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Preoperative planning is important for the osteosynthesis of distal radius fractures. Challenges arise for patients presenting with bilateral wrist injuries or a history of contralateral wrist injuries. In such cases, the estimation of the distal radius morphology and the determination of the plate size from the preoperative physical characteristics could prove beneficial. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the physical characteristics and the morphology of the distal radius articular surface. A total of 79 wrist computed tomography (CT) images (41 women and 38 men) were evaluated. Physical characteristics, such as height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), were recorded. Three-dimensional CT analysis was performed to investigate the transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the distal radius. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationships between height, weight, and BMI and the transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the distal radius. A moderate to strong correlation was found in the overall analysis between body height and transverse diameter (r = 0.66). There were also moderate correlations between body height and anteroposterior diameter (r = 0.45) as well as weight and transverse diameter (r = 0.41), both of which were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Our findings indicate a statistically significant correlation between height, weight, and morphology of the distal radius. When analyzed by sex, the correlation between body height and the transverse diameter of the distal radius was found to be relatively strong in women (r = 0.47, p = 0.002), suggesting that it could be a useful indicator for preoperative planning, such as estimating plate size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To reduce the influence of transverse diameter of Mandarin orange on the prediction of sugar content. Methods: 132 citrus were divided into three groups according to transverse diameter: small （65～70 mm）, medium （70～75 mm） and large （75～80 mm）. After collecting the transverse diameter spectrum of all citrus, the spectrum information and transverse diameter information of citrus were synthesized by spectral transformation algorithm, and the spectrum of different sizes of citrus was converted to the same transverse diameter datum. The pre-correction and post-correction spectra were respectively preprocessed, divided by target symbiotic distance algorithm （SPXY）, screened by competitive adaptive weight sampling （CARS） and selected by partial least squares regression （PLS） to establish the sugar degree model before and after correction. Results: The prediction set determination coefficient （R2P） was increased from 0.790 to 0.821, and the prediction set root mean square error （RMSEP） was decreased from 0.489 to 0.443. The middle fruit spectrum was modified, R2P increased from 0.801 to 0.845, RMSEP decreased from 0.460 to 0.422. R2P increased from 0.820 to 0.863 and RMSEP decreased from 0.431 to 0.393. Conclusion: The spectral correction algorithm can reduce the spectral difference caused by the transverse diameter and improve the prediction accuracy of the model.

Background: Palatine tonsils (PT) reach their maximum normal size in early childhood; after puberty and with other body lymphatic tissue, they gradually atrophy. PT are usually easily seen in the oropharynx during the oral examination. However, clinical size assessment is difficult since the tongue's posture may significantly alter its appearance. The aim of this study was to evaluate normal PT size in healthy children by ultrasound using the anteroposterior and transverse diameters and correlate them with age, weight, and gender. Methods and Results: This cross-sectional study was conducted at different nurseries and schools in Khartoum. A random sample of 79 Sudanese children and adolescents (39 males and 40 females) aged 1–15 years, without PT pathology, was examined. The anteroposterior diameter (APD) and transverse diameter (TD) for both tonsils were measured by ultrasound. APD and TD were 1.46±0.16 cm and 1.38±0.16 cm, respectively, for the right PT and 1.51±0.15 cm and 1.40±0.16 cm for the left PT. The APD was significantly higher than the TD on both sides (P

Introduction: Thoracic vertebrae are a part of the vertebral column. The thoracic vertebrae have a body size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae, which increase gradually from above downward and are characterised by the presence of facet joints for articulation with the head of the ribs on the side of the vertebral bodies. Aim: To measure the various morphometric parameters of different components of dry thoracic vertebrae and compare various components on the right and left-sides. Materials and Methods: The present observational study was carried on 100 dry human thoracic vertebrae for direct measurements of the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina. Using a digital Vernier calliper, all the parameters were measured. The data was entered in Microsoft Excel sheet. The mean and standard deviation (M±SD) of all parameters were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Student’s t-test was used for the comparison of morphometric dimensions of the right and left-sides. Results: In a typical thoracic vertebra, the mean Transverse Diameter (TD) was 25.58±2.34 mm, and the mean Anteroposterior Diameter (APD) of the vertebral body was 18.53±2.59 mm. The mean Anterior Height (AH) and Posterior Height (PH) of the body were 16.24±1.54 mm and 17.81±1.67 mm, respectively. The mean Pedicle Width (PW) was 3.75±0.98 mm on the right-side and 3.74±0.97 mm on the left-side. The mean Pedicle Height (PH) was 9.64±1.04 mm on the right-side and 9.68±1.14 mm on the left-side. The mean Lamina Height (LH) on the right-side was 17.07±2.15 mm and on the left-side was 17.20±1.98 mm. The right-side and left-side mean Lamina Widths (LW) were 5.26±0.94 mm and 5.13±0.85 mm, respectively. PW and PH and lamina thickness and LH measurements showed no statistically difference between right and left-sides. Conclusion: Designing implants and instruments using data from such researches can benefit the surgeon during preoperative planning.

Objective: To evaluate the abdominal aorta diameter in asymptomatic Pakistani population to determine the associations between age, gender and BMI and abdominal aortic diameter measured by ultrasonography. Study Design: Case series. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from Jun to Dec 2021. Methodology: A total of ninety-four healthy asymptomatic subjects of both genders, between 18-80 years of age, were enrolled for the study. Aortic diameters were measured (inner to inner method) using electronic calipers on static images. The Anteroposterior and Transverse (TR) diameters were measured at three levels: the first at the aortic hiatus, which was directly below the abdominal aortic commencement, the second at the suprarenal (mid-point), and the third at the aortic bifurcation (lower level). Results: Males had significantly larger (p-value<0.001) anteroposterior and transverse abdominal aorta diameters than females, with abdominal aorta diameter values found to be significantly higher (p-value 0.001) in age group of greater than 40 years except anteroposterior distal abdominal aorta diameter. Similarly, a significant difference (p-value <0.001) was noted in abdominal aorta diameter among patients with different BMI groups other than distal abdominal aorta diameter. Conclusion: Abdominal aorta diameters vary greatly depending on age, gender and BMI. Clinicians must know the usual diameter of the abdominal aorta in order to recognize an aneurysm at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a common gynecological cancer among women worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of 6 MV and 10 MV volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) photon beams on the target volume (TV) planning and critical organs in cases of cervical cancer. METHODS: Fifty patients with carcinoma of the cervix who underwent radiotherapy were selected. The transverse diameter (T) of the cross section of the upper edge of the sacroiliac joint on computerized tomography (CT) images of the patients was measured, and the mean value was calculated as 34 cm. All patients were divided into two groups: Group A (T < 34 cm) and Group B (T > 34 cm). The VMAT plans were generated using 6 MV and 10 MV plans separately. The prescription dose was 47.5 Gy, and the daily dose was 1.9 Gy. RESULTS: In Group A, the planning target volume (PTV) dose assessment parameters of 6 MV and 10 MV plans and their homogeneity and conformity indices were not statistically significantly different. A significant difference was observed between the 6 MV and 10 MV plans for the PTV dose assessment parameters and the homogeneity index of the plans for Group B. The monitor units (MUs) of the 10 MV plans were lower than in the 6 MV plans in both Groups A and B, and the difference was statistically significant. The assessment parameter V40 Gy of both the rectum and bladder in the 6 MV plans was smaller than the corresponding parameter in the 10 MV plans in Group A; in Group B, the assessment parameter V50 Gy of the rectum in the 10 MV plans was smaller than in the 6 MV plans. CONCLUSION: When T < 34 cm, 6 MV energy is more suitable for the external irradiation of cervical cancer. When T > 34 cm, 10 MV energy is more suitable for cervical cancer radiotherapy. Therefore, 10 MV should be considered for patients with a large abdominal size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Constipation is one of the most common complaints in childhood affecting the quality of life of both children and parents. This study intends to investigate rectal measurements on ultrasound and their relationship with bowel habits. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, 100 children with functional constipation (FC) referred to a single hospital between 2018 and 2019 were enrolled. After obtaining informed consent, a questionnaire including demographic and constipation characteristics was completed, and a physical examination including digital rectal examination (DRE) was performed. Complete abdominopelvic ultrasound was then performed. Target measurements included rectal transverse diameter (RTD), rectal anterior wall thickness (RAWT) and the presence of faecal impaction. Results: One hundred children with a mean age of 7.68 ± 3.30 years were present in the study. The mean duration of constipation was 15.86 ± 13.34 months. In 14% of children, painful defaecation was reported. 88% of children had some degree of faecal incontinence. According to the ultrasound findings, the mean RTD and RAWT were 3.39 ± 0.73 cm and 2.77 ± 0.68 mm, respectively, and faecal impaction was present in 70% of cases. There was a positive correlation between RTD and RAWT with age, duration of constipation and the presence of hard stools, and there was a negative correlation with frequency of defecation (P < 0.05). Conclusion: RTD and RAWT increased with increasing constipation duration and the presence of hard stools and decreased with increasing frequency of defaecation. DRE could be omitted from the initial clinical assessment if you had access to reliable ultrasound data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to characterize the changes in berry anatomy during the development of grape (Vitis vinifera L., and Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) with different shapes. Paraffin sectioning was used to examine the structural parameters of the cells. The results revealed that, with the development of berries, the transverse and longitudinal diameters of the flesh cells gradually increased, revealing certain regularity. However, the transverse and longitudinal diameters of the epidermal and sub-epidermal cells were different between varieties, reflecting the specificity of the varieties. The growth of the transverse and longitudinal diameters of the berries was found to be completed in the early stage of development. A combination of correlation analysis and size analysis for each cell layer revealed that, due to the small cross-sectional area of the epidermal and sub-epidermal cells, the influence of these cells on the transverse and the longitudinal diameters of the berries would be small. In conclusion, the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the grape berries were mainly determined by the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the flesh cells. The different shapes of the grape berries could mainly be attributed to the different growth rates of the flesh cells in the longitudinal and transverse directions. These different rates of growth led to different lengths and widths of the berry.

Introduction: Thoracic vertebrae are a part of the vertebral column. The thoracic vertebrae have a body size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae, which increase gradually from above downward and are characterised by the presence of facet joints for articulation with the head of the ribs on the side of the vertebral bodies. Aim: To measure the various morphometric parameters of different components of dry thoracic vertebrae and compare various components on the right and left-sides. Materials and Methods: The present observational study was carried on 100 dry human thoracic vertebrae for direct measurements of the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina. Using a digital Vernier calliper, all the parameters were measured. The data was entered in Microsoft Excel sheet. The mean and standard deviation (M±SD) of all parameters were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Student's t-test was used for the comparison of morphometric dimensions of the right and left-sides. Results: In a typical thoracic vertebra, the mean Transverse Diameter (TD) was 25.58±2.34 mm, and the mean Anteroposterior Diameter (APD) of the vertebral body was 18.53±2.59 mm. The mean Anterior Height (AH) and Posterior Height (PH) of the body were 16.24±1.54 mm and 17.81±1.67 mm, respectively. The mean Pedicle Width (PW) was 3.75±0.98 mm on the right-side and 3.74±0.97 mm on the left-side. The mean Pedicle Height (PH) was 9.64±1.04 mm on the right-side and 9.68±1.14 mm on the left-side. The mean Lamina Height (LH) on the right-side was 17.07±2.15 mm and on the left-side was 17.20±1.98 mm. The right-side and left-side mean Lamina Widths (LW) were 5.26±0.94 mm and 5.13±0.85 mm, respectively. PW and PH and lamina thickness and LH measurements showed no statistically difference between right and left-sides. Conclusion: Designing implants and instruments using data from such researches can benefit the surgeon during preoperative planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To analyze the anatomical characteristics of nasolacrimal duct development in children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction by nasolacrimal duct CT scan combined with three-dimensional reconstruction technology.METHODS: Prospective case control study. Totally 84 children(84 eyes)with unilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction were treated in the Department of Ophthalmology of Baoding Children's Hospital from September 2018 to September 2020. The nasolacrimal duct CT scan combined with three-dimensional reconstruction was performed. The transverse diameter and anterior posterior diameter of bilateral nasolacrimal duct were measured, and the anatomical characteristics of nasolacrimal duct development were observed and analyzed. Paired t-test was performed on the transverse diameter and anteroposterior diameter of bilateral nasolacrimal duct.RESULTS: Nasolacrimal duct CT scan combined with three-dimensional reconstruction can clearly show the anatomical characteristics of nasolacrimal duct development in children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The transverse diameter of bony nasolacrimal duct was 4.63±0.92mm, anterior posterior diameter was 6.03±1.08mm, the transverse diameter of middle bony nasolacrimal duct was 4.02±0.88mm, anterior posterior diameter was 5.42±1.10mm, the transverse diameter of final bony nasolacrimal duct was 4.26±0.93mm, anterior posterior diameter was 5.66±1.02mm. The transverse diameter of the bony nasolacrimal duct in the initial segment of the contralateral side was 4.12±0.78mm, the anteroposterior diameter was 5.60±1.02mm, the transverse diameter of the bony nasolacrimal duct in the middle segment was 3.92±0.86mm, the anteroposterior diameter was 5.24±1.04mm, the transverse diameter of the bony nasolacrimal duct in the final segment was 4.30±0.98mm, the anteroposterior diameter was 5.52±1.04mm. The transverse diameter and anteroposterior diameter of the affected side were larger than those of the healthy side and enlarged(P0.05).CONCLUSION:The development of bony nasolacrimal duct in the affected side of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is different from that in the healthy side. The initial segment of the affected side expanded obviously.

Abstract Background Post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery is caused by decreased systemic vascular resistance due to the blockage of the autonomic nerves, which is further worsened by inferior vena cava (IVC) compression by the gravid uterus. This study aimed to assess whether peak velocity and diameter of the IVC below the xiphoid or right common femoral vein (RCFV) in the inguinal region, as measured on ultrasound, could reflect the degree of IVC compression and further identify parturients at risk of post-spinal hypotension. Methods Fifty-six parturients who underwent elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia were included in this study; peak velocities and anteroposterior diameters of the IVC and peak velocities and transverse diameters of the RCFV were measured using ultrasound before anesthesia. The primary outcome was the ultrasound measurements of IVC and RCFV acquired before spinal anesthesia and their association with post-spinal hypotension. Hypotension was defined as a drop in systolic arterial pressure by > 20% from the baseline. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between the measurements of IVC, RCFV, and post-spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to test the abilities of the identified parameters to predict post-spinal hypotension; the areas under the curve and optimum cut-off values for the predictive parameters were calculated. Results A longer transverse diameter of the RCFV was associated with the occurrence of post-spinal hypotension (odds ratio = 2.022, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.261–3.243). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the prediction of post-spinal hypotension was 0.759 (95% CI 0.628–0.890, P = 0.001). A transverse diameter of > 12.2 mm of the RCFV could predict post-spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery. Conclusions A longer transverse diameter of RCFV was associated with hypotension and could predict parturients at a major risk of hypotension before anesthesia. Trial registration This study was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn on 16, May, 2018. No. ChiCTR1800016163 .

Background: Ultrasonographically measuring the median nerve cross-sectional area (MN-CSA) is a useful and complementary method for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). This study investigated the usefulness of the median nerve transverse diameter (MN-TD) as a simpler and easier technique than MN-CSA for diagnosing CTS severity. Methods: We examined 145 hands from 101 patients with CTS and 114 age- and gender-matched control hands. Based on the electrodiagnostic findings, the severity of CTS was divided into minimal, mild, moderate, severe and extreme. An ultrasonographic assessment of MN-TD and MN-CSA was performed to measure the maximal values around the carpal tunnel inlet level. The values were assessed for comparisons between the CTS and control groups and for the evaluation of differences by CTS severity. Results: The ultrasonographic measurements of MN-TD and MN-CSA were significantly increased in the CTS group compared to the normal group. Furthermore, both measurements significantly increased with increasing CTS severity. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that participants with MN-TD > 7.2 mm had CTS with 88% specificity and 74% sensitivity, and those with MN-CSA > 12.0 mm2 had CTS with 86% specificity and 84% sensitivity. Conclusions: Ultrasonographic measurement for MN-TD may be useful for diagnosing CTS patients and predicting the severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-spinal anesthesia hypotension during cesarean delivery is caused by decreased systemic vascular resistance due to the blockage of the autonomic nerves, which is further worsened by inferior vena cava (IVC) compression by the gravid uterus. This study aimed to assess whether peak velocity and diameter of the IVC below the xiphoid or right common femoral vein (RCFV) in the inguinal region, as measured on ultrasound, could reflect the degree of IVC compression and further identify parturients at risk of post-spinal hypotension. Methods: Fifty-six parturients who underwent elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia were included in this study; peak velocities and anteroposterior diameters of the IVC and peak velocities and transverse diameters of the RCFV were measured using ultrasound before anesthesia. The primary outcome was the ultrasound measurements of IVC and RCFV acquired before spinal anesthesia and their association with post-spinal hypotension. Hypotension was defined as a drop in systolic arterial pressure by > 20% from the baseline. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between the measurements of IVC, RCFV, and post-spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to test the abilities of the identified parameters to predict post-spinal hypotension; the areas under the curve and optimum cut-off values for the predictive parameters were calculated. Results: A longer transverse diameter of the RCFV was associated with the occurrence of post-spinal hypotension (odds ratio = 2.022, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.261–3.243). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the prediction of post-spinal hypotension was 0.759 (95% CI 0.628–0.890, P = 0.001). A transverse diameter of > 12.2 mm of the RCFV could predict post-spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery. Conclusions: A longer transverse diameter of RCFV was associated with hypotension and could predict parturients at a major risk of hypotension before anesthesia. Trial registration: This study was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn on 16, May, 2018. No. ChiCTR1800016163. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background & aims: Pelvic parameters vary according to age, race and population. The study is aimed at assessing female pelvic parameters using reformatted 3D CT images, compare the obtained values with other studies and correlate these parameters with age. Material & Methods: Reformatted three-dimensional CT images were obtained from stored abdominopelvic computed tomography [CT] scan images. Image analysis software was used to determine various diameters of the lesser pelvis. Data were analysed to derive mean ± SD, SE, 95% CI, paired t test and Pearson correlation test were used for comparison and correlation of variables. Results: Mean± standard deviation of obstetric conjugate diameter was 10.94±1.18 cm, transverse diameter of inlet was 12.46±0.81 cm, sagittal diameter of midplane wasl 1.74±0.80 cm, interspinous diameter was 9.78±0.75 cm, sagittal diameter of outlet was 8.99±1.02 cm and intertuberous diameter was 10.69±0.86. All the parameters except sagittal diameter of midplane and interspinous diameter showed correlation with age. Conclusion: The present study provides reference values for various pelvic parameters in western Indian Gujarati female population. Parameters obtained in present study vary greatly from previous studies from other populations. The results demonstrated that significant age-related changes occurred in pelvic inlet and outlet parameters.

The thymus is a lymphoepithelial organ, and its morphometry is commonly utilized for surveillance of the immunological status of fetus and neonates. Many studies showed that fetal thymus size is used as a prognostic indicator for pregnancy-related disorders such as eclampsia, preterm labor, and gestational diabetes. The study aims to establish reference ranges of the normal fetal thymus size between 12 and 40 weeks of gestational age (GA). The study was conducted on 89 fetuses. They were dissected to capture the morphometry of thymus: transverse diameter, perimeter, and weight. Considering these parameters were dependent variables of GA and gestational weight (GW). Their relationship was studied by a multiple regression model. The best fit models in predicting thymic dimensions as a function of GA and GW were determined using regression analysis. Mean transverse diameter, perimeter, and thymus weight was 33.45±2.91 mm, 125.72±55.4 mm, and 3.078±3.06 g, respectively. They were increased throughout pregnancy as GA and GW advanced. The regression equation for a transverse diameter of the thymus as a function of GA was (0.303×GA-4.885, R²=0.8196) and for the perimeter of the thymus was (1.0212×GA-15.24, R²=0.8666). Reference ranges and baseline data of the normal fetal thymic dimensions between 12 and 40 weeks of GA have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To measure the transverse diameter of nasolacrimal duct in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction, and to analyze the difference of the transverse diameter of the upper, middle and lower nasal nasolacrimal ducts between the diseased eyes and the normal eyes, between the male and the female eyes, and of different ages and sexes and then explore the correlation between the diameter of nasolacrimal duct and nasolacrimal duct obstruction based on computed tomography(CT)dacryocystography. METHODS: From April 2014 to January 2017 in Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital of ophthalmology in tears or pus for complaints, diagnosis of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in 152 patients(179 sick eyes, 125 normal eyes). Among them 25 cases were male(sick eyes 28 eyes, normal eye 22 eyes), 127 cases were female(sick eyes 151 eyes, normal eyes 103 eyes), age from 4 to 87 years old, mean age 53.44±16.06 years old. All patients with perfusion of 30% iohexol injection in lacrimal passages, and immediately examined with CT scan, upload CT images on PACS workstation for 3D reconstruction of nasolacrimal duct, oblique coronal of nasolacrimal duct and its adjacent structure were observed. We measured and analyzed the transverse diameters of the upper, middle and lower nasal nasolacrimal ducts between men and women, diseased eyes and non diseased eyes, and between the diseased eyes of different age groups. RESULTS: The transverse diameter of the upper, middle and lower nasal nasolacrimal duct was no significant difference between the diseased eye and the normal eye, between the male and female diseased eyes, and between the diseased eyes of different age groups(P>0.05). The transverse diameters of the upper, middle and lower nasolacrimal ducts were significantly different between the diseased eyes and the normal eyes(PCONCLUSION: Transverse diameter of bony nasolacrimal duct is not a risk factor for nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Introduction: The Foramina Transversaria (FT) are known to exhibit variations in their size, shape and they may be absent or duplicated/triplicated. The deformation of foramina may result in derangement of neurovascular structures passing through these foramina. This necessitates the need of extensive analysis of variation of the foramina. Aim: To present morphometric details of FT of cervical vertebrae as well as incidence of accessory FT in intact cervical spine of Indian population and to make a comparison with previous studies done. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 319 FT of 161 dry cervical vertebrae of 23 complete vertebral spines of Indian population (3 FT were absent in 2 C7 vertebrae). For morphometric measurements, transverse and anteroposterior diameters were measured on both sides of all cervical vertebrae using digital vernier calliper. Accessory transverse foramina were also noted and photographed. Mean, range and standard deviation of morphometric measurements of these foramina were analyzed. The comparison was made between their various parameters on right and left side using student’s t-test and p-value. Results: Transverse and anteroposterior diameters were higher on left side than right. Mean value of foramen transversarium of C1 was highest on both sides where as of C7, it was lowest. Forty two cervical vertebrae (26.09%) among 161, showed accessory FT. Here, 25 vertebrae (15.53%) showed unilateral and 17 vertebrae (10.56%) bilateral showed accessory foramen. Accessory foramina were most commonly seen in C6 vertebrae. Two C7 vertebrae showed absence of FT, one bilaterally and one unilaterally. Accessory foramina were always smaller than main foramina transversarium. All accessory foramina were located posterior to main foramina transversarium except in one C4 vertebrae where accessory foramen was present anterior to main foramina transversarium. Conclusion: The present morphometric study done on intact cervical vertebral column demonstrates that different cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) shows considerable variation in terms of their size, shape and number of FT. This detailed report on morphology of cervical vertebrae would be useful for neurosurgeons and will help in better surgical outcome. It would also help radiologist for better understanding.

A series of experiments were carried out on water droplet impacting on the molten tin surface using a high speed camera. The falling height of water droplet ranges from 10 to 90 cm, and the oxidation layer thickness effect was taken into account by varying the oxidation time of the molten tin. The results show the Weber number and the oxidation time have significant effect on the droplet impact behavior. Three typical phenomena can be observed: Droplet breakup, Bubble and Crown. For the lower Weber number, more than one phenomenon occurs even for the same Weber number and oxidation time. For the Weber number higher than 800, only crown phenomenon appears. The formation of the oxidation layer causes the probability of vapor explosion to decrease, but the intensity of vapor explosion increases with the oxidation time. With the increase in the Weber number and the oxidation time, the maximum crown width and height increase, which implies that the vapor explosion is more violent The correlations of the maximum crown height and width as a function of the Weber number were proposed for specified oxidation time. • Three typical phenomena of droplet breakup, bubble and crown were observed. • The increase in the Weber number leads to the more violent vapor explosion. • The phenomenon randomness was found for low Weber number. • The oxidation layer significantly affects the vapor explosion intensity. • The correlations of the maximum crown height and width were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Foramina Transversaria (FT) are known to exhibit variations in their size, shape and they may be absent or duplicated/triplicated. The deformation of foramina may result in derangement of neurovascular structures passing through these foramina. This necessitates the need of extensive analysis of variation of the foramina. Aim: To present morphometric details of FT of cervical vertebrae as well as incidence of accessory FT in intact cervical spine of Indian population and to make a comparison with previous studies done. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 319 FT of 161 dry cervical vertebrae of 23 complete vertebral spines of Indian population (3 FT were absent in 2 C7 vertebrae). For morphometric measurements, transverse and anteroposterior diameters were measured on both sides of all cervical vertebrae using digital vernier calliper. Accessory transverse foramina were also noted and photographed. Mean, range and standard deviation of morphometric measurements of these foramina were analyzed. The comparison was made between their various parameters on right and left side using student's t-test and p-value. Results: Transverse and anteroposterior diameters were higher on left side than right. Mean value of foramen transversarium of C1 was highest on both sides where as of C7, it was lowest. Forty two cervical vertebrae (26.09%) among 161, showed accessory FT. Here, 25 vertebrae (15.53%) showed unilateral and 17 vertebrae (10.56%) bilateral showed accessory foramen. Accessory foramina were most commonly seen in C6 vertebrae. Two C7 vertebrae showed absence of FT, one bilaterally and one unilaterally. Accessory foramina were always smaller than main foramina transversarium. All accessory foramina were located posterior to main foramina transversarium except in one C4 vertebrae where accessory foramen was present anterior to main foramina transversarium. Conclusion: The present morphometric study done on intact cervical vertebral column demonstrates that different cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) shows considerable variation in terms of their size, shape and number of FT. This detailed report on morphology of cervical vertebrae would be useful for neurosurgeons and will help in better surgical outcome. It would also help radiologist for better understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)