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Objectives: the aim of the study was the evaluation of healing in bony defects comparing milled teeth versus beta tricalcium phosphate (B-TCP) as bone graft materials. Materials and methods: Forty-five male albino rats, were divided into three groups each group included 15 rats; one control and two experimental groups. Under general anesthesia, 1.5 cm incision was created to expose the cranial bone. Then two bone defects (each one with a diameter of 3 millimeter) were created one in each parital sides. In Group I (control group): the two bony defects (30 bony defects) were left to heal without any intervention. While, in Group II & III the bony defects were completely filled with (B-TCP) and milled teeth, respectively. At the 7th, 15th, and 30 days postoperatively five rates were randomly selected from each group to be sacrificed. Results: histomorophometric and histological results showed a higher level of bone regeneration in the two experimental groups than that of the control group all over the study period, moreover there was a significant increase in the amount of (newly formed bone) in the milled teeth than in the (B-TCP) group. The remaining particles of the two graft materials was significantly less in the milled teeth group than in the (B-TCP) group during the whole study time. Conclusion: Bone activity, formation and maturity were ahead in tooth ash filled calvarial bony defects.

Objectives: to evaluate the effect of milled teeth versus beta tricalcium phosphate bone graft material on new bone formation at the cell level using transmission electron microscope Materials and methods: Forty-five adult male albino rats, were divided into three main groups (n=15); control and two experimental groups. Under general anesthesia, 1.5 cm incision was done exposing the cranial bone. Then two noncritical size bone defects were created one in each parital sides of the rat calvarial bone. In Group I (control group): the bilateral calvarial bony defects were left to heal spontaneously. In Group II the bilateral calvarial bony defects completely filled with β-TCP. In Group III: the bilateral calvarial bony defects completely filled with tooth ash. Five rats from each group were sacrificed after 7, 15, and 30 days postoperatively. Results: tooth ash group: showed more new bone formation. Different types of cells appeared more active: multiple lymphocytes, fibroblast, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts. Multinucleated osteoclasts with prominent vacuolated cytoplasm and ruffled border in Howship’s lacunae were clearly seen. At day 30, disappearing of the tooth ash and infiltration of different types of cells; osteoprogenitor cells, bone lining cells, and osteoblasts while β-TCP particles were still seen in the sections. Conclusion: Bone activity, formation and maturity were ahead in tooth ash filled calvarial bony defects. Tooth ash had a role in the stimulation of osteoblastic activity in matrix formation and its mineralization.

Design of a scaffold with convenient mechanical properties to emulate bone structure is a major challenge for bone tissue engineers. In this study, porous ceramic scaffolds containing various weigh...

Reconstruction of bone defects represents a serious issue for orthopaedic and maxillofacial surgeons, especially in extensive bone loss. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) with tri-calcium phosphates (TCP) are widely used for bone regeneration facilitating the formation of bone extracellular matrix to promote reparative osteogenesis. The present study assessed the potential of cell-scaffold constructs for the regeneration of extensive mandibular bone defects in a minipig model. Sixteen skeletally mature miniature pigs were divided into two groups: Control group and scaffolds seeded with osteogenic differentiated pADSCs (n = 8/group). TCP-PLGA scaffolds with or without cells were integrated in the mandibular critical size defects and fixed by titanium osteosynthesis plates. After 12 weeks, ADSCs seeded scaffolds (n = 7) demonstrated significantly higher bone volume (34.8% ± 4.80%) than scaffolds implanted without cells (n = 6, 22.4% ± 9.85%) in the micro-CT (p

Objective: To evaluate and compare clinically the effectiveness of a nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) paste (Sesensibilize™ Nano-P, FGM) and a tri-calcium phosphate fluoride (TCP-F) varnish (Clinpro™ White Varnish, 3M ESPE) in remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) on young permanent teeth. Methods: 20 patients having at least one pair of teeth with WSL were randomly selected to this study according to specific criteria. Each patient received two treatments of WSL; one treatment using n-HAP paste on one side of the arch (n-HAP group) and a second one using TCP-F varnish on the contralateral or opposing side of the arch (TCP-F group). A total of 80-teeth with WSLs were included in this randomized clinical trial. The reminaralizing agents were applied over the tooth surface with a WSL as per manufacturer recommendations. Four application sessions were completed during the first month on a weekly basis. DIAGNODENT PEN (DD) (Kavo Dental –Germany) was used to assess the degree of remineralization. DD readings were recorded at baseline, after one, three and six-months of the reminaralizing agents’ application. All patients attended the treatment sessions and remained throughout the follow-up periods. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the WSLs mean DD readings over time for both groups (Friedman, P 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean DD reading at one-month between the two groups (P=0.032). However, the mean DD readings were significantly lower in the n-HAP group at 3- and 6-months with high statistical significant level (P

The present work was conducted for evaluation of the effects of iliac crest autograft (ICBG) and Hydroxyapatite / β tri- calcium phosphate (HA / β -TCP), on the healing process of an experimentally induced right femoral fractures with 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm partial bone defect at the fracture site in dogs fixed with standard dynamic compression plate (DCP) and self taping cortical screws. It was carried out on twenty seven apparently healthy male mongrel dogs divided into three equal groups, each of 9 dogs. Group I left as a control. Groups II and III were treated with ICBG and HA / β -TCP respectively. Clinical, radiographical and histological examinations were carried out for judgment of the healing process. This study came to the conclusion of; ICBG provides the most dense callus formation and the fastest possible healing. While, HA / β -TCP was an excellent substitute for ICGB that solve the problem of two operations on the same animal.

This study investigated to evaluate the effect of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense, Trichoderma harzianum and Tri-calcium phosphate on sprouted barley grains under hydroponic culture conditions. The results showed that increase of a total weight of sprouted barley grains in treatments of A. chroococcum 257.3 g, Tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) 255.6 g and A. brasilense 254.3 g, whereas T. harzianum + TCP, A. brasilense + TCP and TCP recorded highest height of sprouted barley 25.8, 25.7 and 25.6 cm respectively, the protein ratio in the roots of sprouted barley was increased in A. chroococcum 19.8% followed by T. harzianum 18.4%, while the protein ratio in the vegetative portion was increased in T. harzianum + TCP, A. brasilense + TCP, A. chroococcum and A. chroococcum + TCP which reached 36.4, 32.7, 32.5 and 31.0 % respectively.

Background: Augmentation of localized alveolar bone defect is one of major problems in implant dentistry. Beta tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) is considered a source of synthetic bone substitute for bone regeneration. If it is combined with platelet rich fibrin (PRF) with immediately placed dental implant it may encounter a promising result for bone formation.Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the regenerative bone potential around immediately placed dental implant in localized alveolar bony defect by the use of β-TCP alone or in combination with PRF.Materials and Methods: Eight clinically healthy dogs were included in this study. Localized alveolar bone defect was created after extraction of the second mandibular premolar bilaterally. After immediate implants were inserted the defect was augmented with following: Group I: β-TCP. Group II: β-TCP with PRF. Group III: Control group without adding any material. After 12 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and bone regeneration in the created defect was evaluated through histological examination, immunohistochemically and histomorphometric analysis.Results: Groups analysis demonstrated signs of bone regeneration with variable degrees. Histomorphometrically, the control group revealed the lowest mean area percentage. Group I: β-TCP and group II: β-TCP combined with PRF showed the highest mean area percentage and both were significantly higher than control group. However, no significant difference observed between group I and II. The results were supported by both histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The signs of bone maturation in group I & group II were more than control group.Conclusion: Beta tri-calcium phosphate with platelet rich fibrin is a promising osteogenic bone substitute with high bone regenerative potential .It could be used as an alternative method for bone regeneration around dental implant in localized alveolar bone defect.

Objectives: To compare CPP-ACP, Tri-calcium phosphate and Hydroxyapatite on remineralization of artificial caries like lesions on primary enamel. Study design: Ten extracted Primary molars coated with nail varnish, leaving a window of 2×4 mm on buccal and lingual surface were immersed in demineralizing solution for 96 hours and sectioned longitudinally to obtain 40 sections (4 sections per tooth) and were randomly divided into 4 groups (A to D) n=10; Group A: negative control, Group B: CPP-ACP, Group C: Tri-calcium phosphate, Group D: Hydroxyapatite. Sections were subjected to pH cycling for 10 days and were evaluated by polarized light microscope before and after treatment. Results: Intra group comparison of demineralization and remineralization was done by paired t-test. One way ANOVA was used for multiple group comparisons followed by post HOC TUKEY'S Test for group wise comparisons. Remineralization was found more with Group D followed by Group B, C and A. Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite showed better remineralization when compared to CPP-ACP and Tri-calcium phosphate.

Purpose: Hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium phosphate (HA/TCP) mixture is an osteoconductive material used as a bone graft substitute, and demineralised bone matrix (DBM) is an osteoinductive material. A combination of DBM and HA/TCP mixture would probably create a composite with both osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of DBM and HA/TCP mixture on healing of rat radius segmental defects. Methods: Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were used. Bilateral radial defects were created in each animal. Radial defects were implanted with DBM, HA/TCP mixture and a combination of both substances. Control defects were left unfilled. Ten weeks after implantation, the animals were sacrificed, and the radii were evaluated by radiograhic and histopathological studies. Results: The use of DBM alone demonstrated improved healing on radiographic and histological studies compared to other groups and the control group. There were no differences between the other two groups and the control group. Conclusion: The DBM group showed the best healing response. Combined use of DBM and HA/TCP mixture did not improve bone healing, and the osteoinductive properties of DBM were inhibited by HA/TCP mixture.

© 2017, Australian Ceramic Society. Nanofibrous composites of the poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with different compositions were manufactured by using an economical and non-complicated method called electrospinning. Produced fibrous structures showed no bead formation and had a clean surface. Characterization of the composites showed that particles were successfully mixed with polymer phase. High cell activity of SaOS-2 cells on the composites was observed with SEM images. In addition, fibrous scaffolds are biocompatible with human bone tissue and are highly degradable.

β-Tri calcium phosphate ceramics play a significant role in several biomedical application for their marked resorbability and bioactivity. One of them is in bone grafting, where it is used for treating bone defects caused by wounds or osteoporosis. In the present work an in-depth and systematic study of pure and different doped variants (Zinc, Magnesium and Titanium) of β-Tri calcium phosphate was done. We have prepared pure β-Tri calcium phosphate and its different dopants of different strength. All together seven different composition were studied. We have tried to investigate some important features which are the prerequisite for their application. These include lattice parameter study, mechanical properties, contacts behaviour with SBF, haemolytic characteristics, and its cytotoxic nature. The capability of new apatite development on the surface of pure and doped β-TCP samples were also considered and compared by using Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) to observe their interaction with human body fluid.

One of the main objectives of periodontal therapy is to prolong the lifespan of dentition as there is no ideal substitute for natural dentition even in the era of dental implants. Treatment of teeth with advanced periodontal disease with hopeless prognosis is always extraction. However in this case report, we discuss a novel regenerative strategy using a combination of platelet rich plasma and bi-phasic tri calcium phosphate for a lower central incisor that was considered for extraction. Clinical and radiographic examination during the six-year follow-up postoperatively revealed stable periodontal health in the lower right central incisor. The surgical re-entry done in the sixth year postoperatively revealed good periradicular healing and alloplastic bone graft incorporation within the host bone.

Calcium sulfate/tri-calcium phosphate (CaSO4/TCP) composite bone fillers were fabricated through molding method. Their structure and properties were characterized by infrared spectroscope, scanning electronic spectroscope, x-ray diffraction and degradation test. The results show that TCP crystals were attached to the CaSO4 crystals and prevented the growing of sulfate crystals. So their size is shorter than that of CaSO4 crystals prepared from pure CaSO4 semihydrate, and some even had defect. The resorption rate of CaSO4 bone fillers was decreased when TCP was incorporated.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate clinically and radiographically the efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) versus β-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) in the treatment of Grade II mandibular furcation defects. Materials and Methods: Forty-five Grade II furcation defect in mandibular molars which were assigned to open flap debridement (OFD) with PRF Group I (n = 15), to OFD with β-TCP Group II (n = 15), and to OFD alone Group III (n = 15) were analyzed for clinical parameters (probing pocket depth [PPD], vertical clinical attachment level [VCAL], horizontal clinical attachment level [HCAL], gingival recession, relative vertical height of furcation [r-VHF], and relative horizontal depth of furcation [r-HDF]) and radiographical parameters (horizontal depth of furcation [H-DOF], vertical height of furcation [V-HOF]) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) at 6 months interval. Results: For clinical parameters, reduction in PPD and gain in VCAL and HCAL were higher in Group II as compared to Group I. Change in r-VHF and r-HDF was greater in Group II as compared to Group I. Mean percentage clinical vertical defect fill was higher in Group II as compared to Group I (58.52% ± 11.68% vs. 53.24% ± 13.22%, respectively). On CBCT, mean change at 6 months for all parameters showed nonsignificant difference between the two experimental groups. Mean change in V-HOF was higher in Group I as compared to Group II, but mean change in H-DOF and furcation width was more in Group II as compared to Group I. Conclusion: For both experimental and control groups, there was statistically significant improvement at 6 months follow-up from baseline values.

International audience; Reconstruction of bone defects prior to implant placement now involves synthetic substitutes such as β-TCP because of its ability to promote bone remodeling. Its capacity to be progressively substituted by the patient's bone allows to regenerate a dense bone volume. In addition, its availability in large quantities, avoiding the morbidity observed with harvesting autogenous bone, widens the operative indications. In this paper, the main indications of β-TCP in maxillofacial surgery (dentistry, parodontology and dental implant surgery) are reviewed. They include periodontal bone disease, bone disjunction, pre-implant surgery (sinus floor elevation and lateralization of the inferior alveolar nerve).; La reconstruction des déficits osseux avant la pose d’implant fait appel désormais à des matériaux de substitution synthétique comme le β-TCP de par ses capacités à favoriser le remodelage osseux. Il est progressivement substitué par l’os du patient permettant de régénérer un volume osseux dense. Enfin, sa disponibilité en grande quantité, évitant la morbidité liée à un site de prélèvement d’autogreffe, élargit les indications opératoires. Dans ce travail, les principales indications d’utilisation du β-TCP en chirurgie maxillofaciale (chirurgie dentaire, parodontologie et implantation dentaire) sont revues. Elles comprennent la maladie osseuse parodontale, la disjonction osseuse, la chirurgie pré-implantaire (élévation de sinus et latéralisation du nerf alvéolaire inférieur).

Scaffold-like hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium-phosphate (HA/TCP) coatings have been deposited on strong zirconia-substrates using a unique HA-slip coating-deposition and coating-substrate co-sintering process. Bending strength of such layered composites is over 300 MPa, higher than the upper strength limit of natural bones. Thick scaffold-like HA-coatings with open pores larger than 100 lm can be deposited onto the micro-porous HA/TCP surface using the same technique. Such load-bearing “HA-scaffolds” with adequate bending strength and large open pore structures provide useful options as loadbearing bone implants.

Background: Angiogenesis is crucial for the success of bone reconstruction through tissue engineering. Currently, is still not known the activity of endothelial cells that is responsible for blood vessel formation, cultured in HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold. The ability of the scaffold to facilitate the proliferation and migration of endothelial cell to form blood vessel is essential for cell survival especially in the inner area of the scaffold that is susceptible for cell death if adequate vascularization is not occurred. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the porosity of HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold and the biocompatibility of HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold to endothelial cells. Methods: Endothelial cells were isolated from umbilical vein (human umbilical vein endothelial cells/ HUVEC). HA/ TCP/chitosan scaffold was made from two gelling agents and various basic washing solutions. The characteristic of scaffold was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The activity of HUVEC was evaluated by MTT assay. Results: Initial average scaffold porosity size range from 68 μm and increased up to 134 μm after 7 days incubation with 10 mg/L lysozyme. There was no significant difference in the viability of HUVEC incubated with the scaffold compared to control. Conclusion: HA/TCP/chitosan has a good biocompatibility for HUVEC. This condition supports the activity of HUVEC in the scaffold for angiogenesis process, to provide oxygen and nutrient necessary for osteoblast.Latar belakang: Angiogenesis merupakan proses yang penting untuk keberhasilan rekonstruksi tulang melalui rekayasa jaringan. Saat ini, aktifitas sel endotel pembentuk dinding pembuluh darah pada HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold belum diketahui. Kemampuan scaffold sebagai tempat proliferasi dan migrasi sel endotel untuk membentuk pembuluh darah penting untuk kelangsungan hidup sel osteoblast terutama di bagian dalam scaffold. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi porositas HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold serta sifat biokompatibilitas scaffold terhadap sel endotel. Metode: Sel endotel diisolasi dari vena tali pusat (human umbilical vein endothelial cells/HUVEC). HA/TCP/ chitosan scaffold dibuat dengan variasi gelling agents dan dicuci dengan berbagai larutan basa. Karakter scaffold dievaluasi dengan scanning electron microscope. Aktifitas HUVEC dievaluasi dengan MTT assay. Hasil: Pada tahap awal, rata-rata ukuran porus 68 μm dan meningkat menjadi 134 μm setelah inkubasi dengan 10 mg/mL lysosyme selama 7 hari. Kultur HUVEC pada scaffold selama 24 jam tidak menunjukkan tingkat viabilitas yang berbeda dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Kesimpulan: HA/TCP/chitosan memiliki sifat biokompatibilitas yang baik terhadap sel HUVEC. Kondisi ini memberikan dukungan terhadap aktifitas sel HUVEC pada scaffold untuk proses angiogenesis yang akan memberikan oksigen dan nutrisi untuk osteoblas.

Porous tri-calcium phosphate, well-known for its use as artificial bone, was prepared via sponge polymeric method by the application of low cost polyurethane (PU) foam as a structural guide. In this experiment, fractions of tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) are controlled at 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 grams and mixed with distilled water (fixed at 25 grams) to produce slurries. Subsequently, rectangular shaped PU foam was immersed in the slurry and dried for three days. Samples were then sintered at 1100°C to obtain porous tri-calcium phosphate. This method produces porous tri-calcium phosphate with porosity between 31-44% and the compressive strength in the range of 0.17-1.02 MPa. The macroporosity of the tri-calcium phosphate, observed through SEM, was in the range of 100 µm to 900 µm.

Contains fulltext : 88778.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Alveolar reconstruction of bony defects in cleft lip and palate patients is a widely accepted treatment regimen for which multiple donor sites can be used. For 25 years, autogeneous bicortical mandibular symphyseal bone grafts have been used at the authors' centre. In cases in which the alveolar defect was too large to match the volume of the mandibular symphyseal bone transplant, beta-TCP granules were packed against the bone transplant to fill the defect completely. In a retrospective study, 18 patients, who were treated with mandibular symphyseal bone wrapped in beta-TCP granules, were compared with 29 patients, who were treated with mandibular symphyseal bone only. To assess alveolar height, occlusal radiographs were taken directly postoperatively and 1 year later. Mean alveolar bone loss was calculated and compared between groups using Student's t-test and linear regression analysis. No statistically significant difference in alveolar height was found between the two groups. It was concluded that mandibular symphyseal bone grafts enriched with beta-TCP granules can be used successfully in cases in which the alveolar cleft is too large to be grafted with mandibular symphyseal bone alone. 01 mei 2010

Three brands of ready to serve mango drinks namely 'Frooti', 'Real' and 'Slice' that are available in the market were used for sensory evaluation along with the vacuum dried reconstituted mango powder drink. Mango powder was produced from mango pulp of 'Totapuri' variety with addition of Maltodextrin, Glycerol monostearate and Tri calcium phosphate at rate of 0.62, 0.015 and 0.015 kg per kg dry mango solid, respectively. These ingredients were added for getting a nonsticky free flowing powder. The pulp along with the ingredients was dried in a vacuum drier at 70 ± 2C and 710-750 mm Hg vacuum. Fuzzy logic analysis was used for finding out the best of the three market mango drinks. BrimA index (a criterion for acceptance of fruit juice) and total solid (kg per kg drink) of the reconstituted mango drink was adjusted based on the BrimA index and total solid values of the best market drink. The reconstituted mango drink satisfied the quality criteria set for 'mouth feel' but not the color, smell and taste.

Study design A study of cervical interbody fusion using polyamino acid-based bioabsorbable fusion cages in a goat model. Objective To compare interbody fusion of a bioabsorbable multiamino acid copolymer/α-tri-calcium phosphate (MAACP/α-TCP) fusion cage with an autologous tricortical iliac-crest bone graft and a titanium cage. Summary of background data Polyamino acid is widely used as a carrier for drug delivery. To our knowledge, no study investigates interbody fusion cage made of polyamino acid. Methods A total of 15 sheep underwent C3/C4 discectomy and fusion. The following stabilization techniques were used: group A, autologous tricortical iliac crest bone graft (n = 5); group B, MAACP/α-TCP cage filled with autologous cancellous bone graft (n = 5); group C, titanium cage filled with autologous cancellous bone graft (n = 5). Radiographic scans to determine disc space height were performed before and after surgery and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. After 12 weeks, the C3/C4 motion segment was isolated and sectioned to create a 5-mm thick parasagittal section from which lateral radiographs were obtained. All the radiographs were encoded and reviewed in a blinded fashion to evaluate interbody fusion within the cage devices according to a three-point radiographic score. Biomechanical testing was performed in flexion, extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending to determine range of motion (ROM). Histomorphological and histomorphometrical analyses were performed to evaluate fusion and foreign-body reactions associated with the bioabsorbable cages. Results Radiographic results showed that the disc space height (DSH) in MAACP/α-TCP cage group was better than that of bone graft group and the best radiographic score was found in MAACP/α-TCP cage group. Biomechanical test showed that no significant difference was found in ROM between MAACP/α-TCP cage group and titanium cage group whereas the value of ROM in bone graft group was the largest. Histologic evaluation showed a higher intervertebral bone volume/total volume ratio and a better interbody fusion in the MAACP/α-TCP cage group than in the other two groups. Two MAACP/α-TCP cages showed microcracks and the other three cages had maintained their original geometry. All MAACP/α-TCP cages showed excellent biocompatibility. Conclusion After 12 weeks, there was no significant difference between the MAACP/α-TCP cage and the titanium cage in distractive properties and biomechanical properties. Compared with titanium cages, MAACP/α-TCP cages showed an advanced interbody fusion. Although MAACP/α-TCP cages developed cracks after only 12 weeks, they showed significantly better distractive properties, biomechanical properties, and an advanced interbody fusion than the tricortical iliac crest bone graft. Improvement should be made to insure the strength of MAACP/α-TCP cage last at least 6 month after implantion.

This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of a gelatin-β-TCP sponge (sponge) incorporating BMP-2 (BMP-2/sponge) on bone regeneration in equines. Six bone defects were created in third metacarpals of five thoroughbred horses, and a total of six treatments were applied in a randomized manner. The treatments were BMP-2/sponge, BMP-2/gelatin hydrogel sheet (sheet), free BMP-2, bFGF/sheet, plain sponge, and plain sheet. The defects were monitored for 16 weeks by radiography and then examined by histological analysis. Radiographic evaluation scores of bone regeneration revealed significantly greater bone regeneration of defects treated with BMP-2/sponge than defects treated with plain sponge or BMP-2 sheet (P0.05). In histological analysis, compact bone was observed over a wide area in the BMP-2/sponge treatment. We concluded that the treatment with BMP-2/sponge accelerated bone regeneration in the equines of this study.

The tissue engineering focuses on synthesis or regeneration of tissues and organs. The hierarchical structure of nearly all porous scaffolds on the macro, micro- and nanometer scales resembles that of engineering foams dedicated for technical applications, but differ from the complex architecture of long bone. A major obstacle of scaffold architecture in tissue regeneration is the limited cell infiltration as the result of the engineering approaches. The biological cells seeded on the three-dimensional constructs are finally only located on the scaffold's periphery. This paper reports on the successful realization of calcium phosphate scaffolds with an anatomical architecture similar to long bones. Two base materials, namely nano-porous spray-dried hydroxyapatite hollow spheres and tri-calcium phosphate powder, were used to manufacture cylindrically shaped, 3D-printed scaffolds with micro-passages and one central macro-canal following the general architecture of long bones. The macro-canal is built for the surgical placement of nerves or larger blood vessels. The micro-passages allow for cell migration and capillary formation through the entire scaffold. Finally, the nanoporosity is essential for the molecule transport crucial for signaling, any cell nutrition and waste removal.

Tricalcium Phosphate Anhydrous Powder typically contains 300 to 400 mg/Kg (w/w) of aluminum. This level can be determined utilizing AAS and standard based on known standards. In this study, we have determined the amount of aluminum metal present in sample of Tricalcium Phosphate Anhydrous Powder using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The method has high precision and accuracy. The results of aluminum determinations obtained by employment of N2O-C2H2 flame AAS methods. Great care is necessary for preparation of the blank. The need to subtract blank with standard calibration curve this was done automatically. The accuracy was checked with recovery test of aluminum added to the sample before analysis. With employment of AAS method 98.5% and 99.0% of added aluminum was recovered. The detection limit for the determination of Al was 0.5 mg/Kg and results meet the requirements.

Purpose: Hydroxyapatite/tri-calcium phosphate (HA/TCP) mixture is an osteoconductive material used as a bone graft substitute, and demineralised bone matrix (DBM) is an osteoinductive material. A combination of DBM and HA/TCP mixture would probably create a composite with both osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of DBM and HA/TCP mixture Oil healing of rat radius segmental defects. Methods: Twenty-four adult mate Wistar rats were used. Bilateral radial defects were created in each animal. Radial defects were implanted with DBM, HA/TCP mixture and a combination of both substances. Control defects were left unfilled. Ten weeks after implantation, the animals were sacrificed, and the radii were evaluated by radiograhic and histopathological studies. Results: The use of DBM alone demonstrated improved healing on radiographic and histological Studies compared to other groups and the Control group. There were no differences between the other two groups and the control group. Conclusion: The DBM group showed the best healing response. Combined use of DBM and HA/TCP mixture did not improve bone healing, and the osteoinductive properties of DBM were inhibited by HA/TCP Mixture.

Aim: To assess the clinical outcome by comparing β-tri calcium phosphate (Septodont RTR) TM along with platelet rich plasma (PRP) and β-tri calcium phosphate (β-TCP) alone in intrabony defects, by clinical evaluation in a 6-month analysis. Methodology: Ten patients participated in the study. Using a split-mouth design, interproximal bony defects were surgically treated with either platelet rich plasma (PRP) combined with β-tri calcium phosphate (β-TCP) or β-TCP alone. Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index, Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) were recorded 6 months after surgery. Results: At 6 months after therapy, the PRP combined with β-TCP group showed mean PPD reduction of 2.50, CAL mean gain of 2.60 + 1.43. The β-TCP group showed mean PPD reduction of 2.80 mm, mean CAL gain of 2.60 mm. On intra-group comparison, there was greater PPD reduction and CAL gain at 6 months in both the groups. In intergroup comparison of PRP/β-TCP and β-TCP alone, there was no statistical significant difference observed. (P = 0.55, and 0.87 for PPD and CAL gain). Conclusion: Both therapies resulted in significant PPD reduction, CAL gain. The present study shows that treatment of intrabony periodontal defects with combination of PRP and β-TCP does not have additional improvements when compared with β-TCP alone within 6 months follow-up.

Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate the pH of saliva, concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphate, and calculus formation before and after usage of Recaldent ® (GC Tooth Mousse Plus TM ), Functionalized Tricalcium Phosphate (3M ESPE ClinPro TM Tooth Creme) and standard dentifrice (Colgate dental cream). Settings and Design: Randomized double-blind study. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 subjects were recruited, the subjects were assessed at their first visit, on the 21 st day and on the 42 nd day. At the first visit, scaling was carried out and oral hygiene instructions were given. After 21 days, the subjects were given coded dentifrices where the operator and the subjects both were unaware of the type of dentifrice. Clinical parameters assessed were Plaque index, Gingival index, and Calculus index. Salivary samples were obtained to measure calcium, phosphate levels, and pH at 21 st day and 42 nd day. Statistical Analysis: ANOVA test, t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The mean salivary calcium level and mean salivary phosphate level were higher in Group III (functionalized tricalcium phosphate (3M ESPE ClinPro TM Tooth Creme) as compared to Group II (Recaldent ® GC Tooth Mousse Plus TM ) and Group I (Colgate dental cream) on the 42 nd day after using dentifrices, which was statistically significant. This showed that the usage of remineralizing dentifrices led to an increase in the salivary calcium, phosphate, and pH but it did not reach the level of super saturation of the ions caused by elevated pH which could lead to calculus formation. Conclusions: Thought here was a statistically significant increase in salivary calcium and phosphate level in all three groups from baseline to 42 nd day, there was no calculus formation.

It is a well known fact that calcium in some form must be added to poultry rations in order to obtain the necessary amount of this element for optium egg production. Buckner and Martin1 have pointed out that the lack of the supply of calcium results in a decrease of egg production and finally a cessation. All investigators are agreed as to the need of supplementing the average poultry ration with an ample supply of calcium in order that the producing bird may have an ample supply of this element for egg shell formation. The question arises as to the best available form of calcium to add to a ration for the laying bird. Buckner, Martin, Pierce and Peter2 report that the hen can utilize calcium carbonate to a greater extent than tri calcium phosphate for egg production. Oyster shell and limestone were the forms of calcium carbonate used. Later, . . .

This work was focused to study the existence of Zn 2+ in structure, chemical composition as well as particle and crystallite size of hydroxyapatite (HAp) to characterize the effect of pH of the solution and calcination temperature. Non-stoichiometric HAp (nHAp) powders containing 4 at.% zinc fraction were synthesized via solution–precipitation method. In order to characterize the effect of pH (values: 9 and 10.5) and two calcination temperatures (550 and 1000 °C) on chemical composition, molecule internal bonds, particle and crystallite size of the synthesized powders, XRD, EDS, FTIR and SEM techniques were utilized. The results showed that zinc cations could be incorporated in the HAp atomic structure to form low crystalline single phase of nHAP. The pH adjustment to 10.5 caused the formation of powders with smaller particle and crystallite sizes. The results also indicated that calcination temperature up to 1000 °C caused decomposition of zinc doped nHAp to β-tri calcium phosphate and tri zinc calcium phosphate phases which are used to control the speed of biodegradation.

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A number of experiments have been conducted during the past two years at the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station on the phosphorus requirements of the chick and the poult. In most of these tests sodium acid phosphate has been used as the source of readily available inorganic phosphorus. This product has a number of characteristics, such as physical condition, freedom from other minerals affecting bone calcification and solubility which commend it for use in research of this type. The fact that the phosphorus level may be varied independently of the level of calcium is an additional advantage to be cited. The question has been raised, however, as to whether or not the extreme solubility and acid nature of the compound creates an un-natural condition in the intestine which actually reduces the phosphorus requirement and possibly also the vitamin D requirement. Should such be the case, its use would be undesirable since . . .