Search

Melanoma cells rely on developmental programs during tumor initiation and progression. Here we show that the embryonic stem cell (ESC) factor Sall4 is re-expressed in the Tyr::Nras$^{Q61K}$; Cdkn2a$^{−/−}$ melanoma model and that its expression is necessary for primary melanoma formation. Surprisingly, while Sall4 loss prevents tumor formation, it promotes micrometastases to distant organs in this melanoma-prone mouse model. Transcriptional profiling and in vitro assays using human melanoma cells demonstrate that SALL4 loss induces a phenotype switch and the acquisition of an invasive phenotype. We show that SALL4 negatively regulates invasiveness through interaction with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) 2 and direct co-binding to a set of invasiveness genes. Consequently, SALL4 knock down, as well as HDAC inhibition, promote the expression of an invasive signature, while inhibition of histone acetylation partially reverts the invasiveness program induced by SALL4 loss. Thus, SALL4 appears to regulate phenotype switching in melanoma through an HDAC2-mediated mechanism.

Mehr als 300 Millionen Menschen sind weltweit von Diabetes betroffen, die Mehrheit davon leidet an Typ-2-Diabetes. Typ-2-Diabetes ist durch eine Insulinresistenz charakterisiert, welche meistens durch Übergewicht und Adipositas verursacht wird. Diese Insulinresistenz kann zunächst durch eine erhöhte pankreatische Insulinsekretion kompensiert werden, jedoch können langfristig die pankreatischen beta-Zellen den erhöhten Insulinbedarf nicht mehr decken. Dies verursacht einen starken Anstieg der Blutglucosespiegel und stellt den Beginn der Typ-2-Diabetes Erkrankung dar. Neben genetischen Veränderungen sind Umweltfaktoren, wie erhöhte Nahrungsaufnahme und reduzierte Bewegung, wichtige Faktoren in der Pathogenese des Typ-2-Diabetes. Frühere Forschungsergebnisse zeigten eine wichtige Rolle von microRNA 375 (miR-375) im Wachstum und in der Funktion der Insulin produzierenden beta-Zellen. Die Genexpression von miR-375 ist in diabetischen Nagetieren und Menschen verändert, was auf eine wichtige Rolle dieser microRNA in der Pathogenese des Typ-2-Diabetes hindeutet. Gene, die durch miR-375 reguliert werden, wurden in den pankreatischen beta-Zellen beschrieben, jedoch ist der Mechanismus wie miR-375 das Wachstum und die Funktion der pankreatischen beta-Zellen beeinflusst noch nicht im Detail verstanden. Das Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CADM1) ist ein bekanntes Zielgen der miR-375 und vor allem im Gehirn als Regulator von Anzahl und Funktion der Synapsen bekannt. Da es außerdem in den pankreatischen beta Zellen exprimiert ist, könnte es auch dort an der Regulation von beta-Zellwachstum und –funktion beteiligt sein und die Glucose- und Energiehomöostase verändern. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, in vollständig oder konditionell Cadm1-defizienten Mäusen den Einfluss von CADM1 in pankreatischen beta-Zellen und neuronalem Gewebe an der Regulation von Glucose- und Energiehomöostase zu untersuchen., More than 300 million people world-wide are affected by diabetes, the majority suffering from type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, usually caused by obesity and overweight. Enhanced pancreatic insulin secretion largely compensates insulin resistance for years. A failure of pancreatic beta-cells to meet increased insulin demands drastically increases blood glucose levels and marks the onset of type 2 diabetes. Besides environmental influences, mainly elevated food intake and reduced physical activity, also genetic mutations are important factors in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Recent literature highlights the role of microRNA 375 (miR-375) in the growth and function of pancreatic insulin-producing beta-cells. MiR-375 gene expression is regulated in diabetic humans and rodents, suggesting that this microRNA is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Genes regulated by miR-375 have been described in pancreatic beta-cells. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms how miR-375 regulates beta-cell growth and insulin secretion have not been understood. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is a known target of miR-375 and has mainly been described as regulator of synapse number and synaptic function in the brain. CADM1 is also expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and might regulate beta-cell growth and function and might be involved in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis. The aim of this work was to investigate whether CADM1 in pancreatic beta-cells or neuronal tissue contributes to the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis by using total and conditional Cadm1 deficient mice. Total Cadm1 deficient (Cadm1KO) mice showed increased sensitivity to glucose and insulin as well as enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion compared to littermate control mice. Elevated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion after Cadm1 depletion could be confirmed in an in vitro beta-cell model.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a major public health problem worldwide. Therefore, a considerable effort is currently directed to understand the molecular mechanisms of renal degenerative processes. Regardless of their initiating cause, all chronic kidney diseases (CKD) develop at some level organ fibrosis that interferes with kidney function. This is also true for the two most common inherited CKD syndromes, nephronophthitis and polycystic kidney disease, whose primary defects reside within the cilium of kidney epithelial cells. A cohort of elegant recent studies has elicited the role of the primary cilium as a versatile mechanosensory organelle that also might coordinate cross-talk between multiple signaling pathways. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms are now realized to be essential in the maintenance of adult renal architecture. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the signaling systems implicated in kidney homeostasis and repair. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

To understand the molecular basis of the specification of thalamic nuclei, we analyzed the expression patterns of various transcription factors and defined progenitor cell populations in the embryonic mouse thalamus. We show that the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Olig3 is expressed in the entire thalamic ventricular zone and the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI). Next, we define two distinct progenitor domains within the thalamus, which we name pTH-R and pTH-C, located caudal to the ZLI. pTH-R is immediately caudal to the ZLI and expresses Nkx2.2, Mash1, and Olig3. pTH-C is caudal to pTH-R and expresses Ngn1, Ngn2, and Olig3. Short-term lineage analysis of Olig3-, Mash1-, Ngn1-, and Ngn2-expressing progenitor cells as well as tracing the Pitx2 cell lineage suggests that pTH-C is the only major source of thalamic nuclei containing neurons that project to the cerebral cortex, whereas pTH-R and ZLI are likely to produce distinct postmitotic populations outside of the cortex-projecting part of the thalamus. To determine if pTH-C is composed of subdomains, we characterized expression of the homeodomain protein Dbx1 and the bHLH protein Olig2. We show that Dbx1 is expressed in caudodorsal-high to rostroventral-low gradient within pTH-C. Analysis of heterozygous Dbx1 nlslacZ knockin mice demonstrated that Dbx1-expressing progenitors preferentially give rise to caudodorsal thalamic nuclei. Olig2 is expressed in an opposite gradient within pTH-C to that of Dbx1. These results establish the molecular heterogeneity within the progenitor cells of the thalamus, and suggest that such heterogeneity contributes to the specification of thalamic nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:73–91, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.