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Many people spend too much time using their smartphones. Contrast, small screen size, resolution, image repetition frequency and screen reflection will cause characteristic ocular symptoms. The objective of this study is to describe the ophthalmological symptoms in persons who spend a large number of hours using electronic devices. For this purpose, a search was conducted in the Pubmed and MED line database to find the appropriate articles. The most frequent ocular manifestation after prolonged use of smartphones without care for eye hygiene were ocular complaints, such as tiredness, eye irritation, blurred vision and transient, but marked elevated intraocular pressure. Early and adequate recognition of ophthalmic symptoms that may be associated with the using smartphones for many hours and the implementation of appropriate management can protect against the occurrence of late complications in the form of permanent eye damage.

Background Mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) is a clinical-radiological syndrome that can be related to infectious and non-infectious conditions. The most prominent neurological symptoms are disturbance of consciousness, abnormal speech, delirious behavior, seizures, muscle weakness, ophthalmoplegia, facial nerve paralysis and headache. Here we report the case of a child with MERS presenting with the unusual symptom of bilateral transient blindness. Case presentation A 4-year-old female patient, with a history of fever, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and cough lasted for a few days, experienced 3 episodes of transient bilateral loss of vision with difficulty in walking. Her physical examination showed absence of focal neurological and meningeal irritation signs, although responsiveness was slightly impaired. The ophthalmologic evaluation, including a fundus oculi examination, was negative. The electroencephalogram showed slow activity in the temporo-occipital regions, more evident in the right hemisphere. A lumbar puncture was performed and cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed normal glycorrhachia, cell counts, protein levels and IgG index. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a signal alteration in the splenium of the corpus callosum, without contrast enhancement. This finding was suggestive of a reversible cytotoxic lesion. Empiric antiviral treatment with acyclovir and intravenous dexamethasone was initiated. Polymerase chain reaction search for neurotropic viral nucleic acid sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid was negative, while a low number of HHV-6 DNA copies was detected in the blood. Electroencephalograms were repeated in the following days, showing a progressive normalization of the pattern. The child was discharged without symptoms after 10 days of treatment with oral corticosteroids. After 40 days, brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a complete normalization of the signal alteration in the splenium of the corpus callosum. Conclusion Transient blindness was reported as an initial symptom of MERS in a few children. To date, there is no evidence of effective treatment methods. Nonetheless, MERS diagnosis provides pediatricians with valuable prognostic information in order to reassure patients and their families about the good outcome of this disease.

To improve the safety of traffic in road tunnels, the effects of adaptation on peripheral visual performance were studied by measuring subjects’ reaction times and missed target rates. The process of driving through an illuminated road tunnel was simulated in the laboratory by gradually decreasing the luminance of the visual environment. The tests showed that the gradual luminance changes resulted in transient blindness and decreased visual performance. The subjects’ acuity and alertness were better for bluish targets than for reddish targets and better for whitish targets than for greenish targets in the tunnel transition and interior zones. The S/P ratio and mesopic luminance in the transition and interior zones, respectively, should be considered when selecting road tunnel luminaires.

Postoperative acute visual loss due to organic pathology has been described after spinal surgery in the prone position. This report describes a case of transient postoperative blindness in a patient after general anesthesia and surgery in the prone position. Postoperative workup did not reveal any organic pathology. Unbeknown to the treating physicians, the patient had a comorbid untreated psychiatric history. Upon psychiatric consultation, the patient was diagnosed with conversion disorder as a cause of postoperative blindness. There was full recovery of vision after psychiatric intervention within a week.

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an inborn error caused due to inherited deficiency of porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase leading to increased levels of aminolevulinic acid and PBG. AIP is rarely associated with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). This association is important because drugs used in the management of seizures may worsen an attack of AIP. We report the case of a 10-year-old male child with AIP, who presented with encephalopathy and transient blindness of cerebral origin.

There have been many complications associated with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), known as TURP syndrome. Of the various irrigation fluids used for TURP, glycine irrigant has been historically popular given its relatively low cost. It is also a nonconductive solution and only slightly hypoosmolar, reducing the risk of burn injury or significant hemolysis. However, there have been many case reports of central nervous system toxicity such as transient blindness and encephalopathy related to glycine toxicity. Here, we report blue vision (cyanopsia), which has never been reported as a symptom of TURP syndrome.

Blindness following a LeFort I osteotomy is a rare but extremely serious complication. Ten cases have been reported to date. None of these patients recovered vision. Optic neuropathy is believed to be the cause but the exact mechanism has not been settled. We report the first, and the only two, documented cases of complete loss of vision that recovered subsequently. The first patient was a 19-year-old male with repaired bilateral cleft lip and palate. He developed loss of vision in the right eye on the second postoperative day. The second patient was a 22-year-old male with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate. He developed complete loss of vision in the left eye on the day of surgery. Both these patients underwent ongoing studies, which did not show any abnormalities. Both were treated with methylprednisolone. Both the patients gradually showed improvement in their vision. The first patient recovered normal vision several months postoperatively. The second patient’s vision improved to 4/60 by 4 months postoperatively. We discuss the probable mechanisms of optic nerve injury and also the possible reasons why sight was restored in these patients. This is a rare but serious complication following a fairly common procedure. Through this article we wish to create an awareness of this complication and also a possible way of avoiding such a disaster.

A 68-year-old man presented at the emergency room with sudden blindness. The day before, he had eaten sashimi and eel and drank alcohol for dinner. He experienced nausea, vomiting, and dizziness afterward. His medical history included hypertension and diabetes, and the latter was treated with metformin. Initial laboratory tests revealed severe metabolic acidosis (lactic acidosis). Massive hydration and intravenous sodium bicarbonate replacement therapies were initiated, but severe metabolic acidosis (lactic acidosis) did not resolve, in turn, leading to hemodialysis, which decreased metabolic acidosis. The patient's blindness improved, and his vision gradually recovered. As it is not easy to distinguish between blindness related to metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) and blindness related to other causes, rapid correction of metabolic acidosis through hemodialysis might be helpful in differentiating this from of blindness from blindness related to other causes.

No abstract available. Article truncated at 150 words. History of Present Illness A 69-year-old man was admitted to the ICU with severe nausea, abdominal pain and acute blindness. About a week prior, he suffered urinary frequency and was prescribed ciprofloxacin with a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Over the course of the week his urinary frequency resolved, but he developed progressive nausea and vomiting, to the point that he was unable to keep any food down. Three days prior to admission he became anuric and developed diffuse lower abdominal pain. He denied fever, dysuria, cough and headache. He suffered 12 hours of intractable vomiting overnight, followed by the onset of severe photophobia with the dawn, and presented to our emergency room the following morning. PMH, SH, FH The patient is a retired police officer with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus and benign prostatic hypertrophy. The patient denied tobacco, or illicit drug use. Medications GlipizideMetformin

We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnant women with essential thrombocythemia. Twenty-one trials and 756 pregnancies met inclusion criteria. The absolute VTE risk in the antepartum period is not above a threshold where low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis is clearly indicated or below a threshold where LMWH should be withheld (2.5%; 95% CI, 1.3-4.3). Postpartum, the absolute VTE risk is above a threshold where postpartum LMWH prophylaxis should be considered (4.4%; 95% CI, 1.2-9.5).

Transforaminal epidural steroid injections have been introduced as a nonsurgical treatment for cervical pain syndromes; however, they have also raised safety concerns. We present a patient who developed a headache and bilateral visual disturbance after cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a high signal intensity in the posterior region on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images, and the findings of diffusion-weighted imaging and the apparent diffusion coefficient map suggested vasogenic edema. The symptoms and abnormal imaging findings disappeared during follow-up. The clinical and imaging characteristics and their complete reversibility corresponded to reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome.

I believe that the transient blindness which presented Alexander the Great after his being wounded on his head and/or his neck by a stone from a catapult during the siege of Cyropolis (329 BC) was in all probability a case of transient cortical blindness that was recognized as a special entity in the 1960s. I reached this conclusion after the comparative study of the Emperor’s clinical picture provided by ancient texts, especially those of Plutarch and Quintus Curtius Rufus, with that of a modern medical bibliography. (C) 1997 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

The great 18th century physician, Hermann Boerhaave, once lectured on a case that is most likely the second recorded description of transient blindness due to interference with the brain.

Purpose Metastatic lesions of midbrain are quite rare, and only unusually they produce isolated cranial nerve palsy. Methods We report two cases of 2nd and 3rd cranial nerves impairment, produced by solitary midbrain metastases. Results In both patients Magnetic Resonance (MR) allowed a correct diagnosis, subsequently confirmed by histology. Conclusions The metastatic involvement of midbrain would be included in the differential diagnosis of neuro-ophthalmic conditions to avoid the risk of misdiagnosis and consequently delay in management of this special population. MR is crucial for early detection of this infrequent pathology.

Pituitary gland macroadenoma complicating cardiac surgery is an uncommon condition of spectacular clinical presentation that is generally treated by surgery. We report here on an unusual presentation of this condition that was successfully managed by medical treatment.

Implications Visual strokes can occur after prolonged hypotension or as a complication of preeclampsia-eclampsia. This case describes the diagnostic dilemma posed by a patient who developed transient blindness after a hypotensive episode during cesarean delivery for severe preeclampsia-eclampsia.

Vision disturbance after transurethral resection of the prostate using glycine (1.5% aminoacetic acid) as the irrigating fluid is well known (TURP syndrome). Not so commonly seen or reported is transient blindness after operative hysteroscopy with glycine. It occurred in a 38-year-old woman who underwent hysteroscopic myomectomy and endometrial resection in which the distention medium was glycine. (J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 6(2):213-215, 1999)

The study investigated pointing at memorized targets in reachable space in congenitally blind (CB) and blindfolded sighted (BS) children (6, 8, 10 and 12 years; ten children in each group). The target locations were presented on a sagittal plane by passive positioning of the left index finger. A go signal for matching the target location with the right index finger was provided 0 or 4 s after demonstration. An age effect was found only for absolute distance errors and the surface area of pointing was smaller for the CB children. Results indicate that early visual experience and age are not predictive factors for pointing in children. The delay was an important factor at all ages and for both groups, indicating distinct spatial representations such as egocentric and allocentric frames of reference, for immediate and delayed pointing, respectively. Therefore, the CB like the BS children are able to use both ego- and allocentric frames of reference.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), is most often associated with hypertensive emergencies and is characterized by seizures, mental status changes and visual disturbances. We report a case of a previously healthy young man who developed multiorgan failure and transient cortical blindness following ingestion of a performance-enhancing ephedra-based supplement. Neuroimaging findings confirmed the clinical suspicion of PRES. Radiographic abnormalities and neurologic dysfunction subsequently resolved with correction of his systolic blood pressure. This case emphasizes the need for prompt treatment and consideration of toxic ingestions in patients presenting with hypertension-related end-organ dysfunction.

A 21-year-old male with chronic renal failure on dialysis was referred for emergency medical admission with sudden loss of vision. The symptoms, which started with bitemporal field loss, progressed within hours to complete loss of vision in both eyes. The admission blood pressure was 180/120. An emergency CT of the brain (Figure 1) was performed. The patient was treated for his raised blood pressure with intravenous labetelol and progressive return of the patients’ vision occurred over the ensuing 24 h. What findings are observed on the CT? What is the diagnosis? What other imaging techniques would help in the diagnosis?

While it is often assumed that objects can be recognized irrespective of where they fall on the retina, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this ability. By exposing human subjects to an altered world where some objects systematically changed identity during the transient blindness that accompanies eye movements, we induced predictable object confusions across retinal positions, effectively 'breaking' position invariance. Thus, position invariance is not a rigid property of vision but is constantly adapting to the statistics of the environment.

The potential adverse effects resulting from absorption of irrigation fluids during endoscopic procedures are well documented. Glycine, which is commonly used as an irrigation solution, has an inhibitory effect both on the central nervous system and on the retinal cells. We report the case of a woman who developed transient blindness following hysteroscopic myomectomy in which glycine was used as the irrigation solution.

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of transient blindness after lumbar epidural steroids is presented. OBJECTIVE: To report the diagnosis and treatment of a case of blindness after administration of lumbar epidural steroids. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Nine previous cases of blindness after lumbar epidural injection for back pain were identified. Retinal hemorrhages were identified on ophthalmologic examination in all cases. METHODS: The 1-year follow up evaluation of a 39-year-old male who sustained transient blindness after administration of lumbar epidural steroids is reported. RESULTS: At 1 year, the patient had significant return of vision, but it did not improve back to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Transient blindness is a rare complication of lumbar epidural injection. The pathophysiology and prevention of this rare entity is reviewed.

Acute intermittent porphyria is a hereditary disorder characterized by deficient activity of the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase. It manifests with occasional neurovisceral crises due to overproduction of porphyrin precursors. We report a 12 year old male child with acute intermittent porphyria, who presented with encephalopathy and transient blindness of cerebral origin.

This case report of transient blindness after bilateral knee arthroscopy postulates glycine toxicity as a possible cause of postoperative blindness. The orthopaedic surgeon should be aware of this dose-related effect, and should use glycine irrigant selectively and sparingly for electrosurgical applications.

Migraine in children can present as a state of confusion or agitation with or without a history of migraine. These events can arise spontaneously or can be triggered by mild head trauma. Transient blindness and hemiplegia may accompany the confusional state. We present two cases of children with histories of confusion and agitation, one with multiple episodes after mild head trauma. The symptomatology, differential diagnosis, theories on pathogenesis, and natural history of confusional migraine are discussed.

✓ Cases of unilateral vertebral artery compression associated with thoracic outlet syndrome infrequently result in symptoms and, of those that do, most involve the brain stem. Reports of transient blindness resulting from this condition are even more rare. The authors describe the case of a middle-aged woman who presented with transient blindness when she turned her head excessively to the left. She also exhibited other less severe brainstem symptoms. Arteriography demonstrated occlusion of the left vertebral artery only when her head was rotated to the left. Surgical exploration revealed entrapment of the left vertebral artery by a tight anterior scalene muscle, release of which resulted in complete resolution of her symptoms. Both neurosurgeons and radiologists need to be aware that extrinsic compression of the vertebral artery precipitated by head rotation may sometimes result in transient cortical blindness.

Sudden blindness in pregnancy is a devastating experience for the patient, her family and the treating obstetrician. Four cases of cortical blindness with pregnancy induced hypertension are presented, seen at the General Hospital Kota Bharu, Kelantan, in 1990. The incidence at the GHKB was 1: 1559 (4 cases out of 6,237 deliveries) which is higher as compared to neighbouring Singapore. The pathophysiology of this condition is still not well understood, though it is hoped that newer sophisticated imaging techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT scan, and blood flow waveform analysis by Doppler ultrasound will throw some light on the subject. Two of our cases presented with antepartum and two with postpartum cortical blindness. Therefore, termination of pregnancy alone may not provide the solution to this therapeutic dilemma.

Nausea and vomiting are so frequent under regional anesthesia during parturition that these symptoms can be misleading and may cause the clinician to overlook a potential intracranial lesion. In the case we have reported, it was not until the onset of blindness that an intracranial lesion was suspected. Although the incidence of brain tumor during pregnancy is low, it does occur with various manifestations and has been associated with blindness. Therefore, prompt neurologic investigation may be warranted in patients complaining of visual changes, even though transient blindness can occur in the absence of a neurologic lesion.

A 5-year-old girl with hemolytic uremic syndrome is reported with pituitary hemorrhage in the acute phase. Seizures, hemiplegia, and transient blindness were observed. These symptoms cannot be attributed to the pituitary hemorrhage; however, pituitary hemorrhage should be added to the list of neurologic lesions that can occur in hemolytic uremic syndrome.