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Pneumonia is a highly transmitted disease in children. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most affected regions include South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. 15% deaths of children are due to pneumonia. In 2017, 0.88 million children were killed under the age of five years. An analysis of pneumonia disease is performed with the help of a delayed mathematical modelling technique. The epidemiological system contemplates subpopulations of susceptible, carriers, infected and recovered individuals, along with nonlinear interactions between the members of those subpopulations. The positivity and the boundedness of the ongoing problem for nonnegative initial data are thoroughly proved. The system possesses pneumonia-free and pneumonia existing equilibrium points, whose stability is studied rigorously. Moreover, the numerical simulations confirm the validity of these theoretical results.

Introduction This research is aimed at analyzing the implementation of Integrated Development Post of Non-Trasmitted Diseases viewed from idealized policy, targeted group, implementing organization and environment factors.Methods This research was conducted in the villages of Triyagan and Laban. The data was collected through depth interview, observation, and documentation. The data were analyzed using interactive analysis (Miles&Huberman).Results The findings of the research show that the policy implementation of the integrated development post of non-transmitted diseases has not fully applied the components from the policy component. The condition caused this problem are unideal number and role of the cadres, lack of guidance from the community health center, economic factor.Conclusions So it can be concluded that the policy implementation of integrated development post of non-transmitted disease is not maximum yet.Keywords :implementation, policy, integrated development post of non-transmitted disease

This paper deals with the stochastic Zika virus model within the human and mosquito population. Firstly, we prove that there exists a global positive solution. Further, we found the condition for a viral infection to be extinct. Besides that, we discuss the existence of a unique ergodic stationary distribution through a suitable Lyapunov function. The stationary distribution validates the occurrence of infection in the population. From that, we obtain the threshold value for prevail and disappear of disease within the population. Through the numerical simulations, we have verified the reproduction ratio R 0 S ${R}_{0}^{S}$ as stated in our theoretical findings.

In Africa, rice is produced and is a source of food energy in most developing countries. But its cultivation faces to brown spot disease, caused by Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker, which is a serious seed-borne and seed transmitted disease of rice worldwide.The aim of this study was to screen rice varieties for resistance to brown spot disease in field conditions inYaoundé. A completely randomized Fisher block design with three repetitions was used during 2 growing seasons (2015 and 2016). Growth, yields and disease (incidence and severity) parameters were evaluated on four rice varieties (Nerica 3 and 8, White rice and Kamkou). Results show that height of the Nerica 8 variety (86.03cm) and the number of tillers of Kamkou variety (21.66) were significantly highest compared to others varieties (P

BACKGROUND: Several studies conducted on adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) have reported various problems of sexual behavior that occurs in the group, including HIV-related risky sexual behavior and other health-related concerns. AIM: This review aims to synthesize studies on the problems regarding sexual behavior in adolescents with ID to obtain data on the types of risky sexual behavior problems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Synthesis was conducted on nine studies of children aged 10–20 years old with intellectual disabilities as subjects who have no other psychiatric comorbidities and met the appraisal criteria based on the checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). RESULTS: Several behaviors were found in the group of adolescents with ID. Masturbation is the type of solitary behavior that appears the most, besides other behaviors like touching genitals and getting naked in public places. Sexual intercourse is the most widely reported in the type of “involving other persons.” Sexual intercourse with more than 1 person without using contraception to protect against sexual transmitted disease (STD) is at risk for HIV infection or other infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review have indicated that adolescents with ID have sexual needs and experience sexual behavior problems similar to ordinary adolescents in general. They actually have a higher risk for having risky sexual behavior because they lack understanding of sexuality. These findings emphasize the need for sex education so that young people with disabilities can have healthy sexual behavior and a safe life.

Penjaringan Sari merupakan salah satu kelurahan yang ada di Surabaya. Berdasarkan penjelasan dari dinas kesehatan dan pertamanan Kota Surabaya, timbulan sampah terbanyak berasal dari sampah rumah tangga (permukiman) yang mencapai 79,19% dari total timbulan sampah. Saat ini di Surabaya sedang menghadapi wabah penyakit yang dapat menular dengan mudah yang bernama Covid 19. Hal itu menyebabkan berkurangnya kegiatan diluar rumah yang secara otomatis menambah aktifitas dirumah semakin banyak. Timbulan sampah di tahun 2017 rata-rata sebesar 0,35 kg/orang.hari. Penelitian ini nantinya akan dibandingkan dengan penelitian terdahulu untuk mengetahui bagaimana timbulan sampah rumah tangga saat pandemic covid 19 serta komposisi sampah rumah tangga di kawasan permukiman yang ada di kelurahan Penjaringan Sari, kota Surabaya. Timbulan sampah rumah tangga kawasan perumahan, rumah susun, dan perkampungan di kelurahan Penjaringan Sari pada saat pandemi Covid 19 adalah sebesar 0,361 kg/org.hari, 0,345 kg/org.hari, dan 0,530 kg/org.hari. Yang artinya mengalami kenaikan sebesar 0,09 kg/org.hari untuk kawasan perumahan, 0,063 kg/org.hari untuk kawasan rumah susun, dan 0,044 kg/org.hari untuk kawasan perkampungan. Komposisi sampah rumah tangga di kelurahan Penjaringan sari didominasi oleh sampah yang dapat dikomposkan dan komposisi sampah yang mengalami kenaikan terbesar adalah sampah plastik, kain, kaca dan logam.

Mosquito-transmitted diseases, including malaria and dengue, are a major threat to human health around the globe, affecting millions each year. A diverse array of next-generation tools has been designed to eliminate mosquito populations or to replace them with mosquitoes that are less capable of transmitting key pathogens. Many of these new approaches have been built on recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. These initiatives have driven the development of pathogen-resistant lines, new genetics-based sexing methods, and new methods of driving desirable genetic traits into mosquito populations. Many other emerging tools involve microorganisms, including two strategies involving Wolbachia that are achieving great success in the field. At the same time, other mosquito-associated bacteria, fungi, and even viruses represent untapped sources of new mosquitocidal or antipathogen compounds. Although there are still hurdles to be overcome, the prospect that such approaches will reduce the impact of these diseases is highly encouraging.

Background and purpose - The COVID-19 pandemic caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE). Various alternatives to ordinary PPE have been suggested to reduce transmission, which is primarily through droplets and aerosols. For many years orthopedic surgeons have been using surgical helmets as personal protection against blood-borne pathogens during arthroplasty surgery. We have investigated the possibility of using the Stryker Flyte surgical helmet as a respiratory protective device against airborne- and droplet-transmitted disease, since the helmet shares many features with powered air-purifying respirators. Materials and methods - Using an aerosol particle generator, we determined the filtration capacity of the Stryker Flyte helmet by placing particle counters measuring the concentrations of 0.3, 0.5, and 5 µm particles inside and outside of the helmet. Results - We found that the helmet has insufficient capacity for filtrating aerosol particles, and, for 0.3 µm sized particles, we even recorded an accumulation of particles inside the helmet. Interpretation - We conclude that the Stryker Flyte surgical helmet should not be used as a respiratory protective device when there is a risk for exposure to aerosol containing SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, in accordance with the recommendation from the manufacturer

ResumenEl Virus del Papiloma Humano (HPV) tipificado como una Infección de Transmisión Sexual, es considerado como un problema de salud pública en Ecuador. El virus ha incidido en las mujeres tanto en su salud, como en sus comportamientos y en las percepciones de su cuerpo. Este artículo analiza cómo se construyen sus cuerpos, sexualidad y relaciones sentimentales después de contraer el HPV. Se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas y observación participante a 20 mujeres que acuden a un hospital de Quito. Los resultados muestran que sus cuerpos son construidos a través del estigma y la regulación de los comportamientos y su sexualidad.AbstractHuman Papilloma Virus (HPV) is codified as a sexual transmitted disease (STD) in Ecuador: therefore, it has been considered and handled as a public health issue within the country. The virus has affected the heath of patients as in their behaviors and in the perceptions of their body. The aim of this article is to analyze how a group of patients deals with their bodies, sexuality and personal relations after being infected. For this analysis, twenty Hospital patients in Quito were observed. They actively participated in the process that included clinical diagnoses and structured interviews. The results showed that their bodies and sexuality have been approached with stigma and regulation.

This research aims to produce a booklet of sexually transmitted diseases in school adolescents. Based on data from the Sexual Transmitted Disease Service Report of the Jambi City Health Office in 2018 there were 644 cases of sexually transmitted diseases in the city of Jambi, and 18 of them occurred in their teens. An interesting learning media is needed to help teachers explain the material about sexually transmitted diseases. This type of research is research and development using the ADDIE development model. The analysis phase consists of needs analysis and material analysis. The Design (design) consists of the initial design of the product to the making of a prototype. The Development Phase consists of validation of material and media experts as well as trials conducted on Biology teachers, small group trials and large group trials. The implementation phase is carried out in class XI IPA1 of SMAN 10 Jambi City using one group pretest-posttest design. The evaluation phase consists of the suggestions of the validator, the teacher and the test subject. The result of the material expert validator, booklet with a percentage of 95% (very good). The final results of the media expert validator of the booklet with a percentage of 93.33% (very good). The results of the Biology teacher's perception of the sexually transmitted diseases booklet with a percentage of 92.30% (very good). The results of small group and large group trials of students are 88.05% and 90.05% in the excellent category. Pre-test and post-test results were analyzed using N-gain and obtained an average of 0.84 in the "high" category.

Outdoors’s activities and sporadic nature getaways are becoming more and more common in recent years. Warm and humid climates without extreme temperatures favor insects or small organisms to live (and proliferate), which can cause potentially serious health problems if we do not have a minimum knowledge of what to do if we are bitten or stung. One of such concerning animals are the arthropodous. The objective of this work is to provide doctors and patients a machine learning-based tool to obtain a fast initial diagnostic based on a picture of the specimen which bit them. The developed model achieved over a 93% accuracy score based on a dataset of 493 color images. Three species have been categorized and analyzed, and the possible diseases they may transmit identified. The proposed system is effective and useful for a future real-life integration into a platform.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), a highly infectious and transmitted disease that was first discovered in Wuhan city in China in December 2019.For the first time, it was reported in Kerala in India, On January 27, 2020, a 20 year old female was admitted in general hospital. Our objective is to predict the total number of cases, retrieved cases and deaths across a given set of data based on the concept of machine learning. The Indian government is running a vaccination drive and every individual above 18 years of age will be eligible to get vaccinated. Our project shows vaccination details, wise state through an attractive graphic model.

Leishmaniasis is a vector transmitted disease caused by more than 25 obligatory intracellular protozoans belonging to Leishmania; a genus of flagellate protozoa...

Data-driven modeling of incursions of high-consequence, transboundary pathogens of animals is a critical component of veterinary preparedness. However, simplifying assumptions and excessive use of proxy measures to compensate for gaps in available data may compromise modeled outcomes. The current investigation was prospectively designed to address two major gaps in current knowledge of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) pathogenesis in pigs: the end (duration) of the infectious period and the viability of FMDV in decaying carcasses. By serial exposure of sentinel groups of pigs to the same group of donor pigs infected by FMDV A24 Cruzeiro, it was demonstrated that infected pigs transmitted disease at 10 days post infection (dpi), but not at 15 dpi. Assuming a latent period of 1 day, this would result in a conservative estimate of an infectious duration of 9 days, which is considerably longer than suggested by a previous report from an experiment performed in cattle. Airborne contagion was diminished within two days of removal of infected pigs from isolation rooms. FMDV in muscle was inactivated within 7 days in carcasses stored at 4oC. By contrast, FMDV infectivity in vesicle epithelium harvested from intact carcasses stored under similar conditions remained remarkably high until the study termination at 11 weeks post mortem. The output from this study consists of experimentally determined data on contagion associated with FMDV-infected pigs. This information may be utilized to update parameterization of models used for foot-and-mouth disease outbreak simulations involving areas of substantial pig production.

Everyone has experienced to be adolescence. At this period, it will experience achange process bothbiological and psychological. The change influenced by society, close friend and mass media. The level ofthis research is an level of result, related to physical prosperity, bouncing and contact social, not only facefrom disease or weakness in all matter of related to health reproduce, function and its process. Adolescentattitude in this research is an attitude which is done to avoid the sexual contagion. It is a disease which isresulted by free sexual that happened of adolescent. Therefore, sex education to adolescent how to take carethe reproduction organ to be healthy. Venereal diseases have been recognized, but after found a new diseasethe term changed to be sexual of transmitted Disease (STD) or sexual sectional. This research is analyticdescriptive with a cross sectional research. It means that the data are taken at the same time. This researchis done on October 2013 in SMUN 1 Kutalimbaru . The population is student of class ,11,12,13 SMUN 1Kutalimbaru amount 257 samples. The conclusion from this research is the result of this research iscounted by 68 % adolescent categorized as sex active, there is no relation meaning between levels ofreproduction health of knowledge with the sexual contagion. From the statistical test with the level ofmistake is a 5 % (0,05) and P value is 0,673, so Ho is refused there is no relation meaning betweenadolescent attitudes with the sexual contagion, from the statistical test with the level of mistake is a 5 %(0,05)and P value is 1000, so Ho is refused.

Safe blood transfusion being the cornerstone of any Blood Transfusion Services requires meticulous testing for Transfusion Transmitted Disease (TTD) markers in donated blood. We performed head-to-head comparison of ELISA and ECLIA for detection of TTD markers for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in 10,164 Indian blood donors. All concordant reactive, discordant reactive and concordant non-reactive samples were re-confirmed using Individual Donor-Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (ID-NAT) as the ‘gold standard’ test. 223 samples were found reactive; out of which 93 (four HIV, 34 HCV and 55 HBV) samples were concordant reactive and tested positive by both methods while 130 discordant reactive samples were reactive either by ELISA or ECLIA. Out of 130 discordant reactive samples ELISA-reactive and ECLIA-non-reactive samples for HIV, HCV and HBV were 15, eight, and 29 respectively while ECLIA-reactive ELISA-non-reactive samples for HIV, HCV and HBV were 39, 36 and three respectively. Sensitivity of ECLIA and ELISA was 100 % for all three TTD markers, while specificity was 99.62 % and 99.85 % for HIV; 99.64 % and 99.84 % for HCV and 99.97 % and 99.70 % for HBV respectively. Strength of agreement and Kappa Statistics for ECLIA and ELISA compared to the gold standard test was poor and fair for HIV (k = 0.169 and 0.347), moderate and good for HCV (k = 0.539 and 0.763), and very good and good for HBV (k = 0.973 and 0.783). According to this study, it can be concluded both the testing techniques; ELISA and ECLIA have 100 % sensitivity for the detection for HBV, HCV and HIV in blood donors and therefore, either can be used for TTD screening in blood banks in India.

THE EMPOWERMENT OF MADRASAH ALIYAH NEGERI 2 BANYUMAS STUDENTS TO IMPROVE THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND PREVENTION OF SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DISEASE. The incidence of pregnancy without marriage in students tens to increase. About 62.7% of teenagers in Indonesia have free sex and 21% who are pregnant have an abortion. About 30% of HIV-AIDS patients are teenagers. Knowledge of the importance of reproductive health, especially related to the way of transmission of sexually transmitted disease can help adolescents in making decisions of their health. Mandrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Banyumas is one of senior high school in center of city which were their students can access the information from either internet or mass media easely, so the tendency to access negative things that can affect theit actions is very possible. This empowerment was carried out with transfer knowledge, providing modules, leaflet, watch the video, and role play. The subject were 392 students of MAN 2 Banyumas. Pre-test and post-test score analyzed with wilcoxon sign-rank test. There were significant differences in students’ knowledge before and after the activity. In conclusion, this program can improve the knowledge of reproductive health and prevent the transmission of sexual transmitted disease in students of MAN 2 Banyumas.

Background & Objectives:The use of insecticide treated nets has been advocated for the prevention of the vector borne transmitted disease (malaria) by the World Health Organization and UNICEF for more than a decade. In spite of this, there is no significant reduction in the transmission of the disease. Main objectives of study were to find out the real pattern of using it, to find out the physical integrity of the bed nets being used, and to prove the correlation in between the physical integrity of bed nets and the disease outcome. Torn bed nets with holes size more than 1.2 mm were considered as “holes” in this study.Materials & Methods:A community based cross- sectional study was carried out in Lakhantari VDC within the duration of two weeks. This VDC has been named recently as Gramthan Gaupalika one of State one. Sample size of 384 was determined by the WHO sample size calculator. Face to face interview technique was used after taking consent from individual. Confidentiality was maintained. It was ethically approved by the IRC (Institutional Review Committee) of Nobel Medical College.Results:A total of 384 household were studied. Total household had bed nets but the physical integrity of bed nets was not intact. Almost 73% of the bed nets were torn having more than four holes in them. Nearly 94% of household used bed nets only for three to four days a week. Nearly half of the Malaria was found among 22% and encephalitis in 17% of household. Conclusion:Use of bed nets do not prevent and provide guarantee from vector borne disease unless it is properly used. Torn bed nets are of almost no use unless people are using other preventive measures.

A sífilis congênita (SC) é uma doença de transmissão vertical causada pelo Treponema pallidum provocando uma infecção do bebê ainda no útero. O diagnóstico da SC é difícil e tem sido feito por uma combinação de critérios clínicos e laboratoriais, o que torna necessário a busca por novos métodos de diagnóstico para auxiliar a tomada de decisão. Os testes moleculares, apesar de ainda não serem rotina nos laboratórios, estão sendo cada vez mais utilizados. A etapa pré-analítica de coleta da amostra, extração e preservação do DNA é fundamental. O uso de sangue fixado em cartão (SFC) tem sido uma alternativa no diagnóstico de várias doenças pela facilidade na execução da etapa pré-analítica. Nosso trabalho teve como objetivo detectar T. pallidum por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) a partir de SFC de recém-nascidos que tiveram resultado positivo no PCR com a amostra de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). Foram analisadas 82 amostras pareadas (sangue e LCR) de 41 RN na do Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio (HCSA), de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, sendo 22 positivas e 19 negativas. A sensibilidade e especificidade foram 63,3% e 100%, respectivamente. A concordância entre os métodos foi substancial (K=0,619), mostrando que a PCR diretamente de SFC pode ser promissora, desde que aperfeiçoada sendo uma possibilidade de diagnosticar a SC e facilitar a triagem neonatal.

Background : HIV,HBV,& HCV is preventable transmitted disease, can accurately & correctly analyse by Elisa ,a superior method than rapid screening of blood units & its components. Aim : To see the positive results shown by Elisa method is positive by rapid or not. By this the superiority of method can be decided for screening of blood units in blood bank. Method : Out of 3650 blood units a sample of 50 elisa reactives were retested by Rapid method & results are analysed & compared. Only the higher Optical density gives positive result by rapid. Lower Optical density were not detected by rapid method, carry the risk of transmission to recipient. Result : The result of Elisa is not parallel to rapid test. Many samples reactive by Elisa were not detected positive by rapid due to low OD. Conclusion : Study shown that Rapid testing of samples for HIV, HBV& HCV are inferior to Elisa, Which is a gold standard for screening of blood donors in blood banks. DOI: 10.21276/AABS.1450

Sexually transmitted disease (STD) partner services (PS) are a core component of STD programs. Data on costs are needed to support PS programming.In Washington State STD PS programs, disease intervention specialists (DIS) conduct telephone-based interviews and occasional field visits, offer expedited partner therapy to heterosexuals with gonorrhea or chlamydia, and promote human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, preexposure prophylaxis, and HIV care. We conducted activity-based microcosting of PS, including: observational and self-reported time studies and interviews. We analyzed cost, surveillance, and service delivery data to determine costs per program outcomes.In King, Pierce, and Spokane counties, respectively, DIS allocated 6.5, 6.4, and 28.8 hours per syphilis case and 1.5, 1.6, and 2.9 hours per gonorrhea/chlamydia case, on average. In 2016, each full-time DIS investigated 270, 268, and 61 syphilis and 1177, 1105, and 769 gonorrhea/chlamydia cases. Greater than 80% of syphilis cases in King and Pierce were among men who have sex with men versus 38% in Spokane. Disease intervention specialists spent 12% to 39% of their time actively interviewing cases and notifying partners (clients), and the remaining time locating clients, coordinating and verifying care, and managing case reports. Time spent on expedited partner therapy, HIV testing, and referrals to HIV treatment or preexposure prophylaxis, was minimal (5 minutes per interview) at locations with resources outside PS staff. Program cost-per-interview ranged from US $527 to US $2210 for syphilis, US $219 to US $484 for gonorrhea, and US $164 to US $547 for chlamydia.The STD PS resource needs depended on epidemic characteristics and program models. Integrating HIV prevention objectives minimally impacted PS-specific program costs. Results can inform program planning, future budget impact, and cost-effectiveness analyses.

Prions cause transmissible infectious diseases in humans and animals and have been found to be transmissible by blood transfusion even in the presymptomatic stage. However, the concentration of prions in body fluids such as blood and urine is extremely low, and therefore direct diagnostic tests on such specimens often yield false-negative results. Quantitative preanalytical prion enrichment may significantly improve the sensitivity of prion assays by concentrating trace amounts of prions from large volumes of body fluids. Here we show that beads conjugated to positively charged peptoids not only captured PrP aggregates from plasma of prion-infected hamsters, but also adsorbed prion infectivity in both the symptomatic and preclinical stages of the disease. Bead absorbed prion infectivity efficiently transmitted disease to transgenic indicator mice. We found that the readout of the peptoid-based misfolded protein assay (MPA) correlates closely with prion infectivity in vivo, thereby validating the MPA as a simple, quantitative, and sensitive surrogate indicator of the presence of prions. The reliable and sensitive detection of prions in plasma will enable a wide variety of applications in basic prion research and diagnostics.

Many parasites and pathogens are transmitted via water, including through faecal contamination of water sources. Yet water is essential for survival, and some species gain nutritional and other benefits from coprophagy. We investigated how primates balance the risks of faecal pathogen transmission with potential benefits of faeces ingestion in their selection of water sources by conducting behavioural experiments with five species of lemurs (Family Lemuridae) in captivity. Subjects were given a choice between clean water and water ‘contaminated’ with disinfected faecal material, which contained cues associated with faecally transmitted parasites, but minimal risk. We found that lemurs exhibited strong preferences for the clean water. This pattern was supported even at low levels of faecal contamination and in species adapted to water-limited habitats, for which choosiness about water quality could present a dehydration risk. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that avoiding faecal contamination is important in water selection.

Health workers are due to the nature of their work, when compared to general population, under greater risk from occurrence of blood-transmitted diseases. Exposure to infective and potentially infective agents carries the most common risk from infection of virus hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV, and are represented as a sting on a used needle, injuries on other sharp objects, as well as contact of the mucous membrane or injured skin, with blood, tissue or body fluids which are potentially infective. Due to virus complexity, disease progress, different clinical entities, numerous complications, bad prognosis, and limited therapy possibilities, HBV, HCV and HIV infections even today represent a challenge for a vast number of experts of different profiles and specializations. According to the data of World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007. professional risk with health workers from HBV infection is 5.9%, HCV 2.6%, and from HIV infection 0.09-0.3% . .

Dirofilariosis is a cosmopolitan vector-borne transmitted disease whose causal agents in Europe are D. immitis and D. repens. Hosts are mainly domestic and wild canines and felines. While there is a great amount of data on dirofilariosis in pets (dogs and cats), information on the extension of this parasitosis in wild reservoirs is scarce. In the present study, we analyzed the carcasses of 451 carnivores that were legally shot during the hunting periods of 2006-2011 in 4 different geo-climatic areas of Krasnodar Krai, Southwestern Russian Federation. Two hundred and thirty-five foxes, 60 jackals, 90 raccoon dogs and 66 badgers were examined for the presence of D. immitis and D. repens. Worms were identified by morphological and morphometric characteristics, anatomical location and their identities being confirmed by PCR. One hundred and seven animals were parasitized by Dirofilaria spp. (23.7%). D. immitis was found in foxes, jackals and raccoon dogs with a global prevalence of 23.4%. D. repens was observed in jackals and badgers with a global prevalence of 10.3%. Mixed infections were observed only in 4 jackals. The highest prevalence was observed in raccoon dogs (31.1%), but no significant differences exist among the 4 species. Comparing the results obtained in each geo-climatic area, there is a higher prevalence in animals from the bay marshes (35.4%). These prevalences are, in general, higher than those reported in other countries from Central Europe and Balkans. Two new wild hosts in Europe, raccoon dog for D. immitis and badger for D. repens, were reported in Krasnodar Krai. Future research can contribute to establish the real risk of dirofilariosis in wild reservoirs for man and their pets in this region.

A reaction–diffusion model is investigated to understand infective environments in a man–environment–man epidemic model. The free boundary is introduced to describe the expanding front of an infective environment induced by fecally–orally transmitted disease. The basic reproduction number R0 for the non-spatial epidemic model is defined and the basic reproduction number R0F(t) for the free boundary problem is introduced, and the behavior of positive solutions to the reaction–diffusion system is discussed. Sufficient conditions for the bacteria to vanish or spread are given. We show that, if R0 ≤ 1, the bacteria always vanish, and if R0F(t0)≥1 for some t0 ≥ 0, the bacteria must spread, while if R0F(0)

Aim of the work: cervical cancer is considered as a major wellbeing danger towards women. Many studies have shown that even with the high prevalence of cervical cancer the awareness of cervical cancer, cervical screening and human papilloma virus (HPV) is very low. This study aimed to evaluate the level of awareness of cervical cancer, Pap smear test and HPV among women in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among women in Saudi Arabia during the period from October 2017 to January 2018. A total of 412 participants were included in this study. Data were collected by using pre coded structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using the SPSS. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: the overall knowledge level of cervical cancer was good (78.6%), but it was low regarding the HPV (16.4%) and Pap smear screening test (35.9%). Conclusion: this study concluded that the level of knowledge about cervical cancer was generally good among women in Saudi Arabia, but there was low knowledge regarding Pap smear test and HPV as a main cause of cervical cancer and as sexual transmitted disease. There was a need for health education to increase the awareness of cervical cancer among women in Saudi Arabia.

This review is a perspective on the history of Chagas disease, and it adopts a novel approach from literary studies, historical documents and the science and epidemiology of the nature of the disease. From this analysis, comes the review's working definition of the Contact Zone (CZ): “the space in which geographically and historically separated people come into contact with each other and establish long-lasting relationships, which usually involve coercive conditions, radical inequality and intolerable conflict.” In the Patient-Physician CZ, we verified the triple transition phenomena: the American trypanosomiasis shifted from a rural, acute, and vectorial transmitted disease to an urban, chronic and non-vectorial disease. In the Academic CZ, we describe the original disagreements which denied the existence of the disease and the current controversies about pathogenic mechanisms and etiological treatment. From the News from Latin America, and in the Original CZ, we will review the evolution of different forms of transmission. As in any good story, research across broad disciplines is necessary to reveal historical perspectives, scientific approaches, and the epidemiology of the disease, which has a prequel of 9000 years and an open ending: thus, we explore across the Global CZ, with its multiple and unexpected actors. Fil: Chao, Chen. Fundación Favaloro; Argentina Fil: Leone, José L.. No especifíca; Fil: Vigliano, Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería; Argentina

The Flour Albus is abnormal vaginal secretions in women. The Flour Albus caused by infection usually accompanied by itching in the vagina and around the outer lip of the vagina, often accompanied by a bad smell and cause pain during urination or intercourse. Impact of Flour Albus which is not handled and persistently disrupts the function of the woman reproductive organs with the occurrencesexually transmitted disease(STD) in young women.Factors that affect the occurrence Flour Albus is many kinds, one of which is the lack of sleep that makes hormones in the body is not balanced. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between sleep pattern disturbance with the flour albus in young women. The study design was cross sectional approach. The sampels of this study are 60respondents with a simple random sampling technique.The study result was Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, there are 58respondents(96,7%)experience sleep pattern disturbance with frequent and occasionalcategories and42 respondents (70%) experience Flour Albus not normal. Indicated that the p value of 0,000 (

Introduction: Flies can transmitted disease. The final waste disposals were the breeding place of flies, especially when the final waste disposals weren`t implementation in good management. The objectives of the research were to analyze the differences between flies density in the Pakusari landfill and Ambulu landfill, Jember District, Indonesia. Method: the method was analytic with a cross-sectional design. The data were collected with observation, interview and measure the flies density. The population was all of the area kavling in the Pakusari and Ambulu landfill. The samples were total population. There were 4 active kavling in the landfill, and interview 68 head of the family which stays around the landfill how the flies disrupt their daily activity. The measurements of flies density were using fly grill, stopwatch, form the flies density. The type of flies was identification. Result and Discussion: Waste disposal management at Pakusari landfill was a controlled landfill, and Ambulu was open dumping. Both of flies density of the landfill were categorized very high. The measurement of flies density was in September 2019, whereas the Pakusari landfill using open dumping because of the equipment was broken. The highest flies density on Pakusari at kavling 2 dan 3,4 were 44,4 per 30 seconds (point 1) and 42,4 per 30 seconds (point 1). At kavling 2, 3 Ambulu landfills were 34 per 30 seconds (point 6) and 31,4 per second (point 1) There were sig difference flies density between Pakusari and Ambulu landfill (p=0,000). The most of flies were Musca Domestica(81%). The most distribution of flies were disturbed by the view, causing diarrhea, typus. Conclussion: Waste disposal landfill management should be improving with sanitary landill to control the flies density and decrease the vector-borne disease.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a genetically transmitted disease, is the most common genetic cardiovascular disease. Current strategies to stratify risk are expensive and concentrated in wealthy centers. Twelve‐lead electrocardiography (ECG) is inexpensive, universally available, and can be readily used for Selvester QRS scoring, which estimates scar size. This study aimed to establish the relation between ECG scar quantification and myocardial fibrosis (extent of myocardial delayed enhancement) in multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). HYPOTHESIS: There is a significant association between ECG scar quantification and the extent of myocardial delayed enhancement in MDCT. METHODS: Seventy‐five patients with HCM underwent a routine clinical evaluation and echocardiography, 12‐lead ECG, and MDCT study. Patients with and without an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator were included. RESULTS: The estimated Selvester QRS score of myocardial fibrosis was correlated significantly (R = 0.70; P

Agent-based models have become important tools in ecology, particularly in the study of infectious disease dynamics. Simulations of near-continuous movement paths guided by empirical data offer new avenues of investigation into disease transmission. Here, we simulate the spatiotemporal transmission dynamics of anthrax, the acute disease caused by the bacteriumBacillus anthracis, a pathogen transmitted primarily via environmental reservoirs. We explore how calculations of the probabilities of contact between a host and infectious reservoirs are affected by the scale and method of analysis. At both the landscape and individual scales, empirical movement tracks offer previously unattainable estimates of impacts of movement decisions on contact rate metrics. However, the analytical method selected for the calculation of the probability of contact has notable impacts on the resulting estimates, with convex polygons virtually canceling out variation, and unions of local convex hulls (LoCoH methods) and space-time prisms reflecting reasonable variation, but differing in the magnitude of their estimates. The explicit consideration of behavioral states along movement pathways also impacts evaluations of exposure risk, though its effects differ across methods of analysis. Ultimately, simulations demonstrate that the incorporation of movement data into pathogen transmission analyses helps clarify the role of movement processes underlying the observed dynamics of infectious disease.

More than half the population of the world is at risk for morbidity and mortality from vector-transmitted diseases, and emerging vector-transmitted infections are threatening new populations. Rising insecticide resistance and lack of efficacious vaccines highlight the need for novel control measures. One such approach is targeting the vector-host interface by incorporating vector salivary proteins in anti-pathogen vaccines. Debate remains about whether vector saliva exposure exacerbates or protects against more severe clinical manifestations, induces immunity through natural exposure or extends to all vector species and associated pathogens. Nevertheless, exploiting this unique biology holds promise as a viable strategy for the development of vaccines against vector-transmitted diseases.

La sífilis es una enfermedad de transmisión sexual, producida por Treponema pallidum, que compromete múltiples sistemas. Puede ser adquirida o congénita y presentarse en diferentes estadios de evolución. Esta enfermedad tiene impacto en la salud de la mujer gestante y el feto, por lo cual debe realizarse el tamizaje universal. Las manifestaciones clínicas son proteiformes, dependiendo del estadio clínico, y el diagnóstico se realiza por medio de pruebas no treponémicas y treponémicas. El estándar de oro del tratamiento es la penicilina; en pacientes alérgicas debe realizarse la prueba de desensibilización, debido a que los fármacos alternativos no han demostrado beneficio en la mujer gestante. El seguimiento se realiza con pruebas no treponémicas y se espera caída de los títulos, en cuatro veces su valor inicial a los seis meses y negativización a los 12 a 24 meses.

Changes in landscape and land use can drive the emergence of zoonoses, and hence, there has been great interest in understanding how land cover change and the cascade of ecological effect associated with it are associated with emerging infectious diseases. In this chapter, we review how a spatially hierarchical approach can be used to guide research into the links between landscape properties and zoonotic diseases. Methodological advances have played a role in the revival of landscape epidemiology and we introduce the role of methodologies such as geospatial analysis and mathematical modeling. Importantly, we discuss cross-scale analysis and how this would provide a richer perspective of the ecology of zoonotic diseases. Finally, we will provide an overview of how hierarchical research strategies and modeling might be generally used in analyses of infectious zoonoses originating in wildlife.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a naturally-occurring, fecally transmitted disease caused by a Hantavirus (HV). It is extremely damaging to human health and results in many deaths annually, especially in Hubei Province, China. One of the primary characteristics of HFRS is the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of its occurrence, with notable seasonal differences. In view of this heterogeneity, the present study suggests that there is a need to focus on trend simulation and the spatiotemporal prediction of HFRS outbreaks. To facilitate this, we constructed a new Seasonal Difference Space-Time Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SD-STARIMA) model. The SD-STARIMA model is based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Space-Time Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (STARMA) model first developed by Cliff and Ord in 1974, which has proven useful in modelling the temporal aspects of spatially located data. This model can simulate the trends in HFRS epidemics, taking into consideration both spatial and temporal variations. The SD-STARIMA model is also able to make seasonal difference calculations to eliminate temporally non-stationary problems that are present in the HFRS data. Experiments have demonstrated that the proposed SD-STARIMA model offers notably better prediction accuracy, especially for spatiotemporal series data with seasonal distribution characteristics.

In multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive neurodegeneration results from the protein α-synuclein misfolding into a self-templating prion conformation that spreads throughout the brain. MSA prions are transmissible to transgenic (Tg) mice expressing mutated human α-synuclein (TgM83(+/-)), inducing neurological disease following intracranial inoculation with brain homogenate from deceased patient samples. Noting the similarities between α-synuclein prions and PrP scrapie (PrP(Sc)) prions responsible for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), we investigated MSA transmission under conditions known to result in PrP(Sc) transmission. When peripherally exposed to MSA via the peritoneal cavity, hind leg muscle, and tongue, TgM83(+/-) mice developed neurological signs accompanied by α-synuclein prions in the brain. Iatrogenic CJD, resulting from PrP(Sc) prion adherence to surgical steel instruments, has been investigated by incubating steel sutures in contaminated brain homogenate before implantation into mouse brain. Mice studied using this model for MSA developed disease, whereas wire incubated in control homogenate had no effect on the animals. Notably, formalin fixation did not inactivate α-synuclein prions. Formalin-fixed MSA patient samples also transmitted disease to TgM83(+/-) mice, even after incubating in fixative for 244 months. Finally, at least 10% sarkosyl was found to be the concentration necessary to partially inactivate MSA prions. These results demonstrate the robustness of α-synuclein prions to denaturation. Moreover, they establish the parallel characteristics between PrP(Sc) and α-synuclein prions, arguing that clinicians should exercise caution when working with materials that might contain α-synuclein prions to prevent disease.

Our study investigated whether antibiotic therapy in infertile tobacco users with sterile leukocytospermia and a history of former sexual transmitted disease (STD) has an advantage over cessation of smoking alone. For this study, 80 male infertile smokers were divided into two subgroups. The first group numbered 40 patients treated with a two week course of doxycycline, 100 mg, twice daily, while the second group simply ceased smoking. A control group of 20 patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis (CPPS III a) were treated with the same antibiotic for two weeks. Patients from the first group exhibited significantly higher values in semen volume, total motility, and progressive motility of spermatozoa, when compared with the second group, two weeks post treatment. The latter two measures persisted during the 12 week follow up period. In both groups of patients, the correlation coefficient between the number of leukocytes and progressive motility was determined as statistically significant. However, in the control group the correlation was not statistically significant; however progressive motility, total motility, and vitality were significantly improved after a two week course of antibiotics. Our study implies that antibiotic treatment is perhaps effective in treating sterile leukocytospermia in smokers with a former STD and is a more effective treatment option in improving sperm parameters over smoking cessation alone.STD: sexual transmitted disease; CPPS IIIa: chronic abacterial prostatitis; PSA: prostatic specific antigen; EPS: expressed prostatic secretion; WBC: white blood count; LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms; PPMT: pre-massage and post-massage urine test; VAS: visual analogue scale.

Type 16 and Type 18 Human Papiloma Virus are highly associated with cervical cancer. Vaccination against these two types have been proved to be the most successful method to control this sexual transmitted disease. The vaccines has also been proved to be save, but unfortunately the incidence is still arising. In this review, we consider the accumulated evidence that HPV vaccines are already reducing burned in cervical cancer and preventing HPV infection, summarize the efficacy from different angles from scientific, social and economy while discussing the new generation nine-valent HPV vaccines.