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Toussaint Rouamba,1,* Houreratou Barry,2,* Esperance Ouédraogo,1 Marc Christian Tahita,1 Nobila Valentin Yaméogo,3 Armel Poda,4 Arnaud Eric Diendéré,5 Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo,4 Innocent Valea,1 Amariane M Koné,2 Cherileila Thiombiano,2 Isidore Traoré,2 Zekiba Tarnagda,1 Serge A Sawadogo,6 Zakaria Gansané,7 Yibar Kambiré,8 Idrissa Sanou,8 Fatou Barro-Traoré,8 Maxime K Drabo,1 Halidou Tinto1 On behalf of the CHLORAZ Study Group1Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (CNRST-IRSS), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; 2Institut National de Santé Publique, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 3Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sourou Sanon, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 5Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bogodogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 6Centre PrïmO Nelson Mandela (Promotion de la Recherche et de l’Innovation en Immunologie Médicale de Ouagadougou), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 7Clinical Monitoring in Africa-Clinical Research Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 8Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tengandogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Toussaint RouambaInstitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (CNRST-IRSS), 528, Avenue Kumda-Yoore, BP 218 Ouagadougou CMS 11, Ouagadougou, Nanoro, Burkina FasoTel +226 666 532 04Email rouambatoussaint@gmail.comIntroduction: Though chloroquine derivatives are used in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in many countries worldwide, doubts remain about the safety and efficacy of these drugs, especially in African communities where published data are scarce.Methods: We conducted an observational prospective cohort study from April 24 to September 03, 2020, in Burkina Faso to assess (as primary outcome) the clinical, biological, and cardiac (electrocardiographic) safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin administered to COVID-19 patients. The main secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and median time of viral clearance.Results: A total of 153 patients were enrolled and followed for 21 days. Among patients who took at least one dose of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (90.1% [138/153]), few clinical adverse events were reported and were mainly rash/pruritus, diarrhea, chest pain, and palpitations. No statistically significant increase in hepatic, renal, and hematological parameters or electrolyte disorders were reported. However, there was a significant increase in the QTc value without exceeding 500ms, especially in those who received chloroquine phosphate. Three adverse events of special interest classified as serious (known from chloroquine derivatives) were recorded namely pruritus, paresthesia, and drowsiness. One case of death occurred. The average onset of SARS-CoV-2 PCR negativity was estimated at 7.0 (95% CI: 5.0– 10.0) days.Conclusion: Hydroxychloroquine appeared to be well tolerated in treated COVID-19 patients in Burkina Faso. In the absence of a robust methodological approach that could generate a high level of scientific evidence, our results could at least contribute to guide health decisions that should be made based on different sources of scientific evidence including those from our study.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, safety, virus shedding

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of African Journal of Clinical & Experimental Microbiology is the property of African Journals Online (AJOL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Aim: Houseflies (Musca domestica) are synanthropic insects that are vectors of a wide range of multidrug-resistant pathogens responsible for infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae carried by houseflies in Bobo-Dioulasso. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 houseflies were captured in hospital and non-hospital environments in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. For bacteriological analysis, they were divided into 125 batches of five flies each. Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated on MacConkey agar supplemented with 4 μg/mL cefotaxime were identified on the basis of biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined using the agar diffusion method. blaCTX-M resistance genes and quinolone resistance genes (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance) were detected by conventional polymerase chain reaction. Results: Among 115 bacterial strains obtained, 26 were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteria: Escherichia coli (15), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6), Enterobacter cloacae (4), and Morganella morganii (1). Carriers were statistically more important in hospitals (12/26, p = 0.03). No carbapenem-resistance strains were observed. We identified ESBL resistance genes (Cefotaximase Munich; CTX-M group 1) (25/26) and quinolone resistance genes (QnrS) (6/26). Conclusion: Houseflies in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso are vectors for the transmission of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria. There is a need to monitor the associated risks for public health.

Ibrahim Traore,1 Guillaume Eberst,1– 3 Fréderic Claudé,1 Lucie Laurent,1 Aurelia Meurisse,2,3 Sophie Paget-Bailly,2,3 Pauline Roux-Claudé,1 Pascale Jacoulet,1 Cindy Barnig,1 Rachel Martarello,1 Bastien Poirson,4 Kevin Bouiller,5 Catherine Chirouze,5 Julien Behr,6 Franck Grillet,6 Ophélie Ritter,1 Sébastien Pili-Floury,7 Hadrien Winiszewski,8 Emmanuel Samain,7,9 Gilles Capellier,8– 10 Virginie Westeel1– 3 1Respiratory Medicine Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; 2Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, University Hospital, Besançon, France; 3UMR 1098, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; 4Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; 6Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; 7Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; 8Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France; 9Research Unit EA3920, Université de Franche Comté, Besançon, France; 10Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Monash, AustraliaCorrespondence: Ibrahim Traore, Respiratory Medicine Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France, Email traore.ibrahim180@gmail.comBackground: Sleep apnea (SA) was reported as possibly exacerbating symptoms of COVID-19, a disease induced by SARS-CoV-2 virus. The same comorbidities are common with both pathologies. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, characteristics of SA and variation in AHI three months after severe COVID-19 requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission.Methods: A prospective cohort of patients admitted to ICU for severe COVID-19 underwent an overnight home polygraphy 3 months after onset of symptoms, as part of a comprehensive follow-up program (pulmonary function tests, 6-minute walk tests and chest CT-scan). Patients with an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 were considered as having SA. We performed a comparative descriptive analysis of 2 subgroups according to the existence, severity of SA and indication for effective SA treatment: patients with absent or mild SA (AHI < 15) vs patients with moderate to severe SA (AHI ≥ 15).Results: Among 68 patients included, 62 (91%) had known comorbidities (34 hypertension, 21 obesity, 20 dyslipidemia, 16 type 2 diabetes). It has been observed a preexisting SA for 13 patients (19.1%). At 3 months, 62 patients (91%) had SA with 85.5% of obstructive events. Twenty-four patients had no or a mild SA (AHI < 15) and 44 had moderate to severe SA (AHI ≥ 15). Ischemic heart disease exclusively affected the moderate to severe SA group. Except for thoracic CT-scan which revealed less honeycomb lesions, COVID-19 symptoms were more severe in the group with moderate to severe SA, requiring a longer curarization, more prone position sessions and more frequent tracheotomy.Conclusion: SA involved 91% of patients in our population at 3 months of severe COVID-19 and was mainly obstructive type. Although SA might be a risk factor as well as consequences of ICU care in severe COVID-19 infection, our results underline the importance of sleep explorations after an ICU stay for this disease.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, pneumonia, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, intensive care unit

Two types of Poly-Allyl-Diglycol Carbonate, the Neutrak and PN3 were investigated using track diameter distribution induced by the monoenergetic protons with energies in the range of 0.3 to 3 MeV. The energies and intensities were controlled by a silicon surface barrier detector and a nickel scattered foil placed in a 4 MV Van der Graaf accelerator. After different etching times, the etch track-sizes were scanned and measured with the optical microscope. PN3 and Neutrak track diameter responses to protons were measured, plotted, and discussed as a function of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granular cell tumors (GCT) are rare ubiquitous site tumors with a predilection for the head and neck localization. In the oral cavity tongue is the preferential localization. They occur at all ages and are most often benign. They are characterized by the proliferation of large cells with abundant, granular and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry often helps in diagnosis. The authors report the observation of a 3-year-old child consulting for a right jugal node evolving for about 2 years. Surgical excision was carried out and the histological examination showed anastomosed clusters of large cells, rounded or oval, with granular or xanthelamized cytoplasm, separated by fibro-collagenous partitions and the presence of giant multinucleated cells. The diagnosis of granular cell tumors was retained. The operating suites were simple. The one-year check did not show any recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Introduction: L'offre de soins de santé doit être de qualité et sécurisée pour le patient. La présente recherche a étudié l'incidence et les facteurs de risque de survenue de phlébites liées au cathétérisme veineux périphérique (CVP) lors de la prise en charge des patients dans les services des urgences médicale et chirurgicale du centre hospitalier universitaire Souro Sanou (CHUSS) de Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Matériel et méthodes: Il s'est agi d'une étude transversale à visée analytique avec une collecte des données réalisée du 4 juillet au 3 août 2018. Il a été calculé l'incidence de survenue des phlébites liées au CVP et identifié ses facteurs de risque par régression logistique à l'aide du logiciel SPSS version 20 (option entrée) pour un degré de signification de 5 %. Résultats: Des 511 patients inclus dans l'étude, la moyenne d'âge des patients était de 44,7 ans (IC 95 % : 43,1-46,3). La durée moyenne du CVP était de 3,1 jours avec 149 des 511 patients ayant développé une phlébite liée au CVP, soit une incidence de 29,2 % (IC 95 % : 25,0-33,0 %), sans différence statistiquement significative entre les deux services d'urgence. On notait une prédominance des phlébites de deuxième degré (53 %). Les facteurs de risque de survenue de phlébites étaient le sexe féminin, la durée du cathétérisme de plus de trois jours, la petite taille du cathéter, l'absence de friction avec une solution hydroalcoolique des mains du prestataire. Conclusion: Des mesures de prévention doivent être menées. Background: Patients must receive high-quality and safe health care. Peripheral venous catheterization (PVC) exposes patients to complications, mostly phlebitis. This study investigated the incidence of phlebitis and its PVC-related risk factors among patients in the medical and surgical emergency departments of the Souro Sanou University Hospital Center (CHUSS) in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Material and methods: This prospective cross-sectional study took place from July 4 to August 3, 2018. The incidence of PVC-related phlebitis was calculated and its risk factors were identified by logistic regression, with SPSS software version 20 (entry option), with significance set at 5%. Results: The 511 patients included in the study had a mean age of 44.7 (95% CI 43.1-46.3) years. The mean duration of PVC was 3.1 days. Of these patients, 149 developed phlebitis, for an incidence of 29.2% (95% CI 25.0%-33.0%). There was no statistically significant difference between the two emergency (medical and surgical) departments. Second-degree phlebitis accounted for slightly more than half the cases (53%). Risk factors associated with the occurrence of PVC-related phlebitis were female gender, catheterization duration more than 3 days, small size of the catheter, and the healthcare worker's failure to use friction in washing with a hydroalcoholic hand solution. Conclusion: Preventive measures are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wedminere Noëlie Zoungrana-Yameogo,1 Lucresse Corine Fassinou,2 Calypse Ngwasiri,3 Sekou Samadoulougou,4,5 Isidore Tiandiogo Traoré,1,6 Hervé Hien,1,6 Fidèle Bakiono,7 Maxime Drabo,8,9 Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou3 1Service d’information et d’épidémiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tengandogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 3Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique; 4Evaluation Platform on Obesity Prevention, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada; 5Centre for Research on Planning and Development (CRAD), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; 6Centre Muraz, Institut National de Santé Publique, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 7Secrétariat Permanent du conseil national de lutte contre le SIDA et les infections sexuellement transmissible, ministère de la santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 8Département biomédical et santé publique, Institut de recherche en sciences de la santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 9Laboratoire de santé publique de l’Ecole doctorale des sciences de la santé (ED2S), Université Joseph Ki Zerbo Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoCorrespondence: Lucresse Corine Fassinou, Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, Email corinefas123@gmail.comBackground: Since the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) services in Burkina-Faso, achieving an AIDS-free generation depends on optimal ART adherence. However, no data exists on the population group differences on the level of ART adherence in Burkina-Faso. This study analyzes ART adherence among pregnant-and breastfeeding-women, non-pregnant women, and men in Burkina-Faso.Methods: From December 2019 to March 2020, a cross-sectional study among adult HIV-infected patients in Burkina-Faso, belonging either to the active file or the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission programs was conducted. An analysis was performed and adherence was measured based on the number of times, patients did not meet the number of doses prescribed and did not take the ART treatment in the month prior to the survey. Logistic-regression models were used to identify factors associated with poor ART adherence and the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were reported.Results: The prevalence of good adherence was higher in the group of pregnant-and breastfeeding-women (86.6%, n = 112) compared to the other groups (73.1%, n=1017 in non-pregnant women and 72.0%, n = 318 in men). No association was found between ART adherence and the socio-demographic, clinical, and therapeutic characteristics of pregnant-and breastfeeding-women and men groups. However, non-pregnant women with a high level of education (aOR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.16– 2.49), having ever belonged to a support group (aOR= 1.47; 95% CI: 1.07– 2.04), not having income-generating occupations (aOR= 1.53; 95% CI: 1.11– 2.12), and in advanced clinical stage (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI: 1.06– 1.91) were more susceptible to have poor adherence compared to their pairs.Conclusion: Findings showed a large difference in ART adherence among pregnant-and breastfeeding-women, non-pregnant women and men and highlight the need for differentiated healthcare delivery according to population while specifically considering addressing the interest in early initiation of treatment and the benefit of support groups meeting.Keywords: adherence, HIV, antiretroviral therapy, PMTCT, Burkina Faso

The process vaginalis in the inguinal canal forms the canal of Nuck, which is a homolog of the process vaginalis in women. Incomplete obliteration of the vaginal process causes an indirect inguinal hernia or hydrocele of the canal of Nuck, a very rare condition in women. A hydrocele of the Nuck canal, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis in girls with inguinal swelling. Establishing a definitive diagnosis on physical examination is difficult, radiological imaging can help diagnosis, but surgical exploration is essential for the final diagnosis. The authors report a case of congenital hydrocele in a 2-year-old girl and review the literature on this rare entity whose diagnosis can be made by surgical exploration.

Copyright of Revue Africaine de Chirurgie et Spécialités is the property of Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Mastitis and abscess of the newborn breast are serious infections. The objective of our study was to describe the epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of these infections in our context. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study from January 2017 to December 2019. We included all children aged ≤2 months admitted for mastitis or breast abscess. The variables studied were epidemiological and therapeutic. Results: We collected 34 files, i.e., 11.3 cases/year. The sex ratio was 0.5. The mean age was 16.3 ± 6.6 days. The mean time to the consultation was 3.7 ± 2.4 days. The parents had undertaken a massage in 79.4% of cases. It was mastitis in 12 cases and abscess in 21 cases. Treatment was surgical in 26 cases. Conclusion: This affection is frequent with a female predominance. Its management must be early. The proscription of breast massage would reduce its frequency.

Intestinal prolapse through a persistence of the omphalo-mesenteric duct or vitelline duct is a very rare clinical entity. It is a complication of the omphalo-mesenteric fistula which requires emergency surgery. The authors report a case emphasizing the clinical and therapeutic aspects.

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

this study was conducted to determine the distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) genotypes in women in the general population of three regions of Burkina Faso.