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Since their introduction in 2017, the efficiency of lead‐free halide perovskite solar cells based on Cs₂AgBiBr₆ has not exceeded 3%. The limiting bottlenecks are attributed to a low electron diffusion length, self‐trapping events and poor selectivity of the contacts, leading to large non‐radiative VOC losses. Here, 2D/3D hybrid double perovskites are introduced for the first time, using phenethyl ammonium as the constituting cation. The resulting solar cells show an increased efficiency of up to 2.5% for the champion cells and 2.03% on average, marking an improvement by 10% compared to the 3D reference on mesoporous TiO₂. The effect is mainly due to a VOC improvement by up to 70 mV on average, yielding a maximum VOC of 1.18 V using different concentrations of phenethylammonium bromide. While these are among the highest reported VOC values for Cs₂AgBiBr₆ solar cells, the effect is attributed to a change in recombination behavior within the full device and a better selectivity at the interface toward the hole transporting material (HTM). This explanation is supported by voltage‐dependent external quantum efficiency, as well as photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing a better energy level alignment and thus a better hole‐extraction and improved electron blocking at the HTM interface.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent one of the most promising emerging photovoltaic technologies due to their high power conversion efficiency. However, despite the huge progress made not only in terms of the efficiency achieved, but also fundamental understanding of the relevant physics of the devices and issues which affect their efficiency and stability, there are still unresolved problems and obstacles on the path toward commercialization of this promising technology. In this roadmap, we aim to provide a concise and up to date summary of outstanding issues and challenges, and the progress made toward addressing these issues. While the format of this article is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the topic, it provides a collection of the viewpoints of the experts in the field, which covers a broad range of topics related to PSC commercialization, including those relevant for manufacturing (scaling up, different types of devices), operation and stability (various factors), and environmental issues (in particular the use of lead). We hope that the article will provide a useful resource for researchers in the field and that it will facilitate discussions and move forward toward addressing the outstanding challenges in this fast-developing field.

Due to their excellent thermal stability and ideal bandgap, metal halide inorganic perovskite based solar cells (PSCs) with inverted structure are considered as an excellent choice for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) still lags far behind that of conventional n-i-p PSCs due to interfacial energy level mismatch and high nonradiative charge recombination. Herein, the performance of inverted PSCs is significantly improved by interfacial engineering of CsPbI3- x Brx films with 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole (MMI). It is found that the mercapto group can preferably react with the undercoordinated Pb2+ from perovskite by forming Pb-S bonds, which appreciably reduces the surface trap density. Moreover, MMI modification results in a better energy level alignment with the electron-transporting material, promoting carrier transfer and reducing voltage deficit. The above combination results in an open-circuit voltage enhancement by 120 mV, yielding a champion PCE of 20.6% for 0.09 cm2 area and 17.3% for 1 cm2 area. Furthermore, the ambient, operational and heat stabilities of inorganic PSCs with MMI modification are also greatly improved. The work demonstrates a simple but effective approach for fabricating highly efficient and stable inverted inorganic PSCs.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites exhibit outstanding performances in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the complex solution chemistry of perovskites precursors renders it difficult to prepare large-area devices in a reproducible way, which is a prerequisite for the technology to make an impact beyond lab scale. Vacuum processing, instead, is an established technology for large-scale coating of thin films. However, with respect to the hybrid perovskites it is highly challenging due to the high vapor pressure of the organic ammonium halide. In this work, vacuum evaporation of lead iodide and solution processing of organic ammonium halide is combined to produce large-area homogeneous perovskite films with large grains in a highly reproducible way. The resulting PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.3% (certified 23.9%) on small area (0.10 cm2 ), 24.0% (certified 23.7%) on large area (1 cm2 ) and 20.0% for minimodule (16 cm2 ), and maintain 90% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h 1-sun operation. The vacuum evaporation prevents advert environmental effects on lead halide formation and guarantees a reproducible fabrication of high-quality large-area perovskite films, which opens a promising way for large-scale fabrication of perovskite optoelectronics.

Until now, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrensulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used in Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its many advantages, including high optical transparency, suitable conductivity, superior wettability, and so on. However, the acidic and hydroscopic properties of the PSS component, as well as the incongruous energy level of the hole transport layer (HTL), may lead to unsatisfying interface properties and decreased device performance. Herein, by adding polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) into PEDOT:PSS, a newly crosslinked-double-network obtain of PEDOT:PSS@PEGDMA film, which could not only optimize nucleation and crystallinity of Sn-Pb perovskite films, but also suppress defect density and optimize energy level alignment at the HTL/perovskite interface. As a result, the achieves highly efficient and stable mixed Sn-Pb PSCs with an encouraging power conversion efficiency of 20.9%. Additionally, the device can maintain good stability under N2 atmosphere.

Photon recycling is a process occurring in a semiconductor with high internal luminescence quantum yield and overlap in the absorption and emission spectra. Emitted photons, generated by a band-to-band recombination event get reabsorbed in the material, generate an electron-hole pair that subsequently emits a further photon and so on. This leads to changes in the emission spectrum and an enhanced occupation of both photonic and electronic density of states, which can be exploited in optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes. In this chapter, photon recycling (PR) in metal halide perovskites is discussed including theory and experimental observations of the phenomenon. Focus is on modeling PR in thin-film systems based on detailed-balance, ray-optics, and full-wave approaches. Based on the simulation results, an outlook is given on potential experimental strategies of photonic design for solar cells and LEDs.

Herein, it is shown that machine learning (ML) methods can be used to predict the parameter that limits the solar-cell performance most significantly, solely based on the current density–voltage (J–V) curve under illumination. The data (11’150 J–V curves) to train the model is based on device simulation, where 20 different physical parameters related to charge transport and recombination are varied individually. This approach allows to cover a wide range of effects that could occur when varying fabrication conditions or during degradation of a device. Using ML, the simulated J–V curves are classified for the changed parameter with accuracies above 80%, where Random Forests perform best. It turns out that the key parameters, short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, maximum power conversion efficiency, and fill factor are sufficient for accurate predictions. To show the practical relevance, the ML algorithms are then applied to reported devices, and the results are discussed from a physics perspective. It is demonstrated that if some specified conditions are met, satisfying results can be reached. The proposed workflow can be used to better understand a device's behavior, e.g., during degradation, or as a guideline to improve its performance without costly and time-consuming lab-based trial-and-error methods.

Metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are a promising technology for energy-efficient and cost-effective lighting and displays, thanks to their tunable color emission, high brightness, color purity and low-temperature fabrication. However, the mixed ionic-electronic conductivity of perovskite materials presents unique challenges, as ionic defects can redistribute under operation, affecting the energy landscape and charge recombination mechanisms. Our drift-diffusion simulations establish a connection between the transient electroluminescence (TrEL) signals of PeLEDs under pulsed operation and the influence of mobile ions. We find that the TrEL plateau value's dependence on the duty cycle and end-of-pulse overshoot can be explained by the time-varying distribution of ionic defects. The inclusion of mobile ions is crucial to understand the TrEL response. Moreover, the simulations highlight injection barriers at the perovskite/charge-transport layer interfaces, such as is the case for the hole transport layer in our example, as a significant source of non-radiative charge recombination. These findings contribute to the understanding of transient ionic processes in perovskite-based devices. This study explores ionic redistribution in perovskite LEDs during pulsed operation, using drift-diffusion simulations to analyze the impact of mobile ionic defects on light emission and providing insights into the functionality of these promising devices., Funding Agencies|European Union [851676]