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With the increasing density of the freeway network, frequent traffic incidents on road segments have a significant impact on the operational efficiency of the road network. Therefore, it has become urgent and important to study traffic route guidance strategy on the road network level. The previous traffic route guidance method primarily focused on the congestion on the road segments where incidents occurred, with insufficient attention given to the impact of congestion on the road network level. In this study, a route guidance model with limited overlap is proposed to improve freeway network reliability under traffic incidents. Specifically, in order to explore alternative paths, we conducted a study on the problem of finding k-short paths with limited overlap. The objective is to identify a set of k-paths that are both sufficiently dissimilar and as short as possible. Then, we promptly update the route guidance information using a stochastic dynamic traffic assignment model that aligns with travelers' path choice psychology. Moreover, we use the reliability of the road network to evaluate the network performance. To illustrate the model, the Jinan freeway network is selected as an experimental study. The effectiveness of this method was validated through SUMO simulations, comparing it with alternative route guidance methods, including Yen's algorithm, [sup.A∗] algorithm, and ant colony algorithm. These results show that the proposed method has proven effective in mitigating traffic congestion arising from incidents and performs well in regard to the reliability of the road network under the impact of incidents., Author(s): Xuan Zhang [1]; Jinjun Tang (corresponding author) [1]; Chengcheng Wang [2]; Chao Wang [2] 1. Introduction Freeway network plays an important role in establishing connectivity among cities. They are [...]

This paper examines the role of documentary mechanisms in the formation and reconfiguration of different pilgrimage routes in Central Asia during Russian rule. It focuses on how mass mobility in the form of pilgrimage was at once facilitated by the introduction of modern forms of transportation and channeled by regimes of regulation and paperwork. The article aims to reconstruct the discourses that took place among officials of the Russian colonial administration and their understanding of Muslim mobility. More importantly, the study examines how the indigenous population navigated and resisted these regulations en route to Mecca. By examining colonial and diplomatic correspondence, along with travel documents in Turki, Persian, and Russian languages, the paper sheds light on the classification of itineraries as legal and illegal through pilgrim passports and documentary regulations. Keywords: Central Asia, mobility, Russian Empire, passports, pilgrimage, imperialism., 'Like my predecessors, I consider this path to be illegal for its undesirable and even harmful effects on sanitary as well as politico-administrative matters; pilgrims should, thus, be prevented from [...]

With governments worldwide emphasizing environmental protection and the global focus on carbon reduction, the battery electric vehicle (BEV) industry has developed rapidly. An urban transportation network with BEVs as the main form of transportation will soon become mainstream. Motivated by the abovementioned background, a BEV transportation network design problem is investigated, and a network design model is established. The model aims to minimize the system travel time of BEV transportation networks and optimize the government's lane expansion scheme (the location and number of lanes) under a limited budget. To consider the travel characteristics of BEV drivers, the charging time, range anxiety, and bounded rationality factors are simultaneously incorporated into the model. A heuristic algorithm is designed based on the active set algorithm to obtain the local optimal solution to the actual-scale problem. Moreover, a cutting-plane method is used to convert the original problem into a different form, and a column generation technique is embedded in the abovementioned algorithm to avoid the enumeration of paths. Sensitivity analyses of different levels of rationality of BEV drivers and government investment scales are performed. The experimental results demonstrate that the model and algorithm can effectively solve the problem and provide decision support for the government in formulating transportation infrastructure construction policies., Author(s): Xu Xin [1]; Tao Zhang [1]; Cui Li [2]; Yanran Liu (corresponding author) [3]; Lingyu Gao [4]; Yuchuan Du [5] 1. Introduction As reported by the World Meteorological Organization [...]

Urban resilience has become one of the core arguments of sustainable urban development. The urban road system should also respond effectively to various changes or impacts and reduce the uncertainty and vulnerability of road network caused by emergencies. A route choice model considering the vulnerability was proposed. The model analyzed the traveler' behavior in complex road network. The model is validated by the road network in Chongqing city. First, the vulnerability of road network in mountainous cities is defined, and the failure situation and state classification of road network considering vulnerability are analyzed. The results show that travelers with different sensitive states have obvious different route choice behavior in vulnerable networks. Since nonsensitive users do not reserve travel time in the early days, they are more inclined to respond to emergencies quickly and then choose fast detour paths. However, sensitive users have set off earlier than normal time and have psychological expectations of emergencies. They have more time to maintain the existing path. Finally, a calculation example is used to test that a certain section of the road network fails randomly, and network users can effectively choose the individual optimal route under different failure states., Author(s): Lei Wu (corresponding author) [1]; Baichuan Lu [1] 1. Introduction There are many factors influencing the route choice of travelers, such as the road length, travel time, toll policy, [...]

An infection with Borrelia species bacteria causes relapsing fever (RF). It is transmitted by several arthropods, and dependent on the transmitting vector; louseborne relapsing fever (LBRF) is different from tickborne [...]

Objective To examine the potential for international travel to spread yellow fever virus to cities around the world. Methods We obtained data on the international flight itineraries of travellers who departed yellow fever-endemic areas of the world in 2016 for cities either where yellow fever was endemic or which were suitable for viral transmission. Using a global ecological model of dengue virus transmission, we predicted the suitability of cities in non-endemic areas for yellow fever transmission. We obtained information on national entry requirements for yellow fever vaccination at travellers' destination cities. Findings In 2016, 45.2 million international air travellers departed from yellow fever-endemic areas of the world. Of 11.7 million travellers with destinations in 472 cities where yellow fever was not endemic but which were suitable for virus transmission, 7.7 million (65.7%) were not required to provide proof of vaccination upon arrival. Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Peru and the United States of America had the highest volumes of travellers arriving from yellow fever-endemic areas and the largest populations living in cities suitable for yellow fever transmission. Conclusion Each year millions of travellers depart from yellow fever-endemic areas of the world for cities in non- endemic areas that appear suitable for viral transmission without having to provide proof of vaccination. Rapid global changes in human mobility and urbanization make it vital for countries to re-examine their vaccination policies and practices to prevent urban yellow fever epidemics. Objectif Evaluer la capacite des deplacements internationaux a propager le virus de la fievre jaune dans des villes du monde entier. Methodes Nous avons recueilli des donnees sur les itineraires de vols internationaux de voyageurs qui quittaient des zones d'endemie de la fievre jaune a travers le monde en 2016 pour se rendre dans des villes ou la fievre jaune etait endemique ou qui etaient propices a la transmission virale. A l'aide d'un modele ecologique mondial de transmission du virus de la dengue, nous avons predit le caractere approprie de villes situees dans des zones non endemiques pour la transmission de la fievre jaune. Nous avons obtenu des informations sur les conditions nationales d'entree relatives a la vaccination contre la fievre jaune dans les villes d'arrivee des voyageurs. Resultats En 2016, 45,2 millions de passagers de vols internationaux ont quitte des zones d'endemie de la fievre jaune situees dans le monde entier. Sur 11,7 millions de voyageurs a destination de 472 villes ou la fievre jaune n'etait pas endemique, mais qui etaient propices a la transmission du virus, 7,7 millions (65,7%) n'ont pas eu a fournir de preuve de vaccination a leur arrivee. C'est au Bresil, en Chine, aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique, en Inde, au Mexique et au Perou que les volumes de voyageurs arrivant de zones d'endemie de la fievre jaune etaient les plus eleves et que le nombre de personnes vivant dans des villes propices a la transmission de la fievre jaune etait le plus important. Conclusion Chaque annee, des millions de voyageurs quittent, sans avoir a fournir de preuve de vaccination, des zones d'endemie de la fievre jaune a travers le monde pour se rendre dans des villes situees dans des zones non endemiques qui s'averent propices a la transmission virale. Compte tenu de Involution rapide de la mobilite humaine et de l'urbanisation dans le monde entier, il est indispensable que les pays reexaminent leurs politiques et pratiques de vaccination pour prevenir les epidemies de fievre jaune en milieu urbain. Objetivo Examinarei potencial de los viajes internacionales de propagar el virus de la fiebre amarilla en ciudades de todo el mundo. Metodos Se obtuvieron datos de los itinerarios de vuelo internacionales de viajeros que partieron de areas endemicas de la fiebre amarilla en el mundo en 2016 hacia ciudades donde la fiebre amarilla era endemica o que eran adecuadas para la transmision viral. Mediante el uso de un modelo ecologico global de la transmision del virus del dengue, se predijo la idoneidad de las ciudades en areas no endemicas para la transmision de la fiebre amarilla. Se obtuvo informacion sobre los requisitos nacionales de entrada sobre la vacunacion contra la fiebre amarilla en las ciudades de destino de los viajeros. Resultados En 2016,45,2 millones de viajeros de vuelos internacionales salieron de areas endemicas de fiebre amarilla en el mundo. De los 11,7 millones de viajeros con destinos en 472 ciudades donde la fiebre amarilla no era endemica, pero eran aptas para la transmision viral, 7,7 millones (65,7%) no estaban obligados a proporcionar una prueba de vacunacion al llegar. Brasil, China, la India, Mexico, Peru y los Estados Unidos tenian los mayores volumenes de viajeros que provenian de areas endemicas de fiebre amarilla y las mayores poblaciones en ciudades adecuadas para la transmision de la fiebre amarilla. Conclusion Cada ano, millones de viajeros abandonan las areas endemicas de la fiebre amarilla del mundo hacia ciudades de areas no endemicas que parecen adecuadas para la transmision viral sin tener que presentar una prueba de vacunacion. Los rapidos cambios globales en la movilidad humana y la urbanizacion hacen que sea vital que los paises reexaminen sus politicas y practicas de vacunacion para prevenir las epidemias urbanas de fiebre amarilla. [phrase omitted], Introduction In December 2015, Angola reported its first locally acquired case of yellow fever in nearly a decade. The ensuing epidemic was first recognized in Luanda, then spread across Angolas [...]

Adverse weather has been recognized as an important factor to affect travelers' activity plans in departure time, transport mode, route taken, or cancellation. In the storm, road waterlogging degrades the capacity of road networks and the service quality of transit systems, which further may affect the supply and demand for transit. Based on a typical case in Shanghai that commuters have no easy access to metro service, this paper aims to explore how transit passengers adapt to different situations in the storm and what emergency plans should be taken accordingly. Derived from the revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) survey results for experienced transit commuters, a nested logit (NL) model was developed to describe the travel behavior of transit commuters. Six alternatives, Direct Bus, Bus+Bus, Metro, Bus+Metro, Taxi, and Cancel Trip, and three storm scenarios were set for transit commuters in this case. Estimated parameters indicate that, in storm weather, crowdedness is less considered by transit commuters, and transfer times, walking time, in-vehicle time, and waiting time have negative effects on the selection of the corresponding alternative, whereas the impact of taxi fare is positive since the higher fare is usually accompanied by worse weather and traffic condition. Sensitivity analysis shows that walking time to metro station, in-vehicle time, and waiting time at a bus stop are the most critical factors leading to transit ridership reduction in the storm. According to this, three possible plans for the transit operator, shuttle bus to the metro station (P1), information announcement (P2), and route adjustment (P3), are simulated and compared. We recommend adopting P2, P2+P3, and P1+P2+P3 in turn with the increase of road waterlogging. These findings have important practical implications for developing transit emergency management plans and serve as references for the transit agencies and operators., Author(s): Kun Bo [1,2,3]; Jing Teng (corresponding author) [1,2,4]; Cen Zhang (corresponding author) [5]; Dahai Han [6] 1. Introduction Weather is recognized as a critical factor in transportation system operation. [...]

Abstract. In this paper we discuss stochastic optimal path problems where the goal is to find a path that has minimal expected cost and at the same time is less [...]

Following the research on human decision-making under risk and uncertainty, the purpose of this paper is to analyze evacuees' risky route decision behavior and its effect on traffic equilibrium. It examines the possibility of applying regret theory to model travellers' regret-taking behavior and network equilibrium in emergency context. By means of modifying the utility function in expected utility theory, a regret-based evacuation traffic equilibrium model is established, accounting for the evacuee's psychological behavior of regret aversion and risk aversion. Facing two parallel evacuation routes choice situation, the effect of evacuees' risk aversion and regret aversion on traffic equilibrium is numerically investigated as well as the road capacity reduction from natural disaster. The findings reveal that evacuees prefer the riskless route with the lower travel time as the increase of the regret aversion degree. The equilibrium tends to be achieved when more evacuees choose the safer route jointly affected by risk aversion and regret aversion. Moreover, an optimization model for disaster occurring possibility is formulated to assess the traffic system performance for evacuation management. These findings are helpful for understanding how the regret aversion and risk aversion influence traffic equilibrium., Author(s): Ze Wang (corresponding author) [1,2]; Haiqiang Yang [3]; Linglin Ni [4] 1. Introduction Traffic equilibrium is a key process of transportation demand analysis and planning. The assumption of the [...]

Based on the price-quantity adjustment behaviour principle of disequilibrium theory, the route choices of travellers are also affected by a quantity signal known as traffic flow, while the route cost is considered as a price signal in economics. Considering the quantity signal's effect among travellers, a new route comfort choice behaviour criterion and its corresponding equilibrium condition are established. The network travellers are classified into three groups according to their route choice behaviour: travellers in the first group choose the shortest route following the route rapidity behaviour criterion with complete information forming the UE (user equilibrium) pattern, travellers in the second group choose the most comfortable route following the route comfort behaviour criterion with complete information forming the QUE (quantity adjustment user equilibrium) pattern, and travellers in the third group choose a route according to their perceived travel time with incomplete information forming the SUE (stochastic user equilibrium) pattern. The traffic flows of all three groups converge to a new UE-QUE-SUE mixed equilibrium flow pattern after interaction. To depict the traveller-diversified choice behaviour and the traffic flow interaction process, a mixed equilibrium traffic flow evolution model is formulated. After defining the route comfort indicator and the corresponding user equilibrium state, the equilibrium conditions of the three group flows are given under a mixed equilibrium pattern. In addition, an equivalent mathematical programming of the mixed equilibrium traffic flow evolution model is proposed to demonstrate that the developed model converges to the mixed equilibrium state. Finally, numerical examples are examined to evaluate the effect of route comfort proportions on the traffic network flow evolution and analyse the performance of the proposed model., 1. Introduction The dynamic evolution process of traffic flow has been a hot issue in the transportation field, and various traffic flow dynamic models based on travellers' route adjustment behaviours [...]