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The current study investigated the water quality of the Tlawng river for a year (February 2022 to January 2023), using both pre-treated and treated water samples. The Tlawng river is an important river since the population of Mizoram's capital city, Aizawl, rely heavily on its flow for drinking water. The water physico-chemical parameters were compared with standards established by World Health Organization (WHO), the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and the United States of Public Health (USPH). With an exception of DO and BOD in pre-treated water samples, all parameters measured during the study period were within acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of treated wastewater can enhance the crops' irrigation efficacy by offering an extra source of water and nutrients for agricultural purposes. This methodology helps alleviate the pressure on conventional water resources and can be a sustainable strategy to address the challenges of water scarcity. However, it is essential to ensure that wastewater is properly treated to meet quality and safety standards before its application to agricultural crops. This study focuses on exploring the reuse of wastewater from microalgae production and its impact on Pelargonium × hortorum growth during two seasons (autumn and spring). The established treatments were as follows: tap water (control 1); 100% IW—inlet wastewater (control 2); 100% OW—outlet from the reactor; 75% OW + 25% W—75% outlet from the reactor and 25% tap water; and 50% OW + 50%W—50% outlet from the reactor and 50% tap water. Irrigation with wastewater in autumn did not have a significant negative effect (p > 0.05) on plant height, plant diameter, leaf dry weight, roots, or total dry weight, and it was comparable to the control in all applied percentages. On the other hand, wastewater irrigation during spring had a meaningful positive (p < 0.05) impact on plant growth compared to the control. These wastewater resources have a high concentration of nutrients, making them a valuable source of essential and/or beneficial elements. The levels of nutrients such as NO3− range from 144.08 ppm to 82.10 ppm, PO43− ranges from 14.14 ppm to 7.11 ppm, and K+ ranges from 36.83 ppm to 29.71 ppm. Therefore, the obtained results support the viability and effectiveness of using wastewater after microalgae production in agriculture to reduce water demand, mitigate water pollution, and substitute chemical fertilizer input, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. These results, with more detailed evaluations, would be applicable to other related plant species and are even applicable to the commercial production sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many opportunities are studied to decrease the overall water balance to achieve sustainability and water management of the petroleum sector, and this can happen by applying modern methods of conservation/reuse and recycling. Various sources of wastewater are generated in the petroleum oil refineries, and contaminates are the restricting factor of water reuse. Oil refineries generates large volumes of sour water, which contains high concentrations of contaminants such as oil, grease, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and dissolved solids. Traditionally, this water is treated and then discharged to the surface water bodies causing a negative environmental impact. Contaminants in sour water can be treated to make it reusable in a valuable process as washing water for air coolers instead of condensate water due to the high cost and availability of condensate. This study explores the feasibility of using refinery treated sour water as a supplement source for condensate water in the (REAC) wash. The goal is to evaluate the technical and economic viability of this approach, as well as its potential environmental benefits. The results of this study show that using refinery treated sour water is a viable option for air cooler wash water. The treated sour water meets the required quality standards for this application, and its availability is not affected by the process requirements that limit the availability of condensate water. Moreover, using treated sour water can reduce water consumption and wastewater discharge, resulting in cost savings and environmental benefits.

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The utilization of treated wastewater can enhance the crops’ irrigation efficacy by offering an extra source of water and nutrients for agricultural purposes. This methodology helps alleviate the pressure on conventional water resources and can be a sustainable strategy to address the challenges of water scarcity. However, it is essential to ensure that wastewater is properly treated to meet quality and safety standards before its application to agricultural crops. This study focuses on exploring the reuse of wastewater from microalgae production and its impact on Pelargonium × hortorum growth during two seasons (autumn and spring). The established treatments were as follows: tap water (control 1); 100% IW—inlet wastewater (control 2); 100% OW—outlet from the reactor; 75% OW + 25% W—75% outlet from the reactor and 25% tap water; and 50% OW + 50%W—50% outlet from the reactor and 50% tap water. Irrigation with wastewater in autumn did not have a significant negative effect (p > 0.05) on plant height, plant diameter, leaf dry weight, roots, or total dry weight, and it was comparable to the control in all applied percentages. On the other hand, wastewater irrigation during spring had a meaningful positive (p < 0.05) impact on plant growth compared to the control. These wastewater resources have a high concentration of nutrients, making them a valuable source of essential and/or beneficial elements. The levels of nutrients such as NO3− range from 144.08 ppm to 82.10 ppm, PO43− ranges from 14.14 ppm to 7.11 ppm, and K+ ranges from 36.83 ppm to 29.71 ppm. Therefore, the obtained results support the viability and effectiveness of using wastewater after microalgae production in agriculture to reduce water demand, mitigate water pollution, and substitute chemical fertilizer input, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. These results, with more detailed evaluations, would be applicable to other related plant species and are even applicable to the commercial production sectors.

The present investigation was undertaken in Kolar district of Karnataka state during 2021-22 to analyse the farmer’s perception about the Koramangala-Challaghatta Valley project (K.C. Valley Project), which is deemed to be a unique project in the country. It’s a rare irrigation project and first of its kind in the country. Under this project, treated sewage water is used to fill irrigation tanks in Kolar and Chikkaballapura districts. Data was collected personally by the researcher through pretested interview schedule from 180 respondents. It was found that 40.00 per cent of marginal farmers belonged to better perception category followed by average (38.33%) and good (21.67%) perception category respectively. More than half of the small farmers (55.00%) belonged to average perception category followed by good (31.67%) and better perception (13.33%). Nearly two third of the big farmers (63.33%) belonged to good perception category followed by better (26.67 %) and average perception (10.00 %) category respectively. Relative importance index of perception as expressed by farmers is mentioned in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work aims to investigate the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the Shatt-al-Hilla River, a branch of the Euphrates river in Babel city, Iraq. Twelve important and influential parameters were taken into account to evaluate the WQI, namely the temperature of water (Temp), total hardness (TH), electrical conductivity (EC), acidity (PH), total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate (So4−2), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), sodium (Na+1), biological oxygen demand (BOD), potassium (K) and turbidity. Raw and treated water quality was evaluated using two models, Weighted Calculation and Canadian Cabinet for the Environmental Water Quality Index (CCME WQI). The study area included three water treatment plants, namely New Hilla (NH), Al-Hussein (HE), and Al- Hashimyah (HA), which discharge their treated water into the Shatt-al-Hilla river. Raw and treated water samples were collected and tested regularly for nine months, from October 2020 to June 2021. The results showed all chemical and physical parameters (for both raw and treated water) met the Iraqi standards except Ca+2, turbidity and EC for raw water and temperature for treated water. HIGHLIGHTS This paper studied Water Quality Index for the Shatt-al-Hilla River in Babel city, Iraq.; Twelve parameters were considered in this study.; Three Water Treatment Plants were included in this study.; All parameters were within the Iraqi standards, except the Ca, Turbidity and EC.;

The goal of the current study was to use the Water Quality Index (WQI) to evaluate the overall drinking water quality status in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, by estimating the quality of the Greater Zab River (raw water) and the water treatment plant WTP at Ifraz-2 on the Greater Zab River, a tributary of the Tigris River. Thirteen physicochemical parameters, including turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, chloride, sodium, potassium, nitrate, and sulfate, were evaluated between 2010 and 2021 using the WQI. The calculated WQI for the Greater Zab River's raw water quality ranged from (140.532) to (422.455) and the calculated WQI for WTP (Ifraz-2) ranged from (44.197) to (69.118). Accordingly, the results of Greater Zab River water were categorized as "very poor," "poor," and "unsuitable" for drinking purposes during the studied period (2010–2021). Furthermore, the results of the computed WQI for WTP of (Ifraz-2) are classified as "Excellent" and "Good". According to WQI, the WTP of Ifraz-2 from the current study was of good quality and suitable for consumption by humans. As a result, the efficiency (E%) of the Ifraz-2 WTP was found to be more efficient in 2016 (89.49%) than in other years and suitable for drinking. Except for a few samples, the physicochemical quality of most drinking water samples during the current study was within WHO limits.

Currently, there is a global challenge of water scarcity due to climate change, rising temperatures, and other factors. One way to address this growing global challenge is by implementing technology to treat polluted water by reusing it in areas such as irrigation, cooling, and energy production, based on bio-hydrogen gas. Hydrogen gas can be produced by several methods, including dark fermentation. In this study, hydrogen gas was produced by 1L of sludge and Treated Effluent (TE) with several methods, using a reactor with a volume of 0.96 H2 L/L media. The Life-Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) process was used to study resource depletion, the ecosystem, and human impacts, and efforts were made to reduce the negative impacts by implementing several solutions. In this study, OpenLCA software was used as a tool for calculating the impacts, along with the ecoinvent database. Further analysis was carried out by comparing the LCIA with and without the use of solar energy. The results show that implementing hydrogen gas production with a solar energy system will help to obtain the best solution and reduce the carbon footprint, with 1.12 × 104 kg CO2 equivalent and a water depletion of 2.83 × 104 m3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the global climate changes that have disrupted the availability of fresh water and led to the emergence of drought, an effective management strategy for water quality must be implemented. In this work, we analyzed the possibility of used and treated water being reused and the effect of its use on soil on the development of plants. In the case of irrigation with treated wastewater, the following parameters increased: calcium carbonate equivalent, organic matter, content of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, sodium, nitrogen, biochemical oxygen consumption; chemical oxygen demand (COD), decreased sodium absorption rate, soil electrical conductivity, pH, magnesium content, and soil bulk density. Due to the micronutrients it contains, the use of treated wastewater in irrigation can be an organic fertilizer for the soil. Wastewater is a source of soil water supply. Untreated wastewater may contain, depending on the source (industry, pharmacies, medicine, households), toxic compounds, bacteria, viruses, and helminths, which, if used for long periods of time in irrigation, can have a negative impact on health and the environment, reaching the soil, the roots of the crops, and then the underground water. Therefore, these waters must be used after adequate treatment. Global climate change disrupts the availability of fresh water and negatively influences the occurrence of floods, droughts, and water quality, which is why any water source must be managed correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorination disinfection byproducts (CDBPs) can exert adverse human health effects. Many toxicology-based studies confirmed the health hazards of CDBPs, but little research has been done on gut microbiome. We explored the effect of CDBPs on intestinal microbiota in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME). The results showed that CDBPs slightly inhibited the production of short-chain fatty acids, and the abundance of Actinobacteria decreased in the transverse colon and descending colon. The abundance of Proteobacteria increased in the ascending colon and descending colon, while it decreased in the transverse colon. The abundance of Firmicutes decreased in both the ascending colon and descending colon. In particular, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae members, Bilophila, Oscillospira, Parabacteroides, Desulfovibrio, and Roseburia increased in the ascending colon, while the abundance of Sutterella, Bacteroides, Escherichia, Phascolarctobacterium, Clostridium, Citrobacter, and Klebsiella increased in the descending colon. The Shannon index differed significantly in both the ascending colon and descending colon before and after exposure. Overall, we demonstrate the feasibility of applying the SHIME model to studying the effects of intestinal toxicity on health of chlorinated by-products. The findings of this study improve our understanding of the health impact of CDBPs on the intestinal microbiota and better control of CDBPs in treated water is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discharge of rinsing water from fast filters into surface water bodies as a way of their disposal is unacceptable for environmental reasons, and in some countries it is prohibited by law. Research by Russian and foreign scientists is aimed at studying the schemes for returning wash water to the main stream using reagent methods of clarification, ultrafiltration or filtration on ceramic filters. In this paper, the processes of removing suspended solids from rinsing waters by means of reagent-free clarification under static conditions of sedimentation facilities are considered. In this case, the treated water was exposed to mixing with Camp’s criterion obtained as a result of the analysis of the modes of movement in pipelines from the fast filter to the settling facility for the treatment of rinse water, as well as under conditions of additional mixing inside the treatment facilities either by stirrers or by aeroflocculation. Based on the analysis of the results of water clarification under the conditions of reagent-free sedimentation with stirring, mathematical dependences of the clarification effect on the Camp’s criterion, water temperature, initial content of suspended solids and clarification time were obtained.

To reuse effluent water for domestic uses, this investigation was conducted to measure the physicochemical and bacteriological excellence of treated water. To attain this research objective, the quality of effluent water treated by the treatment plant of Madda Walabu University was investigated. In this investigation, fluoride, pH, iron, electrical conductivity, sodium, total dissolved solids, sulfate, total hardness, chloride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and biological oxygen demand were the physicochemical parameters studied, and the biological parameters analyzed included faecal coliforms and total coliforms. The results showed that parameters such as fluoride (0.26 mg/L), iron (0.2 mg/L), chloride (151.91mg/L), sulfate (53.99 mg/L), pH (7.50), and magnesium (24.48 mg/L) are within the maximum permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ethiopian Standard (ES) of water for domestic use. Another investigated parameters such as electrical conductivity (1153.07mg/L), total dissolved solids (636.11 mg/L), total hardness (350.75 mg/L), sodium(139.77mg/L), calcium(113.09 mg/L), potassium(35.87 mg/L), biological oxygen demand (53.32 mg/L), faecal coliforms (230 per 100 mL) and total coliforms (3200 per 100 mL) are above the permissible limit of both WHO and ES. As most of the parameters investigated above in this research were the allowable permissible limit for domestic uses. The treated water by Madda Walabu University. The Treatment Plant is not suitable for domestic uses. Hence, it should be recommended to construct tertiary treatment structures to improve the quality of treated water to use for domestic uses mainly for drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the global climate changes that have disrupted the availability of fresh water and led to the emergence of drought, an effective management strategy for water quality must be implemented. In this work, we analyzed the possibility of used and treated water being reused and the effect of its use on soil on the development of plants. In the case of irrigation with treated wastewater, the following parameters increased: calcium carbonate equivalent, organic matter, content of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, sodium, nitrogen, biochemical oxygen consumption; chemical oxygen demand (COD), decreased sodium absorption rate, soil electrical conductivity, pH, magnesium content, and soil bulk density. Due to the micronutrients it contains, the use of treated wastewater in irrigation can be an organic fertilizer for the soil. Wastewater is a source of soil water supply. Untreated wastewater may contain, depending on the source (industry, pharmacies, medicine, households), toxic compounds, bacteria, viruses, and helminths, which, if used for long periods of time in irrigation, can have a negative impact on health and the environment, reaching the soil, the roots of the crops, and then the underground water. Therefore, these waters must be used after adequate treatment. Global climate change disrupts the availability of fresh water and negatively influences the occurrence of floods, droughts, and water quality, which is why any water source must be managed correctly.

In August 2023, the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), with permission of the Japanese government, began to release treated water stored on the site of the Fukushima Dai'ichi nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean. Given their unprecedented nature in terms of scale and duration, with over one million tons of water to be released over thirty years, the releases have drawn international scholarly attention from marine policy, law, conservation and social sciences, as well as from policy and science-media sectors more widely. The purpose of this communication is therefore to provide an international audience with an outline of the processes through which the decision to release the treated water was made; and of the institutions and policy frameworks that govern the treated water releases from Fukushima Dai'ichi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the water supply situation in Abeokuta, with emphasis on the quality of water distributed by the Ogun State Water Corporation from the treatment plant of the Abeokuta Water Scheme. Water samples were collected from standpipes (taps) across the city randomly selected using the stratified random sampling method and was analysed for physical and chemical parameters: pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, nitrate, bicarbonate, sulphate and chloride. The result of the physical and chemical parameters was subjected to statistical analyses using the multivariate t-test. The result of the treated water was further compared with the result of the analyses of raw water obtained from the source of water used in the treatment plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies conducted on sorghum cultivation, located in the conditions of sandy soils in southern Oltenia, followed the influence of fertigation with filtered waste water, with a content of 221 mg total nitrogen/liter compared to classical fertilization and irrigation with normal water from surface water sources. The results of the biometric determinations highlight differences depending on the fertilizer wastewater doses applied, on the plant height, stem diameter and leaf area. The production results obtained showed yields between 4167-7667 kg/ha, noting the variant fertilized with N80P80K80, applied at preparation of the germination bed + N70, in vegetation, provided by fertigation with filtered waste water, applied fractionally in doses of 25% + 25% + 25 % + 25% (7667 kg/ha). The grain production obtained from sorghum grains in the different fertigation variants was positively correlated significantly with the weight of 1000 grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Protozoan parasites such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica represent a great challenge to the systems producing water for human consumption because their cystic forms are persistent in the environment and resist to the disinfection methods conventionally used for their control. In this study, we investigated the presence of these protozoan pathogens in both raw and treated water samples used for the production of drinking water in Nariño Department, southwest Colombia. We collected 110 water samples (10 lof each sample) and analyzed them with real-time PCR (qPCR). qPCR-positive samples were genotyped with PCR and DNA sequencing. Results Giardia duodenalis was detected in 35/110 (31.8%) of the samples and Cryptosporidium spp. in 9/110 (8.2%) of the samples; no sample was positive for T. gondii, E. histolytica or C. cayetanensis. Giardia duodenalis was detected in samples of both raw water (Drinking Water Treatment Plants (DWTP): 47.83%;Drinking Water Rural Plants (DWRP): 18.42%) and water collected either after conventional physicochemical treatment (26.09%) or after disinfection by chlorine (50%), whereas Cryptosporidium spp. were only detected in raw waters (DWTP: 17.39%; DWRP: 13.16%). The two pathogens were detected in both types of treatment plants supplying water to urban areas and to rural zones. Analysis of gdh and tpi markers identified assemblages AI, AII and H of G. duodenalis, while analysis of the small subunit rRNA and gp60 markers of Cryptosporidium-positive samples identified C. parvum (Subtype IIcA5G3c), C. galli, C. molnari, Cryptosporidium sp. genotype II of bats and Cryptosporidium sp. genotype VIII of birds. Conclusions The results obtained demonstrate the presence of protozoan parasites in the water of the study region, and the need to improve the surveillance systems for these pathogens and identify the corresponding sources of contamination.

Copyright of Terra Latinoamericana is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Norms, values, attitudes account for much of 79% variance in stormwater acceptance. • Perceived approval from others & moral values were main predictors of acceptance. • High acceptance for stormwater reuse; end use a weak predictor of acceptance. • Belief that conserving water was part of Australian culture led to lower acceptance. • Low acceptance of stormwater likely due to high acceptance of water conservation. Urban residents are becoming more aware of water scarcity issues and paying greater attention to their total water consumption. Simultaneously, perceptions of what is considered drinkable water are also evolving. The present study examines whether attitudinal evaluations of stormwater influence the public acceptance of stormwater that is treated and sourced through managed aquifer recharge (MAR). It was hypothesised that treated stormwater used for non-potable purposes would be more acceptable amongst participants, and that select psychological factors (perceptions, values and norms) would be significant predictors of public acceptance for MAR. Participants (N = 408) took part in an online survey which measured public acceptance of stormwater, social norms, stormwater attitudes, water beliefs and water conservation culture. These factors were experimentally examined across two different types of water use: "drinking water" or "non-drinking water". Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that stormwater end use and selected psychological factors accounted for 79% of variance in acceptance of stormwater. While there was significantly higher acceptance for the use of MAR for non-drinking purposes overall, 'end use' was a weak predictor of public acceptance for MAR. The most important predictors of acceptance were social norms and value-driven attitudes towards stormwater. Results showed that perceptions of approval from important others (e.g. family and friends) and personal moral values were influential in explaining acceptance for stormwater. Interestingly, water conservation culture was a negative predictor of acceptance, where people who believed that conserving water was part of the Australian lifestyle tended to have lower acceptance for a supplemental stormwater supply. These people were more likely to support initiatives encouraging conservation of water use as key to managing water supplies. The findings articulate the need to consider existing public attitudes and norms within communities where alternative resources are proposed, to inform policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Plasmon-activated water (PAW) with reduced hydrogen-bonded (HB) structure is created from conventional deionized (DI) water. Compared to DI water, PAW owns distinctly higher diffusion coefficient and electron transfer rate constant for electrochemical reactions. In this work, we discuss the more efficient oxygen (or hydrogen) evolution reaction (OER or HER) performed in PAW solutions, as compared to DI water solutions, in different concentrations of electrolytes at different applied potentials. Basically, the higher recorded currents based on PAW solutions are more significant when experiments are performed in lower concentrations of electrolytes and at lower applied overpotentials. Interestingly, the increased current density in percentage for OERs and HERs performed in PAW solutions compared to experiments performed in DI water solutions is less significant as the applied overpotential is increased. These interesting findings suggest that utilizing PAW with higher diffusion coefficient and electron transfer rate constant for more efficient electrochemical reactions is suitable in well diffusion- and kinetics-controlled systems. Also, in the Randles-Sevcik reaction, using the PAW solution takes more advantages in a lower concentration of K 3 Fe(CN) 6 at a lower scan rate. This innovative concept has emerged as a promising strategy for effectively utilizing PAW in electrochemical reactions. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Effectively electrochemical reactions performed in PAW compared to DI water. • Utilizing PAW with higher diffusion coefficient and electron transfer rate constant • More efficient HERs and OERs performed in PAW-based aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess and monitor the physicochemical, bacteriological and endotoxin quality of dialysis water and dialysate used in a public HD center and to evaluate the performance of the unit to reject organic contaminants. Samples were collected over two years period (October 2014 to April 2017) from different points of the hemodialysis chain. Physicochemical parameters, bacterial count and endotoxin levels in dialysis waters as well as in dialysate were measured according to international standard methods. The water treatment system used at the dialysis center is based on single reverse osmosis The results of this study revealed the presence of chemical contaminants namely trihalomethanes (THMs), total concentration of THMs was found to be 50.69±8.980 and 42.54±19.07 µg/L in treated water and in dialysate respectively and Chloroform was the major contributor to the THMs concentration. A peak of conductivity about 4-fold higher than the norm was recorded. Detection of low microbial perturbation in both feed and treated water as well as in dialysate due probably to inappropriate disinfection. Endotoxins were identified in 84% of treated water samples with values below the limit set by the European Pharmacopoeia (<0.25 EU/mL). During the entire study period the performance of the dialysis unit for THM removal remained moderate and did not reach 50%. More efforts are required regarding water quality management in the HD center for a successful HD therapy. Local guidelines on HD water quality should be developed and enforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study has the general objective to understand the impact of the valuation of treated water on earthworm abundance and total porosity of the soil and the effect of the interaction between these two physical-biological components of the hydrological functioning of soils. It was carried out on the meadows soils of the valley of Wadi Bousselam.Although the treated water has high organic and particulate filler, it improved the earthworm abundance, total porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the soil.

Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water on some water treatment plants in Baghdad (AlKarkh, Shark Dijla, AlWathba, and Alkramh), the samples taken from raw (Tigris River) and treated water. The measurements of some physical and chemical properties taken every month and for eight years in order to evaluatethe drinking water quality and efficiency of these plants. The quality of drinking water was calculated byusing Canadian model index (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) in water quality evaluation, as contributed thirteen variables in the index calculation: the temperature of the water, turbidity, pH, total hardness (as CaCO3), magnesium, calcium, sulfate, iron, fluoride, Nitrate, chloride, color and conductivity. The sampleswere taken from the treatedwater that outside from the plant from 2005 to 2013. The study showed that the range of water quality index for raw water is (51-57) and can be classified as a bad water and needs advanced treatment, while the water quality index of treated water was (86, 81,80,80) for (AlKarkh, Shark Dijla, AlWathba andAlkramh) respectively. The water quality index of treated water of (AlKarkh, Shark Dijla, AlWathba and Alkramh) can be classified as Category II ( good).

In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the water quality changes in River Tawi water treated at Sitlee water treatment plant, and supplied for drinking to Old Jammu City, Jammu, J&K, India. Water samples from the treated water unit of Sitlee water treatment plant and around ten houses from the distribution point (Old Jammu City) were analyzed monthly for various physicochemical parameters for a period of one year (February 2014 to January 2015). The study indicated deterioration of drinking water quality during its passage through the distribution network which has been attributed to the leakages and defects in the old pipe system supplying water to the Jammu city. Comparison of analyzed water quality parameters with the drinking water standards prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) indicated that parameters like DO (7.49-8.24mg/l), calcium(49.93-67.08mg/l), magnesium (16.14-25.21mg/l) and potassium(6.99-7.93mg/l) were almost nearing the desirable limits but were within the permissible limits and parameters like turbidity(3.5-8.17 NTU) and total hardness(78.87-120.50mg/l) were above the desirable limits in the water samples collected from the distribution point. The collected primary data for the thirteen water quality parameters has been used to calculate the Arithmetic Water Quality Index(WQI) which has shown monsoon increase with higher values at distribution point(65.65). One time microbial analysis (MPN/100ml) for total and faecal coliform has indicated presence of faecal coliform (<1/100ml) in water samples from eight households at distribution point which indicates contamination of water with human faecal matter during its passage through the distribution network. According to microbial standards laid down by Central Pollution Control Board (2008), water contaminated with faecal coliform is unfit for drinking without conventional treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Algeria, freshwater resources are scarce and vulnerable, and the availability of drinking water per capita is in worrying decrease. Existing water resources are threatened by pollution due to concentration of urban and industrial wastewater discharges into receiving waters. Reuse of sludge and treated water is a solution to cope with the increasing demand of water resources for irrigation. At the same time, this is one way to reduce impacts on the environment and provide the nutrients that fertilize the soil. This allows an economy of water resources upstream and reduced downstream pollution. The present work aims to characterize sludge and the treated waters of the WWTP of Medea and assess their potential and fitness for agricultural use. The physico-chemical and bacteriological results revealed that for sludge, the C/N found indicates important nitrogen availability. This report is related to the low amount of organic matter it contains. For treated water of the WWTP to the current state are highly charged with fecal coliforms and can not be reused without chlorination and their high salinity limits their reuse for certain crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]