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In order to improve the utilization of solar energy absorbed by the building wall, a passive building technology, that is the wall implanted with heat pipes, had been proposed. In the present study, two rooms with the same environmental conditions were built, and the one with a wall implanted with heat pipes installed was taken as a test room and the other as a control. The dynamic heat transfer characteristics of a wall implanted with heat pipes in transition season and its impact on indoor thermal environment were studied experimentally. The results showed that the application of a wall implanted with heat pipes could increase the indoor temperature by about 0.5 °C and would assert a positive influence on the vertical distribution of temperature. The PMV-PPD values of two rooms were calculated to compare and evaluate the improvement in thermal comfort, and the results indicated that the wall implanted with heat pipes reduced the dissatisfaction rate by more than one seventh in comparison to the indoor thermal environment. Also, it enhanced the PMV value. Therefore, wall implanted with heat pipes as an auxiliary heat source has a good effect on the indoor thermal environment during the transition season.

Kebijakan dan regulasi dengan sifat armada perikanan skala kecil yang multispesies dan multigear dapat menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan hasil tangkapan di setiap daerah penangkapan ikan. Klasterisasi armada perikanan dapat memberikan informasi yang lebih efektif dan efisien untuk tindakan pengelolaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi klasterisasi armada perikanan skala kecil berdasarkan kemiripan hasil tangkapan, pendapatan dan biaya operasional. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode survei, penentuan responden dengan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan Square Euclidean Distance. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan hasil tangkapan, pendapatan dan biaya operasional tertinggi pada musim barat dan pancaroba 1 adalah armada purse seine, musim timur dan pancaroba 2 adalah armada bagan, sedangkan terendah pada musim barat sampai pancaroba 2 adalah armada gillnet hanyut. Secara umum pada musim barat terdapat 3 kelompok klaster besar, musim pancaroba 1 terdapat 2 kelompok klaster besar, musim timur terdapat 3 kelompok klaster besar, musim pancaroba 2 terdapat 4 kelompok klaster besar. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa klasterisasi yang terjadi dalam setiap musim dipengaruhi oleh hasil tangkapan, pendapatan dan biaya operasional. Jumlah dan struktur klasterisasi armada perikanan skala kecil selalu berubah dalam setiap musim.

We analyze the characteristics of atmospheric variations over tropical South America using the pattern recognition framework of weather typing or atmospheric circulation patterns (CPs). During 1979-2020, nine CPs are defined in the region, using a k-means algorithm based on daily unfiltered 850 hPa winds over 0035°N-30°S, 90°W-30°W. CPs are primarily interpreted as stages of the annual cycle of the low-level circulation. We identified three “winter” CPs (CP7, CP8 and CP9), three “summer” CPs (CP3, CP4 and CP5) and three “transitional” CPs (CP1, CP2 and CP6). Significant long-term changes are detected during the dry-to-wet transition season (July-October) over south tropical South America (STSA). One of the wintertime patterns (CP9) increases from 20% in the 1980s to 35% in the last decade while the “transitional” CP2 decreases from 13% to 7%. CP9 is characterized by enhancement of the South American Low-Level Jet and increasing atmospheric subsidence over STSA. CP2 is characterized by southerly cold-air incursions and anomalous convective activity over STSA. The years characterized by high (low) frequency of CP9 (CP2) during the dry-to-wet transition season are associated with a delayed South American Monsoon onset and anomalous dry conditions over STSA. Consistently, a higher frequency of CP9 intensifies the fire season over STSA (1999-2020). Over the Brazilian states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Goiás and São Paulo, the seasonal frequency of CP9 explains around 35%-44% of the interannual variations of fire counts.

The present study aimed to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of sea surface currents in the Makassar Strait by using satellite imagery data. The TheAVISO satellite imagery data was applied from January to December 2019. The results of the study obtained that the Makassar Strait waters based on the Makassar Strait water current map (West Season, Transition Season I, EastSeason, and Transition Season II) found that surface currents move from the south (Sea Flores) towards the North. Where the West Season (December -February) and East Season (September -November) have a stronger current velocity compared to the transition season each year, which ranges from 0.3243- .5059m/s. Meanwhile, the current velocity during the transition season was around 0.05347 -0.2352 m/s. The results of this study are expected to be a preliminary study for the current patterns map in the Makassar Strait and their correlation to the distribution of economically important fish in these waters region ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi spasial dan temporal arus permukaan laut di perairan Selat Makassar dengan menggunakan data citra satelit. Data yang digunakan adalah data citra satelit AVISO Januari-Desember 2019. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa perairan Selat Makassar Berdasarkan peta arus perairan Selat Makassar (Musim Barat, Musim peralihan I, Musim Timur dan musim peralihan II) didapatkan bahwa arus permukaan bergerak dari Selatan (Laut Flores) ke arah bagian Utara. Dimana Musim Barat (Desember – Februari) dan Musim Timur (September – November) memiliki kecepatan arus yang lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan musim peralihan setiap tahunnya yaitu berkisar antara 0.3243 - 0.5059 m/s. Sedangkan kecepatan arus pada saat terjadi musim peralihan yaitu sekitar 0.05347 - 0.2352 m/s. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi penelitian pendahuluan untuk memetakan pola arus di Selat Makassar dan keterkaitannya dengan distribusi ikan-ikan ekonomis penting di perairan tersebut.

Phase change material (PCM) coupled with night ventilation (NV) is regarded as a promising cooling strategy. The suitability of PCM coupled with NV in transition and hot seasons of 10 cities in Western China was investigated based on a non-air-conditioned office building. The optimum phase change temperature (PCT) and the cooling potential of PCM coupled with NV in transition and hot seasons were determined by numerical investigations using EnergyPlus. The results showed that the optimum PCT for the 10 selected cities varied from 23 °C to 29 °C. PCM coupled with NV was suitable for application in all of the selected cities, but the PCM strategy was the best choice for the transition season in cities in severe cold zone. Applying PCM coupled with NV strategy could reduce the discomfort hours in the transition season by at least 16% compared with NV alone. In addition, the favorable outdoor air dry-bulb temperature (Tout) for the application of PCM coupled with NV was obtained for the selected cities in Western China, which had the following characteristics: (1) the diurnal temperature difference (ΔT) exceeded 6.8 °C, (2) the average value (Tave) was close to 27 °C, (3) the minimum value (Tmin) was 2.7 °C lower than the optimum PCT and the maximum value (Tmax) was 1.7 °C higher than the optimum PCT.

CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS OF SEA WAVES USING WINDWAVE-12 SOFTWARE (CASE STUDY: MENTAWAI ISLANDS). Territorial water of Mentawai Islands that directly facing to India Ocean has some potency of big waves to happen it has an impact on community activity like fisherman activity, ship crossing and many more. This research is implemented to get the ideas of the characteristic sea waves using Windwaves-12 with data that are used from December 2016 until November 2017. From processing data of Windwaves-12 can be concluded that the highest significant wave value occurs during the western season (December – February) and east season (June – August) with height 0,5 – 2m. In the transition season II (September – November) significant wave height with 0,5 – 2 and the transition season I (March – may) lowest significant wave in 0,5 – 1,25 m until this season still in the safe situation for the people to do their activity.

The wind environment is an important factor affecting the comfort of the outdoor environment in high-rise residential communities. The numerical simulation of ventilation situation in the outdoor environment could provide scientific bases for the design of various elements in a community, including space layout, roads, activity spaces, water system, and plants. Taking the Changqingteng community, Xinxiang as the object, this paper numerically simulates the wind environment in summer, winter, and the transition season on THSware VENT2018, and analyzes the wind speed amplification factors, wind speed vector diagrams, and wind speed cloud maps on the outdoor environment of the community. The results show that both wind speed and wind speed amplification factor fall into the comfortable ranges in most places of the community throughout the year. In summer, only a few windless activity spaces are uncomfortable on hot and humid days. In winter, multiple wind corridors appear in the north of the community. These corridors greatly suppress the comfort of residents, owing to their fast wind speed and large wind speed amplification factor. The following measures could be taken to optimize the outdoor environment of the community: adding leisure spaces around the water system to improve comfort in summer, and setting up wind barriers by planting dense evergreen plants between the buildings on the north side to improve comfort in winter.

Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development has released the KUB (Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan) chicken to increase the contribution of local chickens to the national meat supply for community’s animal protein needs. This paper aims to determine the constraints and benefits of KUB chickens cultivating in Central Java Province. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive methods with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The R/C analysis results showed that breeders would get more significant profit by raising KUB chickens (2.38) compared to local native chickens (1.72). KUB chicken farming faces several obstacles, including suboptimal productivity of eggs and chicken meat, limited availability of KUB chicken seeds, inadequate location and size of the cage, attacks of poultry disease during the transition season and low access to bank credit. Therefore, it is advisable to cultivate KUB chickens in battery cages in a broader area to optimise the productivity and minimise mortality rates. The government can encourage seed resources management unit (UPBS) and collaborate with private companies and independent breeders to carry out KUB chicken breeding to increase the availability of KUB chicken seeds. The government is also expected to facilitate an access to bank credit for KUB chicken breeders, especially for business capital.

Between 2017 and 2019, samplings were carried out in the San Jorge, Cauca and Magdalena River basins in Colombia, to determine the presence of methyl paraben and carbamazepine in water and Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum. For the analysis of the samples, a validation of the analytical method was performed, following the EPA method 1694 (Pharmaceutical and personal care products in water), with slight modifications. This was done by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, for quantification of methyl paraben and carbamazepine, including parameters of linearity, accuracy precision and veracity. Carbamazepine was found in the Magdalena River at 8.03 ± 0.01 µg/L in transition season. In fish samples, methyl paraben and carbamazepine were detected in a range between 32 and 90.80 µg/kg in transition and dry seasons.

The Banda Sea is an area of water with a high potential in the field of fisheries. The condition is indicated by high fishing season. This paper aims to examine the relationship between physical oceanographic conditions with tuna, tuna and skipjack catch landed at the Ambon Fishing Port (PPN) of Ambon in 2015. The data used are monthly average monthly data of INDESO model of the model which includes temperature, salinity and current with 1/12-degree spatial resolution. Based on data of tuna fish caught at temperature range 16-18 0 C, salinity 34-34,5 PSU, current 0,1-0,05 m/s at >200 m deep; tuna fish caught at temperature range 20-22 0 C, salinity 34-34,5 PSU, current 0,1-0,05 m/s at depth 200 m, showed an increase in a catch during the transition period II (September-November) and the west season, while in the transition season I (March-May) and the east has decreased.

To derive deeper insight into the dynamic thermal comfort demands of the elderly in response to the seasonal climate shift, 213 people aged above 60 years in nursing homes were surveyed in a long-term field investigation conducted in Xi'an, China. A subjective questionnaire of thermal comfort and objective physical environment tests was administered, and 834 valid questionnaires were collected. Human thermal responses to seasonal climate shift, and their correlations with indoor operative temperatures were analyzed. Seasonal and yearly adaptive thermal comfort models for the elderly were then developed. Results show that clothing regulation during the transition season was most sensitive to temperature changes. Neutral temperatures during winter, transition season, and summer were 19.4 °C, 22.6 °C, and 24.1 °C, respectively. The acceptable temperature ranges that 80% and 90% respondents accepted were 14.9°C-30.4 °C and 17.7°C-27.7 °C, respectively. Nearly half the older respondents expected indoor temperature to remain unchanged during all seasons, but the percentage of respondents who wanted warmer or cooler indoor temperatures varied in different seasons. The yearly adaptive comfort model for elderly differed from models in ASHRAE 55 and EN 15251, as well as the models for elderly in Shanghai and young people in Xi'an. The results indicate that elderly in Xi'an actively adapt to the indoor thermal environment through behavioral adjustment. Moreover, they have higher acceptability and lower psychological expectations on the thermal environment. The model established in this study may have some limitations for the sample size, but can serve as references while designing comfortable and healthy indoor thermal environments for nursing homes.

The daily passenger flow and ride times for subway systems are increasing in many large cities. Understanding the characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM) in subway stations and train cars is essential in reducing passenger exposure to these pollutants. This study conducted field sampling on two subway lines in Tianjin, China (an old line, L1, and a new line, L6), during the transition season for a period of three weeks. During the first week, the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in subway cars were turned off, while during the following two weeks, the systems were turned on. Measurements were conducted in subway cars, in stations (6 typical above-ground and underground stations), and in the ambient environment simultaneously. The CO2 concentrations in the cars were linearly related to passenger density (p

Window opening behavior is a common and effective way for occupants to improve indoor thermal comfort and air quality. There are many studies on the window opening behavior in residential buildings, but research on infant families is still lacking. This paper examines the window opening behavior of four infant families in Beijing and Tianjin that are located in a cold region of China during the transition season. The Kendall Tau coefficient is used to measure the correlation between behavior and environmental factors for the first time. Two types of windows opening behavior were found: i) related to environmental factors and ii) independent of environmental factors. The study reveals that the window opening probability in the living room of infant families is 70.6%, and in the bedroom is 57.2%, which is obviously higher than the existing research on ordinary residents (24.3 ∼ 43.2%). The window opening probability of infant families shows a more obvious downward trend with increasing outdoor PM2.5 concentration compared to ordinary families. Non-environmental factors, such as time of day and age of infant, also affect behavior. Based on the proposed concept of indoor CO2 driving strength (DSCO2_In), it was concluded that the variation of the indoor CO2 concentration is the result of the window opening behavior rather than a driving factor. The logistic regression model shows that outdoor temperature and PM2.5 concentration are the most important factors. This study can help us gain a thorough understanding of the window opening behavior in infant families and it can also provide data and theoretical support for of the simulation of energy consumption in infant families.

There is still a gap in research on the impact of Chinese Green Building Three-Star evaluation standard on occupant satisfaction. This paper reports the results of a preliminary comparative analysis of the satisfaction levels of occupants in relation to the building overall, building performance and several indoor environment quality (IEQ) parameters in different seasons for Three-Star certified and non-certified office buildings in the cold zone, hot summer-cold winter zone, and hot summer-warm winter zone. In addition, in light of previous research on occupants' satisfaction with LEED and BREEAM certified buildings, a further comparative analysis was performed to explore the difference in the impacts of different rating tools on occupant satisfaction. It was found that Three-Star building users were more satisfied than the users of non-certified buildings, with significant differences for all the parameters investigated without exception. In addition, in the relation to the air freshness in the transition season, air cleanliness in the transition season, humidity in winter, air cleanliness in winter, natural lighting in winter, acoustic environment in winter, colors & textures, IEQ control, building cleanliness, building maintenance, and building overall, Three-Star certification had a relatively small effect on occupant satisfaction in all three climate zones. The results of the comparative analysis seemed to show that the effects of LEED or BREEAM certification on occupants' satisfaction were not as marked as that of Three-Star certification. However, the reason behind this could be the difference in the performance of non-certified buildings, not the assessment methods.

El Niño and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are oceanographic phenomena which occur in the tropical Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean due to air–sea interactions. These phenomena affect climate variability both regionally and globally. This study was conducted to understand the impacts of El Niño 2015 and IOD 2016 events on rainfall in the Pameungpeuk and Cilacap regions. The data used consists of the NIÑO3.4 index, IOD index, daily rainfall from 1987–2016, daily sea surface temperature from 1987–2016, daily sea surface height from 1994–2016 and pentad sea surface current from 2007–2016. The method used in this research was a descriptive analysis. The results have shown that rainfall in Pameungpeuk and Cilacap was influenced by El Niño 2015 and negative IOD 2016. During El Niño 2015 a decrease in rainfall occurred, whereas during negative IOD 2016 rainfall increased. Rainfall anomalies in the east season and the second transition season during El Niño 2015 in Pameungpeuk reached −107 mm and −374 mm; meanwhile in Cilacap rainfall anomalies reached −111 mm and −218 mm. Conversely, rainfall anomalies during negative IOD 2016 reached 109 mm and 360 mm in Pameungpeuk, and in Cilacap reached 293 mm and 365 mm. Changes in rainfall in Pameungpeuk and Cilacap during El Niño 2015 and negative IOD 2016 events were closely related to the weakening and strengthening of convections in the southern waters of Java.

The study of sea surface temperature (SST) is fairly essential for solving many meteorological and oceanographic problem and climate system of the earth. The aim of this study is to explore the variation of SST of Mediterranean Sea during the period (1980-2009) by using statistical analysis technique such as time series and trend. The data obtained from the Europe center (ECMWF) and the resolution of the grid of the variable is 0.5°*0.5° and selects three locations (points) in the Mediterranean Sea. The seasonal variation of SST has the highest value of trend in summer season (0.06) for the points I, II, III, while the lowest value in the transition season, i.e. in spring (0.01) for point I and III and in Autumn (0.04) for point III.

Architectural shade is an effective method for improving building energy efficiency. A new shade combined with the double skin facade (DSF) system, called middle shade (MS), was introduced and developed for buildings. In this paper, a 3D dynamic simulation was conducted to analyze the influence of MS combined with DSF on the indoor thermal characteristics. The research on MS for DSF involves the temperature, the ventilation rate, the velocity distribution of the air flow duct, and the indoor temperature. The results show that the angle and position of the shade in the three seasons are different, and different conditions effectively enhance the indoor thermal characteristics. In summer, the appearance of MS in DSF makes the indoor temperature significantly lower. The indoor temperature is obviously lower than that of the air flow duct, and the temperature of the air flow duct is less affected by MS. The influence of the position of blinds on indoor temperature and ventilation rate is greater than the influence of the angle of blinds. According to the climate characteristics of winter and transition season, in winter, early spring, and late autumn, the indoor temperature decreases with the increase of the position of blinds at daytime, but the opposite is true at night. The results found in this paper can provide reference for the design and use of MS combined with DSF in hot summer and cold winter zone.

Field measurements were conducted on temperature distributions for a long-distance transport bus station under natural ventilation during transition season in city Nanjing at the southern China. Four climate regions are divided for the southern china based on the outdoor meteorological data and one typical city is selected out for each climate region. EnergyPlus software is adopted to simulate the station’s temperatures under natural ventilation for each city. Results are compared some good with that of the measured. The available times of natural ventilation are respectively determined based on an improved thermal adaptation model. The findings are that for the climate region II and III, the building achieves the medium natural ventilation cooling potential; for the region IV, the building achieve the lowest potential; whereas for the region I, it has the best potential. This study contributes to extend the using of natural ventilation for public buildings in southern China so as to realize the HVAC energy saving.

In order to study the outdoor thermal comfort during the transition season in Hefei, a university in Hefei adopted a combination of field environmental measurements and questionnaires to study the changes in thermal sensation and thermal comfort of outdoor people before and after the transition season. The rankings of the effects of temperature, wind speed, humidity, and solar radiation on human thermal comfort were obtained through surveys, and the proportion of each parameter’s influence on human thermal comfort was analyzed. The relationship between thermal sensation and thermal comfort was analyzed, and the application was established through regression analysis Prediction model of thermal sensation in autumn and winter outdoor environment in Hefei area.

Coastal zone is very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The increase of sea wave and sea level rise threaten coastal zone. The purpose of this study is to determine trends of significant wave height and sea level in the southern waters of the special region of Yogyakarta. The data used consists of daily significant wave height from 2010-2018, weekly absolute dynamics topography from 2005-2018 and daily surface wind from 2010-2018. Trends of significant wave height and sea level were analyzed by using linear regression. The results showed that significant wave height during the east season until the second transition season was higher than the west season and the first transition season. Vice versa, sea level during the east season until the second transition season was lower than the west season and the first transition season. Trends of significant wave height has increased of 0.63 cm/year, meanwhile sea level rise reached 0.82 cm/years.

The idea of school has always merged architecture and pedagogy into a unique body, and its existence is characterised by the close relationship between the definition of an appropriate space for those who inhabit the places of education on a daily basis, and a precise educational model suitable for contemporary society and capable of inventing educational spaces for the present and the near future through a consistent transcription of knowledge modes. In school, individuality and universality become one thing and find the balance required for identifying and understanding diversities within the common needs; a community of original objects turned out by hand, who are never the same even if they all are human beings. School architecture represents the concrete opportunity to long for shapes capable to reflect a precise teaching model. In this way, it provides an honest interpretation of all the needs at the basis of a multifaceted theme, with all the peculiarities, the individual accents and the controversies that accompany major transformations occurred over a limited of time. Today’s definition of school buildings confirms the uncontrolled frailty and the contradictory and fragmented meanings that characterises contemporary architecture as a whole, no matter what the specific function. In this new transition season, we don’t see any consistent attempt to reconsider the principles of a branch of knowledge which seems consumed the speed at which figurative possibilities arise. Forty years ago, typological research was abandoned in favour of partial experiments on management and energy issues.

Previous studies on thermal comfort have been mainly conducted in climate chamber, summer and winter in air-conditioned buildings and summer in naturally ventilated buildings, but rarely in transition season (non-air conditioned environment) in air-conditioned buildings. For buildings with large space and high density of people like in high-speed rail station, the thermal comfort of passengers in waiting room in non-air conditioned condition should be a concern. According to ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55, field studies have been carried out in two high-speed railway stations during late spring and late fall in Shandong and Hebei, two provinces located in the cold region of China, using a subjective questionnaire survey simultaneously with thermal environmental parameter monitoring. As a result, the neutral temperature of the passenger was revealed, and the thermal acceptability and preference are discussed. In addition, a suitable model to predict the thermal comfort of the passenger in transition season was developed. Ultimately, we studied the relationship between the length of the waiting time and the thermal comfort of the passengers.

Numerous airport terminals are being constructed in China. However, the current Chinese standards do not specify an indoor comfort zone for airport terminals. Therefore, this study aims to understand the thermal comfort demand of passengers and provide references for designing an indoor thermal environment in airport terminals. We selected typical periods in May 2019, August 2019, and January 2020 to conduct a thermal comfort field study in an airport terminal in the severe cold zone of China. 640 valid questionnaires were collected in the departure lounge during different seasons, and 625 valid questionnaires from different functional zones during winter were analysed. The neutral Top of passengers was 25.6 °C, 23.7 °C, and 17.7 °C in the departure lounge in summer, transition season, and winter, respectively. The 80% and 90% acceptability ranges of passengers in the departure lounge in transition season and winter were wider than in summer, indicating that passengers were easily adaptable to the indoor environment. Differences are observed in the thermal comfort demands of passengers with different dwell times. Because of the difference in metabolic rates, the preferred temperature in the baggage reclaim (16.2 °C) was lower than in the check-in hall and departure lounge (20.3 °C and 20.7 °C, respectively) during winter. This indicates that different design parameters should be developed according to the characteristics of the metabolic rate and dwell time in different functional zones. The findings from this study show excellent energy-saving potential in airport terminals in winter.

The quantification of point source (PS) pollution and non-point source (NPS) pollution in different regions is needed so that targeted management strategies for water environment managers can be prepared. The aim of this study was to establish a method for quantifying PS and NPS pollution by measuring ion concentrations. The Danjiangkou Reservoir and its main tributaries were selected as the study area. The spatiotemporal variation in the concentration of nutrients and ions was analyzed. The results showed that the main ions did not display any distinct spatiotemporal variations on the reservoir, but spatiotemporal variations were evident in the tributaries: Mg2+, Na+, SO42− and Cl− were lowest in the wet season, K+ was highest in the dry-to-wet transition season, and Si was highest in the wet season. We selected Cl−/TN, SO42−/TN, and Na+/TN as PS pollution tracking indicators and K+/TN, Ca2+/TN, and Si/TN as NPS pollution tracking indicators. The mean contribution rate of NPS pollution calculated using Cl−/TN, Na+/TN, and Si/TN, and by the isotope approach, had a significant linear relationship (p

Human beings live in an environment where various factors act together, therefore, it is essential to study the comprehensive effects of multiple factors, particularly the effects of their interaction on environmental evaluations. In this study, the effects of the interaction between sound types and sound levels on acoustic, thermal, and overall evaluations were explored by simulating typical outdoor temperatures in different seasons in a controllable environmental chamber. The results indicated that the acoustic evaluations were significantly higher for birdsong and slow-dance music than for dog barking, conversation, and traffic sound; additionally, the acoustic evaluations at the low sound level were always higher than those at the high sound level. In terms of the thermal evaluations, there was a significant variation in different seasons. In summer, birdsong and slow-dance music effectively improved subjects’ thermal evaluations, while a high sound level of dog barking, conversation, and traffic sound resulted in a decrease; in the transition season, all types of sounds resulted in a decline in the thermal evaluations; meanwhile, in winter and summer, dog barking, conversation, traffic sound and slow-dance music at the low sound level produced higher thermal comfort and thermal acceptability. In terms of the overall evaluations, birdsong and slow-dance music at the low sound level improved overall comfort, while dog barking, conversation, and traffic sound resulted in a significant decrease. For dog barking, conversation, traffic sound and fast-dance music, the overall evaluations at the low sound level were higher than those at the high sound level.

Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) plays an important role by pole and line fishery in the Bone Gulf, Indonesia, since it has a high economic value and wide market acceptance. The purpose of this paper was to assess the seasonal changes of skipjack tuna potential fishing ground in the Bone Gulf. We used pole and line fishery and oceanographic data of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a derived from satellite to figure out the seasonal formation of the potential fishing areas. We developed the spatial model to determine the potential fishing ground based on different levels of oceanographic preferences. The results showed that potential fishing grounds were mostly formed in the first transition season (particularly in May) as well as the west season (especially in November), which have a good association with the specific SST and chlorophyll-a of near 30 Deg C and 0.2 mg m-3, respectively. Most of the potential skipjack fishing ground formation developed along with the specific oceanographic signatures. It was likely that the potential seasonal changes of fishing grounds corresponded with enhanced feeding opportunity distribution pattern for skipjack schools. This suggested that these potential areas play an important for conservation and skipjack fishing management within the study area.

This study investigated the outdoor thermal sensation characteristics in severe cold cities, and the effects of four microclimate parameters on outdoor thermal sensation. A one-year investigation of public spaces in Harbin, China, as an example of a severe cold city, was carried out. Volunteers were randomly invited to fill out a microclimate perception questionnaire, and the real-time microclimate data were measured and recorded at the same time on site. The relationship between the outdoor actual thermal sensation and the perception of microclimate parameters was analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that the effect of microclimate parameters on the actual thermal sensation was very significant. The actual thermal sensation varies greatly from the seasons. People feel the most comfortable in the transition season. Among the four parameters, temperature has the greatest effect on ATSV in cold season and severe cold season, solar radiation has the greatest effect on ATSV in transition season and hot season. In the severe cold season and hot season, the wind speed also has a significant effect on ATSV.

Radiative cooling technology without any energy input and any pollutants produced has drown more and more attention. However, most of the studies were conducted in the transition season of arid areas. In this work, the radiative cooling performance was theoretically and experimentally explored in cooling season of the humid coastal area. The results indicated that the average deviation between the cooling and transition season in arid areas was about 18.9%, while for humid areas, it reached up to 53.9%. And for a clear daytime sky, the average temperature drop in the transition season was about 6 °C, while that in cooling season was only 2.7 °C. Additionally, the tilt experiment demonstrated that strategy can improve the radiative cooling performance in cooling season of humid areas, but the improvement was significantly lower than that in transition season. Subsequently, the average radiative cooling potential of China was further explored and the results revealed that radiative cooling technology can meet the cooling demand of 85% areas in China. Feasible solutions to improve the poor cooling performance in humid areas were further discussed. And reducing the solar absorption and non-radiative heat exchange were expected to address the challenge. Our work provides insight into radiative cooling performance in cooling season of humid areas.

The effect of urbanization of Metro Manila, particularly on the amount of sensible heat flux, rainfall and temperature of selected urban and rural areas, was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Version 3.4.1 (WRFV3.4.1) model. National Center for Environmental Prediction - Final (NCEP-FNL) grib1 data from 2000 to 2010 were used as inputs into the model for meteorological data. The Mann&ndash, Kendall trend test (M&ndash, K test) was utilized to verify the significance of the trends while Sen&rsquo, s slope estimator was used to quantify the measured trends. Results showed that, on average, the sensible heat flux of Metro Manila is about 1.5 &times, 108 Jm&minus, 2 higher than in selected areas outside Metro Manila. The occurrence of an urban heat island (UHI) effect was detected in Metro Manila by comparing the difference in the minimum and maximum temperatures. For the selected urban and rural areas, the minimum and maximum temperature differences (relative to Metro Manila) are around 0.4 to 2.4 &deg, C and 0.83 to 2.3 &deg, C, respectively. Metro Manila recorded higher 11-year average values of rainfall during the summer season (8% to 64%), rainy season (15% to 305%), and transition season (8% to 232%) when compared with selected areas from 25 to 100 km from Manila. These results show that the sensible heat flux, temperature and rainfall in Metro Manila is affected by Metro Manila&rsquo, s urbanization.

Documentation of autumn and winter roosts of many species of hibernating bats are lacking from western North America. However, recent evidence suggests that rather than using caves and mines, many individuals and some species of bats may roost in inconspicuous rock crevices at these times of year. I investigated autumn use of rock crevices and other roosts by the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) in the Rocky Mountains of western Colorado through radiotelemetry (n = 38). Objectives were to determine the types and characteristics of roosts, describe patterns of movements to these roosts from summer colonies, and contrast findings with results of surveys of bats in caves and abandoned mines in Colorado during autumn and winter. Forty-four autumn transitional roosts and presumed hibernacula were located in buildings, trees, and rock crevices. Bats used short-distance movements changing in elevation to autumn transitional roosts and presumed hibernacula rather than major latitudinal migrations. Roost type and distance from capture site to roosts had the highest variable importance at the landscape scale. Microclimate comparisons showed that buildings provided warmer minimum average temperatures, which may benefit juvenile bats early in the transition season. Tree roost temperatures during autumn would allow bats to conserve energy by using daily torpor and passive rewarming to assist with afternoon arousals. Rock crevice roosts in talus were found to be suitable for hibernation by exhibiting the coolest average temperatures and maintaining the highest relative humidity levels. Autumn access and spring egress to high-elevation talus sites used by these bats were not obstructed by winter snow pack. These rock crevices also provided temperature and humidity levels that would support the persistence and growth of Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the causal agent of white-nose syndrome. However, bats in this study appeared to roost alone, which could inhibit the bat-to-bat spread of Pd. Surveys of caves and mines within and surrounding the study area revealed few hibernating little brown myotis, suggesting that most individuals in Colorado may instead utilize rock crevices as roosts during winter.

In view of the problem of a growing proportion of cold and hot load in multi-energy complementary park, this paper proposes a method of energy partition of multi-energy complementary park based on the improved spectral multi-manifold clustering(SMMC) algorithm and analytic hierarchy process(AHP), which considers electrical loads, heat loads and cold loads. The method includes three steps: the clustering of the integrated load curve, evaluation of energy-saving index and determination of partition. First, the three typical days of each user in summer, winter and transition season are selected, the load curves of the users are obtained by integrating electrical loads, heat loads and cold loads. Then the improved SMMC algorithm is used to cluster and evaluate the load curves, AHP is used to evaluate and quantify the energy-saving index. Finally, the self-organizing mapping(SOM) algorithm is adopted for the above two groups of quantized values, and the final partition of the park is determined according to the geographical location of each user. In this paper, a multi-energy complementary park is used as an example to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.

In the 21st century, severe droughts associated with climate change will increase biomass burning (BB) in Brazil caused by the human activities. Recent droughts, especially in 2005, 2010, and 2015, caused strong socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The 2015 drought considered the most severe since 1901, surpassed the 2005 and 2010 events in respect to area and duration. Herein, based on satellite data, the 2005, 2010 and 2015 drought impacts on wildfire episodes and carbon monoxide (CO) variability during the dry and the dry-to-wet transition seasons were examined. The BB occurrences in the dry season were fewer during 2015 than during 2005 (−44%) and 2010 (−47%). Contrasting, the BB events in the dry-to-wet transition season, were higher during 2015 than during 2005 (+192%) and 2010 (+332%). The BB outbreaks were concentrated in the southern and southwestern Amazon during 2005, in the Cerrado region during 2010, and mainly in the central and northern Amazon during 2015, an area normally with few fires. The CO concentration showed positive variations (up to +30%) occurred in the southern Amazon and central Brazil during the 2005 and 2010 dry seasons, and north of 20 °S during the 2015–2016 dry-to-wet transition season. The BB outbreaks and the CO emissions showed a considerable spatiotemporal variability among the droughts of 2005, 2010, and 2016, first of them driven by local conditions in the tropical North Atlantic (TNA), characterized by warm than normal sea surface waters and the other two by the El Nino occurrences.