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The transport system influences health, including the onset of new cancers, in both positive and negative ways. Transport affects the frequency of cancer via access to healthcare, employment and other goods and services of society; physical (in)activity; exposure to transport-related pollution and climate change. In addition, avoidable transport health impacts overload the health system that delivers cancer care. The current transport system in Aotearoa/New Zealand is the result of policy choices made in the last 50–70 years which have privileged the private motor vehicle. We discuss examples of local work to support a healthier transport system, including action research with government partners creating infrastructure to support healthy travel, health professional advocacy in transport policy processes and involvement in coronial processes and a subsequent government advisory group. These, and other attempts at change, have had limited impact because of the elements that hold the current system in place; the weak regulatory architecture and institutions, commercial influences on policy and funding arrangements. Creating a healthy, cancer-preventing transport system requires not just focus on specific policy changes but reform of the policy making apparatus to ensure healthy people and planet are at the centre of decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the issues of studying decision support systems for passenger travel in terms of identifying patterns of such behavior, their classification and clustering. A review of the literature of domestic and foreign authors concerning the analysis of patterns of transport behavior of the population and their recognition is given. The relevance of studying the transport behavior of the population using the theory of patterns is substantiated. An approach to describing patterns of behavior from the point of view of the theory of macrosystems has been formed. Examples of mobile applications for route planning, modern models for studying transport behavior based on BigData technologies, neural networks, and parsing theory are given. The problem of formalizing the description of transport behavior has been solved in order to obtain a tool for analyzing the influence of control actions on transport behavior. The conclusion is made about the need for a generalized representation of transport behavior, and, consequently, its pattern, in the form of logical models. The purpose of the study is to compile a generalized representation of transport behavior and its patterns within the framework of the theory of macrosystems by compiling a digital pattern that can be displayed as a set of graphical schemes and as a subsequent logical description. The results obtained consist in a detailed review of the literature on the topic of decision support systems when making a trip, determining patterns of passenger behavior, and the influence of individual behavior on the behavior of the entire transport system as a whole. A toolkit for determining patterns based on the theory of macrosystems has been developed. The analysis of various methods of data processing and visualization of results used by researchers is carried out, which additionally serves to determine the possibilities of qualitative and quantitative description of transport behavior. At the same time, the set of states of the elements of the transport system, specific measurable and/or calculated values, their relation to the micro- or macro-levels of the description of the transport system were determined. It is determined that the most convenient and comprehensive tool for representing and studying patterns is the theory of transport macrosystems.

This paper explores the significant impact of transportation on the urbanization of Lokoja from 1854 to 1991. Lokoja, strategically positioned at the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers, benefits from its prime location on the main road connecting northern and southern Nigeria. This advantageous positioning has made it a critical hub in the nation's communication network. The modern urban development of Lokoja accelerated in 1991 with the creation of Kogi State and the designation of Lokoja as its capital. This event triggered a substantial influx of people from various parts of Nigeria, leading to rapid urban expansion. As the population grew, the demand for a robust and strategic transportation infrastructure became increasingly pressing. The study draws on a diverse range of data sources, including primary sources like oral interviews and archival materials, as well as secondary sources such as journals, monographs, and books. The findings underscore the necessity of transforming Lokoja's transport systems to sustain its economic and human development. Specifically, enhancing both road and water transport systems is crucial to boosting economic activities in the town. Furthermore, the study advocates for the revitalization of Lokoja's pre-colonial and colonial water transport systems. This rejuvenation is seen as essential for the economic prosperity of the town and the well-being of its residents. By improving these transport networks, Lokoja can better support its expanding population and foster continued urban and economic growth.

Public transport is an important part of sustainable economic development, sustainable cities, and communities. Reducing energy consumption in public transport can be achieved through better organisation of the transport system, changes in infrastructure, the use of new energy-efficient means of transport, and other ways to achieve intelligent mobility. The operation of a city bus involves frequent stops. These stops are due to the need to exchange passengers at bus stops and traffic conditions. Each stop and the subsequent acceleration process require additional energy consumption. In this paper, an analysis of bus operation within the Rzeszów ITS on a selected route is carried out to determine the energy consumption in these special modes. First, the number and duration of stops were determined based on data recorded during the bus operation using the tracker. Then, taking into account the idle fuel consumption and the energy consumption required to reach a set speed, the total energy consumption associated with the stops was determined. The results obtained on the selected route indicate a significant share of energy associated with stops at bus stops and outside bus stops in total fuel consumption. These shares are about 26.2% and about 42.5%, respectively. The opportunity to improve the energy efficiency of the city bus on the route due to the reduction of stops at bus stops by introducing on-demand stops as one of the elements of ITS has been evaluated. The number of stops related to traffic conditions can be reduced by further improving traffic management and measures to modify urban infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ensuring road transport safety is a critical imperative for regional development and public welfare. This abstract outline a comprehensive evaluation framework designed to assess the service level of regional road transport safety. The proposed methodology integrates diverse parameters, encompassing infrastructure, technology, policy, and human factors, to provide a holistic understanding of the safety landscape. Using real-time data integration and powerful analytics, the assessment system combines quantitative and qualitative indicators. Technology aspects of infrastructure evaluations centre on the effectiveness of automated transportation systems and their influence on accident reduction; architecture evaluations also cover the layout of roads, advertising, and maintenance requirements. Policy evaluation is examining current laws and the ways in which they are enforced while considering how they affect the behaviour of drivers and public safety. The proposed method uses DCNN method for intelligent road transport safety. Using DCNN algorithms to monitor and regulate traffic congestion in smart cities represents a significant leap in the use of deep learning in traffic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prerequisite for continuous transport systems' operation is their digital transformation, which interprets operating conditions based on the availability of a wide range of data and information in the form of measured quantities that can be obtained, for example, by experimental measurement. To implement digital transformation in continuous transport systems, it is necessary to examine and analyze the informative value of individual measured quantities in detail. Research in this area must focus on identifying addressable quantities with a clear, informative value. Such an approach enables the monitoring of continuous transport systems operation and performance of operational diagnostics, the objective of which should be identifying undesirable operating conditions. Within this paper, research will be presented aiming to verify the hypothesis that, based on a measurement of selected parameters, it is possible to identify belt mistracking in a continuous transport system. Belt mistracking is an undesirable condition that can cause a conveyor belt to converge and thus seriously turn off an entire transport system. The research results confirmed the established hypothesis. Based on this, an evaluation algorithm was created for on-time evaluation. The proposed algorithm is also suitable for the needs of a digital twin of a continuous transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a transport planning model which applies a simulation to support decision-making in quarry operations. The analysis of the transport system was used as input for creating the model and the subsequent research. There are five loading points in the quarry from which, according to the plan, the quarry stone is transported to the crusher, where it proceeds for further processing. The required daily capacity of the downstream technological line is 3800 t/day. Based on the analysis, it was found that it was impossible to fulfill this requirement from the two loading points which were the furthest from the unloading point. For this reason, two simulation models of the transport system were created. The first simulation model is a transport system (loading, removal and dumping of quarry stone) from one loading point. Simulation experiments were performed on this model for all loading points. The findings from the analysis confirmed the results of the simulation experiments. Subsequently, a model of the combined quarry stone removal from two loading points was proposed. The model was designed for two variants of dividing the work shift into two work sections. In the model, which had a tabular form, the combinations of loading points and values of the minimum number of unloaded cars for stone removal were suitable to ensure its necessary daily capacity. The last part of this research was expanding the original model with an additional loading point. Several experiments were performed on this model. The aim of these experiments was to verify the combinations of loading points presented in the proposed model and the combinations of unsatisfactory loading points. Based on the research results, the transport planning model and simulation models are suitable additional tools for the decision-making process in removing quarry stone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of possible transformations of logistic schemes for the export of mineral raw materials mined in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is presented. The existing system of transportation of mineral raw materials by sea, rail, inland water, road and air transport is considered. The description of mineral resource centers forming the cargo base of the Arctic transport system is given; their typification by types of transport for the export of products is given. A change in logistics schemes in connection with access to new markets in the changed geopolitical conditions was considered. The need for changes does not apply to rail, inland water, road and aviation transport, which provide mainly domestic transportation. Major changes affect pipeline and maritime transport. It was concluded that it is necessary to create liquefied natural gas production facilities at the exit points to the coast of the poorly devoured seas of main gas pipelines in order to monetize pipeline gas and expand the throughput capacity of main oil pipelines suitable for port oil loading terminals of the Baltic and Black Seas. The conditions for delivery to Asian oil export markets by sea have deteriorated due to the increase in the duration of circular flights and the cost of tanker freight. In addition, the possibility of an increase in the cargo traffic of the oil export to the Asian market in the Northern Sea Route was questioned due to the lack of a high deadweight cargo fleet and the required Arctic ice classes. The proposal on the need to revise strategic planning documents adopted in other political and economic conditions based on the current realities is justified.

The complicated geopolitical situation has become a factor in domestic tourism development in the Russian Federation. A significant number of objects of tourist interest have generated increased competition between Russian regions to attract tourists. A necessary condition for increasing tourist flow is the development of tourist infrastructure, including transport. The authors used various types of transport in the vast majority formation of tourist products, as well as in independent tourism. The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationships between tourist flow dynamics and the transportation system development indexes of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Comparative, correlation and regression analyses showed a strong positive correlation between tourist flow and passenger transport by buses and suburban railway transport (especially in St. Petersburg). The study confirmed the problem of data reliability and availability for analysing tourist flow within the St. Petersburg agglomeration, although the palace suburbs, which are popular with tourists, are located within agglomeration boundaries. To solve the problem of tracking tourist flows when using transport in the agglomeration, the authors propose the development and implementation of a transport tourist map with advanced functionality. This digital tool application will allow not only the reliable tracking of tourist flows but also the optimization of the transport system of the St. Petersburg agglomeration. In addition, the analysis of tourist flow dynamics should be used to increase the positive effects of tourism development and reduce the negative effects of overtourism in achieving the sustainable development goals of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region.

The aim of this article is to study the dynamics of development of both the global and national market of container transportation. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of transportation is the rational organization of the work of ships, taking into account the needs and requirements of the market, both of service consumers and of the carriers themselves. The increase in demand for container transportation of goods and the rapid growth of the container capacity of container ships led to a change in approaches to the organization of their work. Thus, the number of ports of call on main lines has begun to decrease. In addition, the movement patterns on them have become almost asymmetrical. Individual lines began to serve at their own container terminals in ports of call, or at terminals that have an agreement to serve only their vessels. Vessels with smaller container capacities were pushed onto feeder lines calling at hub ports located at the intersection of main services and regional ports. In addition, there are changes in the structure of cargo flows, the organization of lines, ports of call and cooperation between transportation participants, the division of the global transportation market into segments served by certain operators, changes in the role of hub ports in delivery schemes depending on the corresponding ports of call on the lines and container capacity vessels serving them. These changes occur under the influence of not only the construction of mega-sized ships, pandemics, piracy, military operations and affect not only the economy of a certain country, but also the global economy as a whole, political, social, geographical and transport, ecological and other spheres of human activity. Research of various factors on the changes taking place in the container transportation market will allow predicting and, possibly, leveling the consequences of their influence in the future. Prospects for further research in this direction are the identification of the main reference points at which significant changes in container transportation took place, the identification of factors that had an impact and the modeling of both individual situations and their interaction as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In today’s interconnected global economy, logistics and supply chain management are pivotal in facilitating the movement of goods and services across regions. Supply chains have become increasingly complex, involving multiple stakeholders, diverse transportation modes, and intricate global networks. The efficient management of these supply chains has emerged as a critical determinant of competitiveness and economic growth for businesses and nations. Objectives: The study aims to analyse the level of intermodal connectivity and how it enhances the functionality of a regional logistics hub using Namibia as a case study. Method: The research study adopted a mixed-method design, collecting data through interviews, questionnaires, and documentary analysis to examine intermodal connectivity and its impact on the functionality of the Namibian regional logistics hub. Results: The study’s key findings reveal a fragmented railway system and a significant reliance on road transportation within the Namibian transport system. The level of intermodality is found to be low, indicating limited connectivity and integration between different modes of transport in Namibia. Conclusion: The study highlights the need to address the fragmentation within the railway system, reduce the heavy reliance on road transportation, and improve intermodal connectivity to enhance the functionality and efficiency of the Namibian transport system. Contribution: This research contributes to the existing knowledge of transportation and logistics hubs within the Namibian context. By exploring the role of intermodal connectivity, the study builds upon the theoretical frameworks of transport geography, logistics management, and infrastructure planning.

Relevance. Passenger road transport in the 90s of the last century showed a high rate of transition to new management methods. The subsequent streamlining of activities progressed unevenly, mainly through regulation. However, important problems in the development of the industry, especially in the regions, have not been resolved. A crisis situation in intra-regional inter-municipal transportation and a high accident rate are the example. To a large extent, this situation is caused by the lag of the modern interpretation of the regional passenger road transport system from its real state, which does not allow achieving the greatest effect in the development of passenger road transport. The purpose of the work is to increase the importance of regular passenger transportation based on the substantiation of the importance of the structural parts of regional passenger motor transport systems, the developed methodology for assessing their condition, and creating development rules taking this into account.Materials and methods. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, system analysis, mathematical statistics, as well as the provisions of the theory of transport processes and systems are used in the work. Modern general scientific software products, open information resources about passenger vehicles in the regions were used.Results. The main scientific result of the article is the introduced concept of a regional passenger motor transport system. For a quantitative assessment of its condition, an indicator of the level of system self-organization has been developed, which is determined by the ratio of the number of cars to the number of buses, trolleybuses and trams in the region. The values of the indicators are in the range from 74 to 543 with an average value of 277. The dependencies of the influence of gross regional products and the number of population in the regions on the number of buses and cars in them are revealed. The practical significance lies in the development of tools for assessing the state of regional passenger transport systems. The directions for further research to determine the influence of structural parts on the level of self-organization of the system, building on this basis effective regional strategies for the development of passenger road transport are related.

Distribution systems are facing challenges in serving lifeline loads after extreme events. Network reconfiguration is a traditional and practical method for power supply restoration, which has strong but inflexible power transfer capabilities influenced by network topology. Multiple failures of utility power under extreme events will further limit the efficiency of network reconfiguration. Electric buses (EBs) can be utilized to achieve power supply considering their discharging capabilities as mobile storage devices. However, the mobility of EBs and the influences of transport systems must be carefully considered to enhance the resilience of distribution systems. Reconfiguration and EBs are complementary in terms of recovery capabilities and location flexibility, and more important loads can be recovered by the coordination between EBs and network reconfiguration. This paper proposes a coordinated restoration method for EBs and reconfigurations considering the influences of transport systems. The post-disaster restoration problem is formulated as a bi-level model, in which the network topology is optimized in the upper-level aiming at maximizing restoration loads through the main grid and EBs, while the traffic paths of all EBs are optimized with the goal of maximizing the restoration loads by the EBs in the lower-level considering time consumption and energy consumption during movement. The PSO and a genetic algorithm are used to solve the proposed bi-level optimization problem. Simulation studies are performed to verify the superiority of the proposed method.

Transport is an important sector of the country’s economy. Its activities have an impact on other businesses and the public. It is important that enterprises in the transport industry achieve a state of economic security. The absence of a unified definition of the concept of “economic security” and approaches to its assessment is shown. It is noted that the concept of “financial security” is closely related to the concept of “economic security.” It has been shown that without financial security, it is impossible to achieve a state of economic security. On the example of the most important enterprise of railway transport in Russia, an assessment of the financial condition, financial security and economic security was carried out. Extremely low economic security of the enterprise was revealed. Based on the analysis, some ways have been proposed to improve the financial and economic security of the enterprise in question. The goal is to consider practical aspects of the economic security of the transport company through an assessment of the financial and economic security of FPK JSC. Method or methodology of work: the study used a systematic approach and general scientific methods - statistical, comparative analysis, expert assessments and logical generalizations. Results: shows the relationship between the financial and economic security of the enterprise. The economic security of FPK JSC was assessed as extremely low. Some ways to strengthen financial and economic security have been proposed. Field of application of the results: it is advisable to apply the obtained results to economic entities engaged in activities in the field of transport.

The main aspects of the deployment of multi-module orbital manned stations are considered. The methodology for planning the delivery of spare parts, tools and accessories used in planning of transport operations to the International Space Station, is analyzed. It is shown that its application is related to the problem of mathematical programming with a large number of variables, which complicates the process of finding the optimal planning option in terms of economic efficiency. Transport operations to national manned orbital stations are carried out less frequently as compared to the International Space Station due to the enormous costs of spacecraft launches taking into account possible emergency situations. An approach to improving the methodology for planning the delivery of spare parts, tools and accessories for possible use on national manned orbital stations is proposed. It consists in taking into account the reliability of on-board equipment. The advantage of the improved methodology is simplification of planning transport operations without the use of mathematical programming. In addition, the improved methodology is clear, simple and can be implemented step by step.

The article describes the theoretical basis for taking into account the complexity in solving problems of transport demand, the analysis of the concept of “self-organized criticality” is carried out. The problems of describing complex conduct in transport systems are solved, the prerequisites or causes of complex behavior are indicated, the traditional definitions of a “complex transport system” are formalized. Examples of some models demonstrating complex behavior in transport systems are given. Objective: formulation of research directions in the theory of transport systems, which should be developed with the help of conceptual and mathematical devices of individual sciences, such as complexity theory, nonlinear dynamics, to solve problems of transport demand, accompanied by flows of various events and elements in transport macrosystems, to take into account the complexity of problems in the theory of transport systems in modeling the dynamics of transport demand. Approaches used: development of mathematical models of nonlinear transport systems demonstrating complex behavior, including models with power-law distribution of system characteristics within the framework of self-organized criticality, as well as models demonstrating bifurcations. Methods and (or) methodological apparatus of research: methods of the theory of self-organized criticality and synergetics, allowing to take into account the properties of a complex system. The scientific novelty lies in the use of methods and approaches of the theory of self-organized criticality and complexity theory for a wide class of models of transport systems used in problems of transport demand and based on traffic flow models. Directions for further research, recommendations: it is required to analyze real statistics of the behavior of transport systems that correspond to various states of the transport system, including complex behavior, as well as the formulation and solution of problems of the theory of transport macrosystems.

The object of the research of the article is transport system of a city. The paper reviews the necessity to assess the greenhouse emissions in the city and proposes the methods for greenhouse emissions inventory of the urban transport system. The proposed approach is aligned with guidelines for the development of Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) of Mayor Covenants of European Union (EU). The methodologies outlined in the paper allow to estimate annual greenhouse emissions from transport sector. The SECAP defines transport sectors based on ownership and functioning as following: municipal transport fleet, public transport, and private and commercial transport. The paper proposes the methodology to estimate direct and indirect emissions in each of the described sector based on the information that is typicaly available to municipalities in Ukraine. The assessment is conducted on disaggregated level for different fuel types (diesel, petroleum, natural gas, biofuel, electricity, etc.) and separately for each fleet type (buses, trucks, passenger vehicles, specialized machinery). Total CO2 emissions are then estimated by multiplying the amount of fuel consumed by the emission factor for each fuel type and vehicle type. Information of fuel consumption is estimated based on annual milage and estimated based on available data and number of assumptions proposed in the paper. The proposed methodology for greenhouse emissions inventory for the transport sector allows to analyze available data, recommendations for data collection and a methodology for determining CO2 emissions from the operation of the transport system with sufficient accuracy of calculations. Based on these results, it is possible to forecast changes in energy consumption and emissions in the transport sector as a result of various interventions. For example, in Zhytomyr city the results of inventory were used to develop a set of measures, which include updating the rolling stock of electric transport; increasing the energy efficiency of the power grids of the transport system, developing cycling infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beside the production of hydrogen, the transport is a key component to a successful development of a decarbonized global hydrogen economy. To answer the question, where the required amounts of hydrogen will be produced and along which routes and in which form they will be transported, a sector integrated global hydrogen transport system model needs to be established. This paper provides a flexible method and tool for geographical structuring of sector integrated energy transport systems. It enables the adaptability to existing energy system models and allow for flexible adjustment of the geographical scope. Combined with the integration of pipeline and ship transport it is a novelty, that enables the setup of energy transport systems to perform structured investigation of origin and transport in a future hydrogen economy. The model is validated by comparison with similar studies regarding the directions of hydrogen transport flows. • GIS based method to automate hydrogen transport system development. • Created an accessible and adaptable tool for implementing the method. • Integrated tool with existing energy model, allowing flexible spatial adjustment. • Ensured seamless handover between the tool and energy system modelling framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transport systems that ensure safe and efficient mobility are essential to promote sustainability in cities. However, public transport is susceptible to violence. Additionally, men and women have distinct perceptions of security, which can lead to different reactions in the face of danger. Therefore, considering this situation from a gender perspective, the goal of this study is to assess the levels of resilience in trips made by public transport users when exposed to violence. Data were collected from 763 individuals (women: 60.8%; men: 39.2%) within the academic community of a university campus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, through an online questionnaire. The information obtained included the participants' socioeconomic details, security perceptions, and changes in travel patterns due to security concerns. The results of the Cronbach's alpha test (0.842) indicated a good internal consistency within the data. Chi-squared tests of independence were applied, and calculations for effect size measures were conducted to evaluate the possible association between gender and other variables. Regarding the level of resilience of the trips made, evidence was found that the perception of safety and the behavior of public transport users are influenced by their gender. Regarding the gender of the respondents, an association was found with the resilience levels of trips. Furthermore, it was found that women are more vulnerable to violence in public transport than men, with risks of feeling unsafe during walks to or from stations and on buses being 1.1 and 1.5 times higher, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that the behavior of public transport users is significantly influenced by past victimization experiences, prompting measures for greater protection to be sought. The results of this study allow for a better understanding of how men and women feel exposed to violence when using public transport and can contribute to the creation of public policies to promote safety. Additionally, they can assist security authorities in directing and concentrating police efforts more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the neonatal referral and transport system for gastroschisis patients referred to a tertiary level hospital in Kenya. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study carried out at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) which recruited patients with gastroschisis using consecutive sampling approach. Data were collected on pre-, intra-transit factors, time and distance covered. Assessment was done using pre and intra transit factors as per the standard transport protocols in literature. Results: Twenty-nine patients presented with gastroschisis during the eight month study period. Mean age was 7.07 h. There were 16 (55.2%) males and 13 (44.8%) females. Mean birthweight was 2020 g, and a mean gestational age of 36.5 weeks. Mean duration of transit was 5 h. Mean distance from referring facility was 153.1 km. Most affected factors in the pre-transit protocol were lack of monitoring chart (0%), comment on blood investigations (0%), gastric decompression (3.4%), and prenatal obstetric scan (44.8%). For intra-transit scores, most affected were incubator use (0%), bowel monitoring (0%), functioning nasogastric tube (13.8%), and adequate bowel cover (34.5%). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that pre-transit and transit care of neonates with gastroschisis is inadequate in Kenya. Interventions needed, as identified by this study, to promote care of neonates with gastroschisis are advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the potential for energy generation using the transport system in Al-Baha city by investigating its road hierarchy and evaluate traffic in selected location across the city. Urban systems to manage the transport hierarchy are important, and exploiting them to minimize CO2 emissions rates is critical. The used approach is to investigate the urban planning of Al-Baha city by referring to its approved master plan detailing the road hierarchy, and second, conducting a traffic survey at selected points across the city. The data collection process, involved accessing the master plan for Al-Baha city held by the ministry of the municipality for the Al-Baha region. Additional data related to traffic congestion and demand was gathered physically at chosen sites. The output of the study illustrates the potential for energy generation exploiting traffic mobility at six different sites across Al-Baha city. Furthermore, attractive features that effect the transport system in Al-Baha city were highlighted and the potential for energy saving employing energy generation using the transport system discussed. The research contributes on highlighting the potential for renewable energy, minimizes the need to burn fossil fuels, and can be replicated in other cities characterized by high demand transport systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Porphyromonas gingivalis type IX secretion system (T9SS) is a recently discovered protein secretion system that is widely distributed in Bacillus cereus. The T9SS is structurally complex and powerful. More than 20 T9SS components have been verified, and more than 30 virulence factors can be secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis alone, which contributes significant to the pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis. T9SS is a large protein complex spanning the inner cell membrane, periplasm, and outer cell membrane. Through the structural and functional connections among its components, it forms a sophisticated functional complex that includes power provision, energy transduction, inner and outer membrane translocation, outer membrane modification, and regulatory systems to recognize, translocate, shear, and modify cargo proteins and translocate bacterial intracellular cargo proteins to the cell surface. In recent years, with advancements in X-ray diffraction and in situ cryoelectron microscopy, the exploration of T9SS has evolved from the functional study of single components to the in situ structural study of multiprotein complexes. Still, the structural resolution of the protein still has shortcomings such as low resolution and an inability to capture dynamic functional structures. Future research directions should focus more on exploring how T9SS interacts and functions with cargo proteins. In this paper, we review the research progress on Porphyromonas gingivalis T9SS on X-ray diffraction and cryoelectron microscopy structure resolution in order to gain a deeper understanding of the transport mechanism of T9SS.

The United States of America (US) has long been a key player in the global energy landscape, with its gas and oil market serving as a critical component of both its domestic economy and international relations. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the US's gas and oil market, analysing its historical evolution, current state, and prospects. The paper begins by tracing the historical developments that have shaped the US's gas and oil industry, including key milestones such as the discovery of major oil fields, the growth of shale gas production, and the impact of geopolitical events on market dynamics. It then delves into the contemporary landscape, examining the major players in the industry, production and consumption trends, infrastructure, and distribution networks, as well as the regulatory frameworks that govern exploration, extraction, and trade. In this article, the author tries to make an overview of the US gas and oil market from the market from its appearance until today. The gas and oil market legislation and the authorities that regulate and supervise the market are identified and presented. The federal and states transport and distribution system is an overview and their connection. This article also offers a comprehensive analysis of the US gas and oil market, encompassing its historical trajectory, current landscape, economic significance, environmental challenges, and future directions. By examining these facets, it will be provided valuable insights into the complex interplay between energy resources, economic development, and environmental sustainability within the context of a rapidly evolving global energy landscape.

Transport accessibility, or rather the lack of it, increasingly referred to as transport exclusion or poverty, can lead to social exclusion and a range of negative social consequences. The aim of this article is to identify how accessibility and inclusiveness are treated in EU transport policies, in order to determine to what extent those policies are inclusive. The content analysis of EU transport policy documents issued between the years 2000 and 2022 will be conducted in this research. References to access and accessibility in the analysed documents consistently address mainly two issues: access for peripheral areas to the European transport system and ensuring accessibility of public transport. The second approach is relevant for ensuring the inclusiveness of the transport system.

Public transport is an important part of sustainable economic development, sustainable cities, and communities. Reducing energy consumption in public transport can be achieved through better organisation of the transport system, changes in infrastructure, the use of new energy-efficient means of transport, and other ways to achieve intelligent mobility. The operation of a city bus involves frequent stops. These stops are due to the need to exchange passengers at bus stops and traffic conditions. Each stop and the subsequent acceleration process require additional energy consumption. In this paper, an analysis of bus operation within the Rzeszów ITS on a selected route is carried out to determine the energy consumption in these special modes. First, the number and duration of stops were determined based on data recorded during the bus operation using the tracker. Then, taking into account the idle fuel consumption and the energy consumption required to reach a set speed, the total energy consumption associated with the stops was determined. The results obtained on the selected route indicate a significant share of energy associated with stops at bus stops and outside bus stops in total fuel consumption. These shares are about 26.2% and about 42.5%, respectively. The opportunity to improve the energy efficiency of the city bus on the route due to the reduction of stops at bus stops by introducing on-demand stops as one of the elements of ITS has been evaluated. The number of stops related to traffic conditions can be reduced by further improving traffic management and measures to modify urban infrastructure.

This article describes a transport planning model which applies a simulation to support decision-making in quarry operations. The analysis of the transport system was used as input for creating the model and the subsequent research. There are five loading points in the quarry from which, according to the plan, the quarry stone is transported to the crusher, where it proceeds for further processing. The required daily capacity of the downstream technological line is 3800 t/day. Based on the analysis, it was found that it was impossible to fulfill this requirement from the two loading points which were the furthest from the unloading point. For this reason, two simulation models of the transport system were created. The first simulation model is a transport system (loading, removal and dumping of quarry stone) from one loading point. Simulation experiments were performed on this model for all loading points. The findings from the analysis confirmed the results of the simulation experiments. Subsequently, a model of the combined quarry stone removal from two loading points was proposed. The model was designed for two variants of dividing the work shift into two work sections. In the model, which had a tabular form, the combinations of loading points and values of the minimum number of unloaded cars for stone removal were suitable to ensure its necessary daily capacity. The last part of this research was expanding the original model with an additional loading point. Several experiments were performed on this model. The aim of these experiments was to verify the combinations of loading points presented in the proposed model and the combinations of unsatisfactory loading points. Based on the research results, the transport planning model and simulation models are suitable additional tools for the decision-making process in removing quarry stone.

A prerequisite for continuous transport systems’ operation is their digital transformation, which interprets operating conditions based on the availability of a wide range of data and information in the form of measured quantities that can be obtained, for example, by experimental measurement. To implement digital transformation in continuous transport systems, it is necessary to examine and analyze the informative value of individual measured quantities in detail. Research in this area must focus on identifying addressable quantities with a clear, informative value. Such an approach enables the monitoring of continuous transport systems operation and performance of operational diagnostics, the objective of which should be identifying undesirable operating conditions. Within this paper, research will be presented aiming to verify the hypothesis that, based on a measurement of selected parameters, it is possible to identify belt mistracking in a continuous transport system. Belt mistracking is an undesirable condition that can cause a conveyor belt to converge and thus seriously turn off an entire transport system. The research results confirmed the established hypothesis. Based on this, an evaluation algorithm was created for on-time evaluation. The proposed algorithm is also suitable for the needs of a digital twin of a continuous transport system.

Introduction. The authors study the section of the shuttle-service trains. Based on a detailed description and characterisation of the site, it is categorised as a man-machine and difficult-to-formalise system. It is not possible to study stability of such transport facilities using known criteria and methods. This study aimed at developing a new approach for assessing sustainability of a shuttle-service train system, taking account of its specific features and characteristics.Materials and methods. The paper proposes the use of a neural network approach to assess the sustainability of shuttle-service trains. The input data used is a time series of freight flow on a section of the shuttle-service trains, which is the main operational indicator of the system under study. The method of artificial neural networks is chosen for modelling because it is a simple and effective tool for studying the system in question, with the values of the freight flow having a random character.Results. An approach based on the power of neural networks is described. This indicator enables to assess quality of the model by reflecting the consistency of model results with actual data.Discussion and conclusion. The approach presented may be used to assess the sustainability of a shuttle-service train system.

The article presents a detailed analysis of the impact of policy on the transport system of the Russian Federation. The main directions of state policy related to transport are studied, considering both global trends and regional characteristics. The article pays special attention to safety issues, environmental aspects and meeting the needs of passengers and cargo carriers. The impact of political decisions on creating a safe transport environment, preventing accidents and reducing the number of victims is analyzed. Meeting the needs of passengers and freight carriers is considered an important aspect of transportation policy development and implementation. The article also discusses the main regulatory documents governing transportation infrastructure in Russia, including federal laws and government resolutions. These documents establish rules and requirements for the development and operation of transportation infrastructure, as well as regulate the activities of transportation companies and organizations. The paper also examines the impact of policy on the transportation infrastructure of two major cities in Russia, Moscow and St. Petersburg. These cities have complex transportation systems with high passenger and freight volumes. Based on the analysis, conclusions are formulated to assess the results of policy influence on the development of the transportation system in Russia. These include evaluating the effectiveness of policy interventions, meeting their objectives, identifying problems and making recommendations for improving transport policies. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the importance of developing and implementing sound transportation policies to create a modern, efficient, and sustainable transportation system in Russia that can meet contemporary challenges and societal needs.