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This study investigated the total phenol content (TPC) and DPPH inhibition of ulvan from Ulva lactuca, along with its supplementation effects on the specific growth rate (SGR) and phenoloxidase (PO) activity of Litopenaeus vannamei. Ulva lactuca samples were processed to obtain four ulvan extracts using different methods such as P-HWE (Polysaccharide-Hot Water Extract), O-HWE (Oligosaccharide-Hot Water Extract), P-A-HWE (Polysaccharide-Acid-Hot Water Extract), and O-A-HWE (Oligosaccharide-Acid-Hot Water Extract). The U. lactuca powder was treated with 80% ethanol overnight, then centrifuged and dried. Depigmented U. lactuca was extracted with water (65°C, 2 hours), and polysaccharides were precipitated with 99% ethanol, yielding P-HWE. P-HWE was heated at 145°C for 4.5 hours to yield O-HWE. Another extraction after depigmentation, using water containing H2O2 and ascorbic acid (65°C, 2 hours), precipitated P-A-HWE, which was dried and heated to yield O-A-HWE. FTIR analysis provided insights into the chemical composition and structural characteristics of ulvan extracts. TPC and DPPH inhibition were measured spectrophotometrically, and PO activity using a colorimetric assay with L-DOPA. Ulvan supplementation in shrimp feed was evaluated for growth and immune response. Results showed significant differences in TPC, DPPH inhibition, and PO activity among extracts, with O-A-HWE having the highest phenol content and DPPH inhibition. Ulvan supplementation significantly influenced the SGR of L. vannamei, with the highest SGR in the O-A-HWE treatment. This study suggests that ulvan extracts, especially O-A-HWE, could be effective natural immunostimulants for enhancing the health and growth of L. vannamei, warranting further research to optimize extraction methods and understand the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine symbiont fungi, specifically, are likely to have antibacterial properties. The production of secondary metabolites in cultures is strongly influenced by nutrient availability. This study aimed to study the modified media for the cultivation of Fusarium sp. and its antibacterial bioactivity. Fusarium sp. was isolated from Agelas sp. sponge collected from Riung Sea, East South Nusa, Indonesia. In this study, the modified media was soursop juice (SJ), ginger juice (GJ), and sago (S). The fungal mycelium was cultured and scaled up for 7-14 days until the mycelium achieved maximum growth. A filtration funnel and HPLC were used to purify the bioactive compounds. The diffusion agar method was used to test antibacterial activity against the multi-drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results indicated that Fusarium sp. could grow on soursop juice and ginger juice but could not grow on sago media. The inhibition zone produced by the filtration fraction of Fusarium sp. from each media differed. The soursop juice media produced the largest inhibition zone against both S. aureus (11.56 mm ± 0.140) and E. coli (12.16 mm ± 0.094) at 100 μg/disc. The ginger juice (GJ) and soursop juice (SJ) media are promising as alternative culture media for Fusarium sp. The structure of the bioactive compound Fusarium sp. from GJ and MJ media culture can be further investigated using NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic infectious diseases caused by biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria are the second rank causes of death in Indonesia after heart and blood vessel diseases. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenic bacteria worldwide poses the main medicinal challenge to the search for new antibiotics. However, the use of marine invertebrates as raw material sources is not ecologically friendly due to the low concentration of bioactive compounds in marine invertebrates. This study aimed to investigate gorgonian Plexaura sp.-associated bacteria that have the potential as anti-nosocomial pathogenic A. baumannii. A total of 29 gorgonian Plexaura sp.-associated bacterial isolates were screened for their antibacterial activity against nosocomial pathogenic A. baumannii. The 5 bacterial isolates exhibited antipathogenic activity against A. baumannii. The RA17-2 isolate showed the highest diameter size of the inhibition zone. The 16S rRNA sequence analyses revealed that these 5 isolates were closely related to Bacillus, Virgibacillus, and Nitratireductor. None of the 5 antipathogenic isolates possess PKS-I, PKS-II, and NRPS genes, except the PKS-I gene of the RA17-2 isolate. These results showed that Plexauridae sp is a potential source for the development of antibiotic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellowtail fusilier, Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1971) is the main catch of fishermen on the Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa. C. cuning also has a unique character in the form of different eye color, white, red, and white-red. These differences were raise question whether the eye colors will be differentiated the morphology, and the genetic diversity of C. cuning. This research aims to study the biodiversity of C. cuning caught by fishermen on Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa, based on their morphology, and molecular using mtDNA control region gene marker. This study also wanted to test, if different eye colors observed on the sample also reflected at the genetic level. A unique thing was found in morphological observations in the form of eye colors in C. cuning (white, red and white-red). Measurements of 19 morphometric characters were conducted on 44 samples directly in the field. Twenty four (24) samples with three different eye colors were selected for molecular assay of locus control region mtDNA in the laboratory. Morphological analysis showed the total length of 44 samples of C. cuning ranged from 15-29.4 cm. The total length of white eye color ranged from 15-29.4 cm from 20 samples, red-eye color 17-26 cm from 20 samples and whitered eye color 22-24.6 from 4 samples. Molecular test showed that the fish observed was indeed C. cuning with a similarity of 97.07%-99.27% of NCBI data. The genetic distance C. cuning between individuals was 0-3%. Genetic distance in the same eye color and different have the same value of 2%. Twenty haplotypes were obtained from 24 samples with high haplotypes diversity, values ranging from 0.978-1,000. The nucleotide diversity ranges from 0.019-0.021. There is no molecular difference between C. cuning with different eye colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased nutrients can cause a rise prevalence in coral disease. Shrimp pond wastewater can produce nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia from the residual of the feeding and shrimp feces. Nyamplungan village, Karimunjawa was selected as the study site as it represents a location with shrimp pond activity that close to coral reef ecosystem. This study aims to examine the difference of disease prevalence, coral cover, and coral genus diversity at ±300 m and ±1000 m from the shrimp pond and to examine the relationships between disease prevalence and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, ammonia). Coral disease prevalence was measured within a modified 30 x 2 m belt transect at six sampling stations. Station 1, 2, and 3 were 6-8 m in depth (±1000 m from the shrimp pond), then station 4, 5, and 6 were depth 1-3 m (±300 m from the shrimp pond). Coral genus diversity was conducted by using the Roving Diver Visual Method. Coral cover was measured within Line Intercept Transect (LIT) 30 m. The results show that station 5 had the highest disease prevalence (30.80%±2.78%). Station 1 had highest coral cover (90.87%±7.16%). Coral genus diversity had a medium category for each station. Disease prevalence was significantly different between station depths of 1-3 m (±300 m to the shrimp pond) and depths 6-8 m (±1000 m from the shrimp ponds) (P<0.05). Disease prevalence had strong relationship with nitrate (r= 0.975), phosphate (r= 0.972) and ammonia (r= 0.958). These results suggest that the continuation of coral monitoring with additional disease incidence and disease progression, temporally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogenetic data of the Java eel population is crucial for future catadromous aquaculture in Indonesia. The study aims to know how eel species from Java and West India differ in their evolutionary patterns. Four river estuaries in Central Java and one estuary in West Java, Indonesia, were chosen as samples of Javanese eel origins. Phylogenic comparison data from five regions of the Western Indian Ocean and one region of the Philippines (Pacific Ocean) were examined, taken from GenBank® data. The results showed that BLAST from 25 eels from Central and West Java was Anguilla bicolor bicolor (homology value 96 - 100%). The phylogenetic tree revealed that samples from Java nested into the West Indian Ocean with two Clades but were isolated from the Pacific Ocean eels. There are 25 pairs of monophyletic samples estimated to be the most recent common ancestor among the Indian Ocean eel samples from west to west, east to east, and west to east. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]