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With the shift to learner-centredness in EFL, more and more attention has been paid to positive and negative emotions students experience in the classroom. As giving presentations is one of the most typical university learning situations, over the last decade there have been numerous studies dealing with students’ fear of delivering presentations or, in other words, stage fright (Bippus and Daly, 1999) or public speaking anxiety (Bodie 2010). Public speaking is listed among the greatest fears even for native speakers of a language (e.g. survey at UK universities by Russel and Topham, 2012; US universities by Blanco et al., 2008), so it is no surprise it occurs in non-native presenters to an even greater degree; they often claim in their journals they find it much harder to present in English than in Czech or Slovak. Based on a self-compiled corpus of 80 self-reflection journals written by master’s students of a presentation-skills class, the aim of this talk is to examine whether and how the students express their fears and to identify what helps them get rid of their nervousness in the process of giving several talks throughout the term. As will be shown, the entire process is closely linked to boosting students’ self-confidence, not only in public speaking but also when using the foreign language as such.

Актуальность. В связи с высокими показателями распространенности заболеваний зубов и полости рта среди детей, особый научный и практический интерес как со стороны системы здравоохранения, так и со стороны практикующих врачей стоматологического и общего профилей, представляет стоматологический статус детского населения. Цель исследования изучение распространенности и характера зубочелюстных аномалий и деформаций среди детей и подростков г. Ставрополя. Материалы и методы исследования. Сотрудниками кафедры стоматологии детского возраста СтГМУ на базе детской стоматологической поликлиники г. Ставрополя было проведено обследование 972 детей и подростков в возрасте 7-17 лет. Из общего числа обследованных пациентов зубочелюстные аномалии и деформации выявлены у 662 пациентов 67,41%. На лечение было взято 86 детей и подростков с зубочелюстными аномалиями и деформациями в возрасте 7-17 лет. Из них мальчиков 34 (39,5±5,3%), девочек 52 (60,5±5,3%). Все пациенты были поделены на 3 группы в зависимости от характера зубочелюстной патологии. Результаты и их обсуждение. Определено, что среди аномалий отдельных зубов чаще всего встречалось вестибулярное положение зубов (42,4±8,6%), реже отмечались супраокклюзия (3,0±2,9%) и дистопия зубов (3,0±2,9%). Среди аномалий групп зубов наиболее часто встречалось скученное положение фронтальных и боковых зубов (57,1±13,2%), наиболее редко встречались диастемы и тремы зубного ряда (14,3±9,4%). Среди аномалий формы зубного ряда наиболее часто встречалось двусторонее сужение зубного ряда (45,5±15,0%), наиболее редко встречался широкий зубной ряд (9,1±8,7%). Среди сочетанных аномалий окклюзии зубных рядов чаще встречается дистальная окклюзия зубных рядов и глубокая окклюзия зубных рядов 40,0±15,5%. Дистальная окклюзия зубных рядов и перекрестный прикус встречается в 30,0±14,5%. Реже встречается мезиальная окклюзия зубных рядов и вертикальная дизокклюзия зубных рядов 20,0±12,7%. Мезиальный открытый и перекрёстный прикусы встречаются реже всего -10,0±9,5%. Выводы. Исходя из данных, полученных в результате исследования, можно утверждать, что распространенность зубочелюстных аномалий и деформаций среди детей и подростков г. Ставрополя остается на достаточно высоком уровне 67,41%., Relevance. Due to the high prevalence of diseases of the teeth and oral cavity among children, the dental status of the children's population is of particular scientific and practical interest both from the health systems and from practitioners of dental and general profiles. The purpose of the study: to study the prevalence and nature of dental anomalies and deformities among children and adolescents of Stavropol. Material and methods of research. The staff of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of StSMU on the basis of the children's dental polyclinic of Stavropol conducted a survey of 972 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. Of the total number of examined patients, dental anomalies and deformities were detected in 662 patients 67.41%. 86 children and adolescents with dental anomalies and deformities aged 7-17 years were taken for treatment. Of these, boys 34 (39.5± 5.3%), girls 52 (60.5± 5.3%). All patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the nature of dental pathology. Results and discussion. It was determined that among the anomalies of individual teeth, the vestibular position of the teeth was most common (42.4±8.6%), supraocclusion (3.0±2.9%) and dental dystopia (3.0±2.9%) were less common. Among the anomalies of the groups of teeth, the most common was the crowded position of the frontal and lateral teeth (57.1±13.2%), the most rare were diastemas and tremas of the dentition (14.3±9.4%). Among the anomalies in the shape of the dentition, double-sided narrowing of the dentition was most common (45.5±15.0%), wide dentition was the most rare (9.1±8.7%). Among the combined anomalies of occlusion of the dentition, distal occlusion of the dentition and deep occlusion of the dentition are more common 40.0±15.5%. Distal occlusion of the dentition and crossbite occurs in 30.0±14.5%. Mesial occlusion of the dentition and vertical dysocclusion of the dentition are less common 20.0±12.7%. Mesial open and crossbites are the least common -10.0±9.5%. Conclusions. Based on the data obtained as a result of the study, it can be argued that the prevalence of dental anomalies and deformities among children and adolescents in Stavropol remains at a fairly high level 67.41%.

Processing and publication of this issue were made possible through the financial support granted in 2023 by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic and the Faculty of Education, the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen. This article introduces violinist and pedagogue Alexander Shonert and his principles of violin teaching methods, which touch on the correct way of practicing the violin, a specific type of firm staccato, and stage fright. This research and description of Shonert’s teaching and practice method are inspired by a workshop that Alexander Shonert held at Základní umělecká škola Ilji Hurníka [Ilja Hurník Elementary Art School] in Prague, Czech Republic on December 7, 2018, and based on interviews that the author of this article conducted with him between 2018–2021. The structured interviews were conducted in Czech (translated into English by the author) in person and by electronic correspondence in the case of clarification of details. This study also follows up on two published author’s articles, “Alexander Shonert – Violinist and Pedagogue” and “Firm Staccato Is Born in the Mind, Not in the Hands.” Shonert’s methodo- logical principles are situated in the context of other prominent violinists from the nineteenth century until now.

Stage fright is one of the most common phenomena before performance. An important reason for measuring stage fright is negative impact on the health and voice production of children and youth. There are theories in world literature that describe the phenomenon of stage fright and implications for voice. Unfortunately, there are no tools for testing performance anxiety that would be intended for children and youth, and would also include the context of voice production. The aim of this article is to briefly describe stage fright and psychogenic voice disorders and present a tool based on the three‑factor theory of stage fright constructs. The text describes the stages of creating the questionnaire, factor analysis and the selection of scales. The results of the analyzes confirmed the 3‑factor structure of the tool and suggest that the scale may prove to be a valid questionnaire for examining stage fright in children and youth. Trema to jedno z najczęstszych zjawisk odczuwanych przed wystąpieniami publicznymi. Istotnym powodem pomiaru tremy jest jej negatywny wpływ na zdrowie i emisję głosu dzieci i młodzieży. W literaturze światowej istnieją teorie, które opisują zjawisko tremy i jej implikacje dla emisji głosu. Niestety, brakuje narzędzi do badania tremy przed występem, które byłyby przeznaczone dla dzieci i młodzieży oraz zawierałyby jednocześnie kontekst pracy głosem. Celem tego artykułu jest krótka charakterystyka tremy i zaburzeń głosu o podłożu psychogennym oraz przedstawienie autorskiego narzędzia stworzonego na podstawie trójczynnikowej teorii konstruktu tremy. W tekście opisane są kolejne etapy powstawania kwestionariusza, analiza czynnikowa i wyłanianie skal. Wyniki analiz potwierdziły trójczynnikową konstrukcję narzędzia i sugerują, że skala może okazać się trafnym kwestionariuszem do badania tremy.

U međuljudskim odnosima veliku ulogu i značaj ima komunikacija. Istraživanja pokazuju kako veliki broj ljudi ima strah i tremu od javnog govora. Uglavnom ljudi imaju strah od javnog nastupa jer ne znaju kako će publika reagirati. Pojednostavljeno, glavni je strah od reakcije publike. Različiti su aspekti tog straha. U tom smislu, moguće je razmatrati strah od osude, strah od negativne procjene okoline, strah od grešaka u govoru, mogućnost da govor neće biti dovoljno dobar i dr. Iako je određena razina straha i treme sasvim uobičajena i normalna kod veličine ljudi, važno je nastojati umanjiti strah i tremu, a to se može postići vježbom. Predmet istraživanja rada odnosi se na analizu straha i treme od javnog govora. Cilj je istraživanja predstaviti temeljne značajke glede poslovne i javne komunikacije, istražiti ulogu i značaj neverbalne komunikacije, te analizirati strah i tremu od javnog govora. Osim toga, cilj je predstaviti neke od vježbi koje mogu pomoći u pobjeđivanju straha i treme od javnog govora. Communication plays a big role in interpersonal relationships. Research shows that a large number of people have fear and trepidation from public speaking. People have a fear of public speaking because they don’t know how the audience will react. Simply put, the main fear is the reaction of the audience. There are different aspects to that fear. It is possible to consider fear of condemnation, fear of negative assessment of the environment, fear of speech errors, the possibility that speech will not be good enough, etc. Although a certain level of fear and anxiety is quite common and normal in people, it is important to try to reduce fear and nervousness, and this can be achieved by exercise. The subject of the research is related to the analysis of fear and fear of public speech. The aim of the research is to present the basic features regarding business and public communication, to investigate the role and importance of non-verbal communication, and to analyze the fear and anxiety of public speaking. In addition, the goal is to present some of the exercises that can help overcome the fear and trepidation of public speaking.

V svojem diplomskem delu sem se ukvarjala s strahom pred javnim govornim nastopanjem v slovenskem osnovnošolskem in srednješolskem prostoru. V teoretičnem delu sem najprej opredelila termine strah, tesnoba, anksioznost, fobija in trema. Nato sem raziskala osnovnošolske učne načrte in učne načrte za splošne in strokovne gimnazije ter opredelila, kakšno je stanje pravorečja in glasoslovja. V praktičnem delu sem opravila spletno anketo, v kateri so sodelovali študentje. Anketa je sestavljala vprašanja, vezana predvsem na dojemanje strahu in treme, na osebne izkušnje, ki so jih študentje pridobili v osnovnošolskem in srednješolskem izobraževanju. Nadaljevala sem z vprašalnikom za profesorje. Izvedla sem ga z dvema profesoricama, ki poučujeta na osnovni šoli, in z dvema, ki poučujeta na srednji šoli. S pomočjo pridobljenih odgovorov sem iskala načine, ki bi pripomogli, da bi v svet pošiljali čim več samozavestnih javnih govorcev. In this thesis I tackled the topic of the fear of public speaking in Slovenian primary and secondary schools. In the theoretical framework, I defined the terms fear, anxiousness, anxiety, phobia, and stage fright. In the following part, I presented the research on primary school curricula and curricula for general and vocational grammar schools. I also defined the current state of orthography and phonetics In Slovenian education system. In the practical part, I described the online survey I conducted among students. The survey aimed mainly to question the perception of fear and stage fright, as well as the personal experiences that the students acquired during their primary and secondary education. I also conducted a questionnaire among four teachers. The participants were two female primary school teachers and two secondary school teachers. With the answers I obtained, I explored new ways that would help shape numerous confident young public speakers.

Jedan je od najutjecajnijih i najvažnijih govora u povijesti Isusov Govor na Gori, a prije i nakon njega u povijesti govorništva redali su se veliki govornici i govori, od Demostena, prvoga koji je zapisivao i objavljivao svoje političke govore, preko Cicerona, autora djela De oratore, najboljega rimskog priručnika iz retorike, potom Aurelija Augustina s čuvenim Govorom o smrti, Ivana Zlatoustoga, do suvremenih govornika i njihovih govora koji su obilježili ne samo povijest govorništva nego i povijest u cjelini. No, nisu svi govori antologijski niti su svi govornici veliki. Kao i u brojnim drugim disciplinama, osim darovitosti koja je dobro došla, postoje i tehnike i vještine koje pomažu nedarovitim govornicima da budu solidni, solidnima da budu odlični, a odličnima da budu iznimni. Proučavajući tehnike i alate, strukturu građenja i organizacije govora, način razmišljanja o slušateljima, te upornim radom i vježbom, svatko se može popeti barem ljestvicu iznad svoje polazišne točke u javnoj komunikaciji., One of the most influential and important speeches in the history is Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, and there were great speakers and speeches before and after him in the history of oratory, from Demosthenes, the first to record and publish his political speeches, through Cicero, the author of the work De oratore, the best Roman manual of rhetoric, then Aurelius Augustine with the famous Speech on Death, and John Chrysostom, to contemporary speakers and their speeches that marked not only the history of oratory but also history as a whole. However, neither all speeches are anthological, nor all speakers great. As in many other disciplines, besides giftedness, there are techniques and skills that help gifted speakers to be decent, decent to be great, and great to be exceptional. Studying techniques and tools, the structure of building and organizing speech, the way of thinking about listeners, and with hard work and practice, anyone can climb up at least a ladder above their starting point in public communication.

Kada se govori o tremi možemo sa sigurnošću reći da ista u čovjeku potiče negativan osjećaj. Potaknuta glavnom emocijom straha, ovisno o pojedincu, trema dolazi do izražaja u većem ili pak manjem intenzitetu. Trema je vrsta straha koji se osjeća u vezi s nekom budućom situacijom za koju subjekt procjenjuje da nadilazi njegove sposobnosti. Iz te same definicije možemo istraživanjem doći do zaključka koji je razlog toj istoj tremi. Vrlo često je razlog sama pripremljenost pred izlazak u javnost ili pak nesigurnost u vlastite kompetencije. Kada se dođe do samog izvora zbog kojega se strah pojavio shodno tomu možemo primijeniti neke od metoda svladavanja treme koja je uzrokovana strahom. Možemo sa sigurnošću reći kako je trema prisutna, na ovaj ili onaj način, u životu svakoga pojedinca. To najčešće dolazi do izražaja u trenutcima kada je osoba primorana istupiti pred drugima i kada je sva pozornost usmjerena upravo na njega. No, trema nije nešto što uvijek za sobom mora vući negativnu konotaciju. Ovisno o ostalim faktorima trema može biti motivirajuća da osobu potakne na što kvalitetnije izlaganje. When one talks about performance anxiety, one can say with certainty that it encourages a negative feeling in a person. Driven by the main emotion of fear, depending on the individual, performance anxiety is emphasized in a greater or lesser intensity. Performance anxiety is a type of fear that is felt in relation to some future situation that the subject estimates to exceed his/her abilities. From this very definition, one can come to the conclusion, through research, what the reason for this performance anxiety is. Very often the reason is readiness before going public or insecurity in one's own competencies. When it comes to the very source that caused the fear to appear accordingly, we can apply some of the methods of overcoming performance anxiety caused by fear. One can say with certainty that performance anxiety is present, in one way or another, in the life of every individual. This is most often expressed in moments when a person is forced to appear in front of others and when all the attention is focused on him/her. But performance anxiety is not something that always has to have a negative connotation. Depending on other factors, performance anxiety can be motivating in order to encourage a person to present themselves as well as possible.

Trema pri javnom nastupu je vrsta anksioznosti koja se očituje na razne načine i utječe na kvalitetu izvedbe samog nastupa. Upravljanje tremom nije uvijek jednostavno, a može znatno poboljšati kvalitetu govora. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je istražiti teorijske pretpostavke i poznate metode kojima se može utjecati na strah od javnog nastupa. Provedeno istraživanje daje odgovor na pitanje u kojoj mjeri je strah od javnog nastupa prisutan u populaciji ispitanika u Hrvatskoj te jesu li metode i tehnike iz teorije zaista od pomoći i u praksi. Rezultati istraživanja daju važne smjernice za pripremu javnih nastupa u svim profesijama u kojima je to dio poslovnih aktivnosti. Stage fright in a public performance is a type of anxiety that manifests itself in various ways and affects the quality of the performance itself. Managing stage fright is not always easy, and can significantly improve speech quality. The aim of this thesis is to explore theoretical assumptions and known methods that can influence the fear of public speaking. The conducted research provides an answer to the question to what extent the fear of public speaking is present in the population of respondents in Croatia and whether the methods and techniques from theory are really helpful in practice. The results of the research provide important guidelines for the preparation of public speaking in all professions in which it is part of business activities.

Diplomska radnja razmatra pitanja povezanosti pamćenja s procesima usvajanja i izvođenja glazbenog sadržaja. Ukratko su opisani sustavi osjetnog (senzornog), kratkoročnog i dugoročnog pamćenja te neki aspekti pamćenja glazbenog sadržaja – vizualno, auditivno, motoričko, strukturno i emocionalno pamćenje. Također, spomenuti su neki od nekognitivnih čimbenika, kao što su motivacija i tehnika učenja (vježbanja), koji mogu utjecati na kvalitetu pamćenja te je objašnjena povezanost pamćenja s vještinama čitanja s lista, sviranja po sluhu i improvizacije. Osim toga, objašnjeni su razlozi zbog kojih dolazi do zaboravljanja te je opisan utjecaj treme na sposobnost prizivanja informacija. Na kraju su navedene neke metode pomoću kojih je moguće poboljšati pamćenje

Diplomski rad bavi se utjecajem natjecateljskoga duha na intenzitet treme mladih glazbenika. Teorijski okvir rada sadrži najvažnije aspekte koje se promatralo, a to su definicije i istraživanja motivacije, treme, ciljeva učenika, kao i važnosti društvenog okruženja te poglavlje o natjecateljskome duhu. Kvalitativno istraživanje provedeno na uzorku od 14 učenika srednjih glazbenih škola pokazalo je da natjecateljski duh ne utječe samo na intenzitet treme u kontekstu javnih nastupa ili natjecanja, već i na razini nastave u školama, a da su nastupi i pokazivanje vještina kolegama motivator za vježbanje hrvatskim učenicama, dok slovenski učenici često motivaciju nalaze u samoj radosti muziciranja. Isto tako, vidljivo je da obitelj, ali i nastavnik instrumenta imaju važnu ulogu u glazbenom obrazovanju srednjoškolaca. Kako bi se došlo do relevantnijih zaključaka potrebno je provesti veće istraživanje.

The inoculation of tree species with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) has emerged as an important strategy for the acclimation of seedlings by improving plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inoculation with bacterial species (Azospirillum brasilense - Ab-V5, Bacillus sp., Azomonas sp. and Azorhizophillus sp.) on the growth and physiology of the Neotropical tree species Trema micrantha and Cariniana estrellensis under drought conditions. When associated with Ab-V5 and Azomonas sp., T. micrantha showed increased protein in the leaves, starch in the leaves and roots, photosynthesis, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency and root and shoot dry mass. Moreover, there were reductions in hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, water potential and proline. In C. estrellensis associated with Ab-V5, higher values of photosynthesis and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency were observed, in addition to higher starch content in the leaves and roots and higher protein content in the leaves; lower hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation contents were also observed. The associations of T. micrantha with Ab-V5 and Azomonas sp. and C. estrellensis with Ab-V5 favored the activation of metabolic processes under drought, leading to greater drought tolerance. This work demonstrates the effects of compatible associations of Neotropical tree and PGPB species and suggests that the identification of compatible PGPB strains can result in tree seedlings with increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as drought.

Background Trema orientalis (T. orientalis Linn) has been used in the management of malaria in the western part of Nigeria and despite its application in ethnomedicine, there is dearth of scientific evidence to justify the acclaimed prophylactic antimalarial usage of the plant. The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro antiplasmodial cell-free assay and chemopreventive efficacy of the methanol extract of the stem bark of T. orientalis and its fractions as a prophylactic regimen for malaria prevention. Also, the antimicrobial activities of the extract and the fractions were investigated. Method Vacuum liquid chromatography was used to obtain dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions from the methanol extract of T. orientalis. The fractions were tested for their prophylactic and cell-free antimalarial activity using murine models and β-hematin formation assay respectively. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the extract and its fractions against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Results In the prophylactic experiment, dichloromethane (DCMF), methanol fraction (MF) and extract (ME) (in this order) showed significant chemopreventive effects against P. berghei invasion of the red blood cells when compared with both Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) and untreated controls. Results of the in vitro study showed that the DCMF had the highest effect in preventing the formation of β-hematin when compared with other fractions. The DCMF also had the highest percentage inhibition of β-hematin formation when compared with chloroquine. The extract and fractions showed a concentration dependent antibacterial activity. Methanol extract had a pronounced inhibitory effect on Enterobacter cloaca ATCC 13047 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Serratia mercescens ATCC 9986 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19582 were the most susceptible bacteria. Conclusion The results obtained showed that both extract and fractions of T. orientalis possessed antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activity.

Background The in vivo anticancer effect of the Trema orientalis leaves crude methanol extract (TLME) was screened against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice. Materials and methods The cytotoxic activity of TLME was determined in vitro by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The growth inhibitory activity and morphological alterations were determined by the hemocytometer counting of the EAC cells using trypan blue dye. The apoptotic cells were assessed by DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. The hematological and biochemical parameters of experimental mice were also estimated. Results After treatment with the TLME, the viable tumor cell count, morphological changes and nuclear damages of the EAC cells were observed along with the hematological parameters of the experimental mice. The LD50 of TLME was 3120.650 mg/kg body weight, and this extract was proven to be safe at a dose of as high as 800 mg/kg body weight. The oral administration of the TLME at 400 mg/kg body weight resulted in approximately 59% tumor cell growth inhibition compared with the control mice, with considerable apoptotic features, including membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and aggregation of the apoptotic bodies in DAPI staining under a fluorescence microscope. The TLME also dose-dependently restored the altered hematological parameters to approximately normal levels. The TLME exhibited bolstering cytotoxic effect against the EAC cell with the IC50 value of 29.952 ± 1.816 μg/mL. Conclusion The TLME has potential as a natural anti-cancer product with apoptosis induction property and cytotoxicity against carcinoma cells.

Magistrsko delo je zasnovano kot empirično delo. V prvem delu je predstavljen teoretični del, ki obravnava načela javnega nastopanja. Proučuje pa tudi postopek priprave na javni nastop, doživljanje nastopa, izkušnje izvajalca glasbenika in pridobitve z nastopanjem. Psihologija glasbe in sproščanje v glasbi sta pomembna dejavnika pri ocenjevanju uspešnosti nastopanja, ki podpreta teoretični del v celoti. V drugem, empiričnem delu so predstavljeni rezultati anketnega vprašalnika, ki so ga učenci izbranih glasbenih šol reševali. Na podlagi le-teh smo izvedeli, koliko izkušenj imajo učenci glede na razred, v katerega hodijo, ali je prisoten strah, ko so izpostavljeni pred občinstvom, in kakšno je njihovo doživljanje glasbe med nastopanjem. The master's thesis is designed as empirical work. The first part of the thesis consists of theory dealing with principles of public appearance. Furthermore, it examines the process of preparing for a public appearance, one's experiencing of such appearance, and a musician's experiences, and what one gains by performing in front of the public. Psychology of music and relaxation in music are important factors which fully support the theoretical part. The second, empirical part of the master's thesis consists of the results of a questionnaire, filled out by pupils of certain music schools. Based on the results we learnt how much experience the pupils have depending on the grade they attend, whether they experience performance anxiety and what is their perception of music during their performance.

Mycorrhizal fungi supply soil minerals, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, to the host plants, the plants reward them with carbohydrates. During the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis Populus tremulax albathe phosphate transport appears to be carried out by two specific transporters, PhT1.9and PhT1.12.Some trees like poplar, chestnut and Tremacan form symbiosis with two mycorrhizal fungi, ecto-and endomycorrhiza. It was demonstrated for the first time that chestnut can form endomycorrhizal symbiosis.Trema is close relative of Parasponiawhich can develop symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza and also with rhizobia. Tremaand Parasponiaare sequenced, transcriptome data are available. Parasponiais easy to propagate by regeneration, transformed, and transformation of Tremais under very intensive investigation. All these make Trema-Parasponiavery attractive model to study ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in the connection to two other symbiosises, endomycorrhizal and rhizobial; Les champignons mycorhiziens fournissent des minéraux provenant du sol, en particulier le phosphore et l'azote; en échange, les plantes transfèrentdes hydrates de carbone. Au cours de la symbiose ectomycorhizienneavecPopulus tremula x alba, le transport du phosphate semble être effectué par deux transporteurs spécifiques, PhT1.9 et PhT1.12. Certains arbres comme le peuplier, le châtaignieret Tremapeuvent former une symbiose avec deux champignons mycorhiziens, et réaliser des ecto-et des endomycorhizes. Il a été démontré pour la première fois que lechâtaignerpeut former une symbiose endomycorhizienne.Tremaest un parent proche de Parasponiaqui peut développer une symbiose avec les mycorhizes arbusculaires et aussi avec des rhizobiums.Ces deux plantessont séquencées, les données transcriptomiquessont disponibles. Parasponiaest facile à propager par régénération, àtransformé, et la transformation de Tremaest sous étudetrès intensive. C’est pourquoiTrema-Parasponiaseraient un modèle très attractif pour étudier la symbiose ectomycorhizienneen connexion avec l’étude de deux autres symbioses,endomycorhizienne et rhizobienne

Drought-induced tree death has become a serious problem in global forest ecosystems. Two nonexclusive hypotheses, hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, have been proposed to explain tree die-offs. To clarify the mechanisms, we investigated the physiological processes of drought-induced tree death in saplings with contrasting Huber values (sapwood area/total leaf area). First, hydraulic failure and reduced respiration were found in the initial process of tree decline, and in the last stage carbon starvation led to tree death. The carbohydrate reserves at the stem bases, low in healthy trees, accumulated at the beginning of the declining process due to phloem transport failure, and then decreased just before dying. The concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates at the stem bases are a good indicator of tree damage. The physiological processes and carbon sink-source dynamics that occur during lethal drought provide important insights into the adaptive measures underlying forest die-offs under global warming conditions., Yuri Kono et al. show that drought-induced tree death is caused by initial hydraulic failure followed by carbon starvation. They find that the loss of the carbon sink-source balance in stem bases due to phloem transport failure is the key factor governing wilting, providing insight to developing adaptive measures to prevent forest die-offs under global warming conditions.

Resumo A família Cannabaceae é representada nas cangas da Serra dos Carajás por uma espécie, Trema micrantha. A espécie é frequente nas formações florestais da região, e foi registrada em canga e áreas de transição, com capões de mata associados. O presente estudo contém descrições morfológicas, ilustrações, dados de distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos para a espécie tratada. Abstract The family Cannabaceae is represented in the canga of Serra dos Carajás by one species, Trema micrantha. The species is common in the forests of the region and was recorded in canga and in transitional areas with associated forest patches. This study brings morphological description, illustration, geographical distribution and taxonomic comments for the species treated.

Rozdział koncentruje się na prezentacji założeń zawartych w książce Fight Your Fear and Win, z 2001 roku, autorstwa doktora Dona Greene’a – psychologa sportu, współpracującego z Julliard School of Music w Nowym Yorku, w charakterze trenera pracy nad stresem, tremą i przygotowaniem do występów publicznych. Rozdział przedstawia siedem głównych umiejętności, których opanowanie jest niezbędnym elementem dobrej prezentacji publicznej. Wśród nich podkreśla takie umiejętności, jak: determinacja, energia, perspektywa, odwaga, koncentracja, opanowanie oraz odporność (prężność). Umiejętności te są ćwiczone w ramach 21-dniowego treningu mentalnego. W ramach rozdziału zaprezentowano także tłumaczenie autorskiego narzędzia Greene’a do pomiaru powyższych siedmiu umiejętności, które gwarantują wysoką jakość występów publicznych pomimo odczuwania presji.