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Cryotherapy is the use of cold temperatures and has been used for thousands of years to reduce pain. More recently, cryotherapy has been modernized as an interventional technique to provide long-term pain relief for various pain conditions, such as craniofacial pain secondary to trigeminal neuralgia. This chapter will review the history, description of the procedure as well as provide a review of literature on the efficacy of cryotherapy on trigeminal neuralgia.

Trigeminal Neuralgia is a painful condition affecting the trigeminal nerve which transmits sensory information from the face to the brain. Symptoms range from mild to severe pain or abnormal sensation in the face. This chapter will discuss non-pharmacologic treatments for trigeminal neuralgia. This will include a discussion of home remedies, vitamin supplementation (particularly B vitamins), acupuncture, and laser therapy. Other common treatments include oral medications, local injections, surgeries, psychological interventions, and physical therapy. These treatments will be discussed in other chapters.

Background Shoulder impingement syndrome is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain, accounting for approximately 30% of all shoulder pain. Approximately 35% of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome are refractory to conservative treatment. For patients who fail conservative treatment, there is no established treatment to successfully treat their chronic pain. Prior randomized control trials have demonstrated efficacy for the use of a single lead intramuscular peripheral nerve stimulation of the axillary nerve at the motor points of the deltoid muscle for treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain. This is the first controlled trial to utilize the same novel technology to treat shoulder impingement syndrome outside of the stroke population. Methods This is a dual-site, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized control trial. Participants will be randomized to two treatment groups. The intervention group will be treated with active peripheral nerve stimulation of the axillary nerve of the affected shoulder and the control group will be treated with sham peripheral nerve stimulation of the axillary nerve of the affected shoulder. Both groups will receive a standardized exercise therapy program directed by a licensed therapist. Discussion This study protocol will allow the investigators to determine if this novel, non-pharmacologic treatment of shoulder pain can demonstrate the same benefit in musculoskeletal patients which has been previously demonstrated in the stroke population. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03752619. Registered on 26 November 2018.

We present a case of a 53-yr-old woman presenting with insidious shoulder pain and weakness. This case will go through the physical examination of the shoulder, a broad differential diagnosis, and analysis of appropriate imaging and tests to culminate in determining the final diagnosis. The objective of this clinical vignette was to highlight the importance of obtaining an extensive differential for shoulder pain and give readers a chance to critically analyze the case findings through electromyography interpretation, evaluating neurological signs and identifying key points in history taking. In addition, readers will also learn the evidence behind the available treatment options.