading, manufacturing, environment, and surface innate oxide film were scrutinized. Also, the efficacy of the use of different alloys, coatings, and the recommended modifications with respect to the tribocorrosion was discovered. We hope that this survey helps promote the emergence of new ideas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribocorrosion is getting more and more popular in biomaterials research. The synergism between wear and corrosion is creating deviations from the expected real-world results from individual corrosion or wear studies. The host body consisting of immune system and dissolved proteins makes them highly corrosive which makes the material selection a unique and challenging process for implant materials. The synergism between corrosion and wear leads to shorter implant life. The research on tribocorrosion has bought an insight into this phenomenon and presented ideas to arrest the premature failure of implants. This review focuses on the recent developments in tribocorrosion research and the effectiveness of remedial actions suggested by them. The influence of materials, processing methods and post-processing treatments are also reviewed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) of orthopedic implants has increased in recent years, providing benefits to surgeons, patients, and implant companies. Both traditional and new titanium alloys are under consideration for AM-manufactured implants. However, concerns remain about their wear and corrosion (tribocorrosion) performance. In this study, the effects of fretting corrosion were investigated on AM Ti-29Nb-21Zr (pre-alloyed and admixed) and AM Ti-6Al-4V with 1% nano yttria-stabilized zirconia (nYSZ). Low cycle (100 cycles, 3 Hz, 100 mN) fretting and fretting corrosion (potentiostatic, 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl) methods were used to compare these AM alloys to traditionally manufactured AM Ti-6Al-4V. Alloy and admixture surfaces were subjected to (1) fretting in the air (i.e., small-scale reciprocal sliding) and (2) fretting corrosion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) using a single diamond asperity (17 µm radius). Wear track depth measurements, fretting currents and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of oxide debris revealed that pre-alloyed AM Ti-29Nb-21Zr generally had greater wear depths after 100 cycles (4.67 +/− 0.55 µm dry and 5.78 +/− 0.83 µm in solution) and higher fretting currents (0.58 +/− 0.07 µA). A correlation (R2 = 0.67) was found between wear depth and the average fretting currents with different alloys located in different regions of the relationship. No statistically significant differences were observed in wear depth between in-air and in-PBS tests. However, significantly higher amounts of oxygen (measured by oxygen weight % by EDS analysis of the debris) were embedded within the wear track for tests performed in PBS compared to air for all samples except the ad-mixed Ti-29Nb-21Zr (p = 0.21). For traditional and AM Ti-6Al-4V, the wear track depths (dry fretting: 2.90 +/− 0.32 µm vs. 2.51 +/− 0.51 μm, respectively; fretting corrosion: 2.09 +/− 0.59 μm vs. 1.16 +/− 0.79 μm, respectively) and fretting current measurements (0.37 +/− 0.05 μA vs. 0.34 +/− 0.05 μA, respectively) showed no significant differences. The dominant wear deformation process was plastic deformation followed by cyclic extrusion of plate-like wear debris at the end of the stroke, resulting in ribbon-like extruded material for all alloys. While previous work documented improved corrosion resistance of Ti-29Nb-21Zr in simulated inflammatory solutions over Ti-6Al-4V, this work does not show similar improvements in the relative fretting corrosion resistance of these alloys compared to Ti-6Al-4V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent prosthesis surface conditions play a key role on the implants overall mechanical performance. Furthermore, the increased number of arthroplasty surgery represents a reason for the necessity of higher quality standards for the biomedical devices. Employing and optimizing severe plastic deformation processes represents a way to obtain implants with higher performance, therefore this work aims, through the application of burnishing process, to combine innovative machining finishing operations coupled with environmentally friendly cooling lubricant techniques to improve the surface integrity and the tribocorrosion resistance of biomedical devices in order to increase their quality, durability and reliability. Another phenomenon taken into account is the tribological behavior that could generates an irreversible transformation of the materials and the release of particles and metal ions in toxic concentrations in the biological environment in which the devices are implanted. One of the most used materials for permanent prosthetic implants is the Ti6Al4V alloy but its tribological behavior is still challenging for the application. In this work Ti6Al4V bars have undergone machining with semi-finishing parameters and burnishing processes, then the effects of sole machining and its combination with burnishing on surface quality and specific wear rate (SWR) have been assessed with respect to as received surface conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium alloy has the advantages of high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility and is widely used in marine equipment, biomedicine, aerospace, and other fields. However, the application of titanium alloy in special working conditions shows some shortcomings, such as low hardness and poor wear resistance, which seriously affect the long life and safe and reliable service of the structural parts. Tribocorrosion has been one of the research hotspots in the field of tribology in recent years, and it is one of the essential factors affecting the application of passivated metal in corrosive environments. In this work, the characteristics of the marine and human environments and their critical tribological problems are analyzed, and the research connotation of tribocorrosion of titanium alloy is expounded. The research status of surface protection technology for titanium alloy in marine and biological environments is reviewed, and the development direction and trends in surface engineering of titanium alloy are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, parts made by additive manufacturing (AM) methods have found many applications in the medical industry, the main reasons for which are the ability to custom design and manufacture complex structures, their short production cycle, their ease of utilization, and on-site fabrication, leading to the fabrication of next-generation intricate patient-specific biomedical implants. These parts should fulfill numerous requirements, such as having acceptable mechanical strength, biocompatibility, satisfactory surface characteristics, and excellent corrosion and wear performance. It was known that AM techniques may lead to some uncertainties influencing part properties and causing significant evaluation conflicts in corrosion outcomes. Meanwhile, the corrosion and wear behavior of additively manufactured materials are not comprehensively discussed. In this regard, the present work is a review of the state-of-the-art knowledge dedicated to reviewing the actual scientific knowledge about the corrosion and wear response of additively manufactured biomedical components, elucidating the relevant mechanism and influential factors to enhance the performance of AM-manufactured implants specifically for the physiological human body fluids. Furthermore, there is a focus on the use of reinforced composites, surface engineering, and a preparation stage that can considerably affect the tribocorrosion behavior of AM-produced parts. The improvement of tribocorrosion performance can have a key role in the production of advanced AM implants and the present study can pave the way toward facile production of high-throughput AM biomedical parts that have very high resistance to corrosion and wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review of the tribocorrosion of coatings and surface modifications covers nearly 195 papers and reviews that have been published in the past 15 years, as compared to only 37 works published up to 2007, which were the subject of a previous review published in 2007. It shows that the research into the subject area is vibrant and growing, to cover emerging deposition, surface modification and testing techniques as well as environmental influences and modelling developments. This growth reflects the need for machines to operate in harsh environments coupled with requirements for increased service life, lower running costs and improved safety factors. Research has also reacted to the need for multifunctional coating surfaces as well as functionally graded systems with regard to depth. The review covers a range of coating types designed for a wide range of potential applications. The emerging technologies are seen to be molten-, solution-, PVD- and PEO-based coatings, with CVD coatings being a less popular solution. There is a growing research interest in duplex surface engineering and coating systems. Surface performance shows a strong playoff between wear, friction and corrosion rates, often with antagonistic relationships and complicated interactions between multiple mechanisms at different scale lengths within tribocorrosion contacts. The tribologically induced stresses are seen to drive damage propagation and accelerate corrosion either within the coating or at the coating coating–substrate interface. This places a focus on coating defect density. The environment (such as pH, DO2, CO2, salinity and temperature) is also shown to have a strong influence on tribocorrosion performance. Coating and surface modification solutions being developed for tribocorrosion applications include a whole range of electrodeposited coatings, hard and tough coatings and high-impedance coatings such as doped diamond-like carbon. Hybrid and multilayered coatings are also being used to control damage penetration into the coating (to increase toughness) and to manage stresses. A particular focus involves the combination of various treatment techniques. The review also shows the importance of the microstructure, the active phases that are dissolved and the critical role of surface films and their composition (oxide or passive) in tribocorrosion performance which, although discovered for bulk materials, is equally applicable to coating performance. New techniques show methods for revealing the response of surfaces to tribocorrosion (i.e., scanning electrochemical microscopy). Modelling tribocorrosion has yet to embrace the full range of coatings and the fact that some coatings/environments result in reduced wear and thus are antagonistic rather than synergistic. The actual synergistic/antagonistic mechanisms are not well understood, making them difficult to model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tribocorrosion in passive metals involves a complex and interactive mechanism between mechanical and electrochemical actions at a rubbing contact in a corrosive environment. The mechanical wear mechanism disrupts the passive film on the metal surface; and instantly, the metal repassivates and dissolves in the corrosive environment. This surface damage failure can occur in various components such as marine structures and medical implants which can force significant downtime and repair costs. In this article, historical advancement in the well‐known theories and models which have been developed for passivation and tribocorrosion current (as a measure for wear‐accelerated corrosion) is presented and discussed. The strengths and limitations associated with the models are reviewed to generate an overall picture of the progress in the field. The links between different models are also discussed and finally, some possible directions for future research are suggested.

When introduced into the body, the implant interacts with biological environment and may suffer corrosion. In addition, when this implant is submitted to friction, it may degrade by tribocorrosion due to the simultaneous action of corrosion by the body liquid and mechanical wear. Both corrosion and tribocorrosion are connected to the presence of proteins that cover the surface implant. The latter plays an ambiguous role on corrosion since dozens of contradictory papers pointed out their beneficial or detrimental effect. After its introduction into the body, the implant should form a direct interface with bone through structural and functional connection. The osseointegration and the strength of interfacial bond depend on surface properties of the implant, namely, its topographical and physico-chemical properties. In addition, since bone cells are sensitive to the species produced during the implant corrosion, when corrosion occurs, this may lead to impact osseointegration and to cause implant loosening. There is a strong connection between corrosion and osseointegration, both of which are worth discussion. That is the object of the present narrative review where we will discuss: (1) corrosion and tribocorrosion of titanium alloys used as biomaterials paying particular attention to the influence of proteins, (2) the effect of implant roughness and surface energy on osseointegration.