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We present an approach for modeling adverse conditions by graph transformation systems. To this end, we introduce joint graph transformation systems which involve a system, an interfering environment, and an automaton modeling their interaction. For joint graph transformation systems, we present notions of correctness under adverse conditions. Some instances of correctness are expressible in LTL (linear temporal logic), or in CTL (computation tree logic), respectively. In these cases, verification of joint graph transformation systems is reduced to temporal model checking. To handle infinite state spaces, we incorporate the concept of well-structuredness. We discuss ideas for the verification of joint graph transformation systems using results based on well-structuredness.

The goal of this contribution is to propose [Formula: see text]-valued [Formula: see text]-transforms, which are essentially the many-valued generalizations of the notion of lattice-valued [Formula: see text]-transforms. Further, we associate the concepts of [Formula: see text]-valued fuzzy rough sets and [Formula: see text]-graded fuzzy topologies/co-topologies with [Formula: see text]-valued [Formula: see text]-transforms. Moreover, we show an interesting relationship between [Formula: see text]-valued [Formula: see text]-transforms and [Formula: see text]-valued fuzzy transformation systems.

International audience; Determination of strain path across martensitic transformation in materials with two transformation orientation relationships (ORs) is challenging due to the temporal and spatial limitation of the modern techniques. In this work, an analyzing strategy, i.e., the determination of transformation path via the variant organization feature of martensite, was suggested and applied for the Ni-Mn-based alloys as an example, based on the consideration that the different crystallographic symmetries of transformation systems will result in distinct organizations of martensite variants. For the selected Ni-Mn-based alloys, the orientation examination revealed that both the K−S and the Pitsch OR are respected. Further analyses in terms of the strain and stress compatibility condition and the minimum energy criteria showed that, theoretically, the K−S path produces 2 variants as a self-accommodated variant group, whereas the Pitsch path produces 4 variants as a self-accommodated variant group. Compared with the experimental results, the Pitsch path is the energetically favorable transformation path and actually occurs in stress-free austenite of the Ni−Mn based alloys. The significance of this work is multi-fold. It first resolves the long puzzling issue of transformation strain path of Ni-Mn-based alloys. Moreover, the analyzing scheme can be generalized to determine the transformation characters for martensitic transformation in other systems with multiple possible transformation orientation relationships.

The objective of this paper is to establish the relationship between fuzzy approximation operators and fuzzy transformation systems. We show that for each upper fuzzy transformation system there exists a fuzzy reflexive approximation space and vice-versa. We further establish such relationship between lower fuzzy transformation systems and fuzzy reflexive approximation spaces under the condition that the underline lattice structure satisfies double negation law.

Heterogeneous catalysts offer a cyclable platform for exploring efficient transformation systems, and their promising applications underpin a broad research interest. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of crystalline porous networks that can integrate organic units into ordered skeletons and pores, offering an insoluble and robust platform for exploring heterogeneous catalysts. In this Outlook, we describe a conceptual scheme for designing catalytic COFs to promote various transformations. We summarize the general strategy for designing COFs to construct tailor-made skeletons and pores by emphasizing their structural uniqueness. We introduce different approaches to develop catalytic functions by sampling COFs into four regimes, i.e., skeletons, walls, pores, and systematically organized systems. We scrutinize their catalytic features and elucidate interplays with electrons, holes, and molecules by highlighting the key role of interface design in exploring catalytic COFs. We further envisage the key issues to be challenged, future research directions, and perspectives to show a full picture of designer heterogeneous catalysis based on COFs., Exploring covalent organic frameworks to construct heterogeneous catalysts is summarized by introducing design principle, scrutinizing the current status, and evaluating challenges and opportunities.

Millets are small seeded cereal crops predominantly cultivated and consumed by resource-poor farmers in the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa. Millets possess rich nutrients and a climate resilience property when compared to the other cereals such as rice and wheat. Millet improvement using modern genetic and genomic tools is falling behind other cereal crops due to their cultivation being restricted to less developed countries. Genome editing tools have been successfully applied to major cereal crops and, as a result, many key traits have been introduced into rice, wheat and maize. However, genome editing tools have not yet been used for most millets although they possess rich nutrients. The foxtail millet is the only millet utilised up to now for genome editing works. Limited genomic resources and lack of efficient transformation systems may slow down genome editing in millets. As millets possess many important traits of agricultural importance, high resolution studies with genome editing tools will help to understand the specific mechanism and transfer such traits to major cereals in the future. This review covers the current status of genome editing studies in millets and discusses the future prospects of genome editing in millets to understand key traits of nutrient fortification and develop climate resilient crops in the future.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) provides a gluten-free food with abundant nutrition and is potential to become a major crop in future. Quinoa has a lot of unique features including the high tolerance to multiple stresses, of which the underlying mechanisms may help improve other crops. Genetic manipulation will provide powerful tools to investigate the function of key genes in regulation of quinoa development and stress responses, which will further improve quinoa planting in the fields. However, the efficient transformation system for quinoa has not been well developed yet. Here, we established two rapid and efficient transformation systems for quinoa by using hairy root and leaf agroinfiltration, which provide useful tools for quick analyses of genes function in quinoa. Hairy roots were obtained from three types of explants, including cotyledon-nod with hypocotyl, cotyledon itself, and hypocotyl pieces. Interestingly, explants of cotyledon-nod with hypocotyl showed the highest transformation efficiency at 67.9%, and cotyledon displayed medium efficiency at 42.2%, while hypocotyl with the lowest at 31.6%. We also obtained transgenic quinoa roots successfully in-vivo, which showed low efficiency, but this provides a potential method to test gene function in live plants. By using young leaves for agroinfiltration, direct injection showed a better transgenic effect compared with vacuum penetration. Overall, the transformation systems using both hairy root and leaf agroinfiltration provide efficient and convenient ways to manipulate and analyse gene functions in quinoa.

This paper explains the effective use of guiding principles to foster transformative online collaboration (TOC). TOC describes the ability of an online network to collaborate with a vision of creating and mapping planetary well-being, ecological sustainability, and social equity, in an emergent and open-hearted way. The network research is conducted in the Transformation Systems Mapping and Analysis Working Group (TSM&A WG). The study triangulation includes focus group discussions, interviews, and a social system map analysis of the network. The evaluation is done with the GUIDE framework regarding the principle’s guidance, usability, inspiration, development, and evaluation. The behavior approach for TOC roots in concepts like Theory-U and Spiral Dynamics.The results show the critical importance of shared principles and their enactment for safe and open collaboration. They facilitate deeper online collaboration in the field of Transformation-Systems (T-Systems). Findings further include the future development of the members’ value framework and ways to enact and integrate the principles in the network. Supported by literature, the principles are evaluated for change and modification. The paper offers a complete set of guiding principles for TOC, created after adopting new overarching and operational values. Further, the study proposes and discusses new implementation practices to enhance the members’ principle embodiment for TOC.

espanolLatinoamerica se caracteriza por la riqueza biotica y la biodiversidad de sus ecosistemas que desde epocas prehispanicas fueron el sosten de los asentamientos humanos de todo el continente. Esta diversidad favorecio el surgimiento de comunidades indigenas caracterizadas por el territorio, que les proporcionaba lo que requerian para su sustento y desarrollo. Las fibras vegetales han sido desde esas epocas un factor de identidad y un reflejo de riqueza cultural material e inmaterial. Lazos, vestimentas, aperos, mochilas y demas objetos de las etnias indigenas y de la cultura campesina latinoamericana son reflejo de saberes. La invasion de los polimeros derivados del petroleo relego y amenazo la continuidad en el uso de las fibras vegetales. Las botas plasticas, los lazos de polipropileno, los mantos y telas de poliester pusieron por decadas a las fibras vegetales en un segundo plano y propiciaron la desaparicion de saberes ancestrales manifiestos en artesania utilitaria. Sin embargo, el amenazante incremento del calentamiento global, la contaminacion de recursos hidricos con plasticos y las enormes consecuencias en los ecosistemas a causa nuestra demanda por el petroleo y sus derivados, ha llevado al mundo en las ultimas decadas a fortalecer la investigacion y desarrollo en nuevos materiales y aplicaciones de las fibras vegetales y los subproductos de la agroindustria, para reemplazar o minimizar el uso de los plasticos. Ahora es Latinoamerica una de las regiones con mas potencial de bioprospeccion en el uso y aprovechamiento de fibras vegetales, tanto por la abundancia y diversidad que posee como por los saberes, tecnicas y conocimientos que estan vinculados con las comunidades rurales de todo el continente. Sin embargo, pareciera que nos estamos rezagando en la investigacion alrededor de las fibras y su potencial en nuevos materiales y aplicaciones. ?Que fibras son mejores en el desarrollo de materiales compuestos?, ?cuales son las ventajas y consecuencias ambientales de incrementar su uso y aprovechamiento?, ?como beneficia y/o afecta a las comunidades rurales que producen estas fibras? ?Cuales son sus cualidades fisicas y mecanicas?, son algunas de las muchas preguntas que deberiamos desde la investigacion estar indagando. Y aunque existen diversos procesos investigativos en la academia a este respecto, la revision de articulos indexados y publicaciones academicas parece indagar que son otras regiones como Europa, Norteamerica y Asia las que estan tomando la delantera en la investigacion, uso y aplicacion de las fibras en nuevos materiales y productos, a pesar de no contar con una biodiversidad como la Latinoamericana. En la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano de Bogota, desde la Escuela de Diseno de producto estamos enfocados, en investigar en el uso de fibras vegetales y subproductos de la agroindustria para el desarrollo de nuevos materiales y aplicaciones. El diseno tuvo un rol muy importante en la masificacion del uso de los plasticos, ahora debe ser parte activa en la busqueda de materiales alternativos que potencien el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos y el fortalecimiento de desarrollos de producto para economias locales. Las fibras vegetales fueron en el pasado la cuna de saberes locales para resolver las necesidades cotidianas y rurales, es tiempo que retomemos esta ruta. Un grupo de investigadores conformado por profesores y estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado, en asocio con instituciones de investigacion agricola y comunidades productoras de fibras, estamos en la busqueda de desarrollar nuevos materiales compuestos (ACM)1 biopolimeros y sistemas de transformacion tecnologica local, para incentivar el uso y aplicacion de materiales locales en el desarrollo de productos capaces de competir con los fabricados en materiales plasticos, pero con todas las ventajas que implica el uso de materiales biodegradables y sostenibles. Este articulo describe la ruta que como investigadores estamos recorriendo e invita a pares de otras latitudes a vincularse con este esfuerzo. EnglishLatin America is characterized by the biotic richness and biodiversity of its ecosystems that from pre-Hispanic times were the support of human settlements throughout the continent. This diversity favored the emergence of indigenous communities characterized by the territory, which provided them with what they needed for their sustenance and development. The vegetal fibers have been from those times a factor of identity and a reflection of material and immaterial cultural wealth. Ties, clothing, tools, backpacks and other objects of the indigenous ethnic groups and of the Latin American peasant culture are a reflection of knowledge. The invasion of polymers derived from petroleum relegated and threatened the continuity in the use of vegetable fibers. The plastic boots, the polypropylene ties, the mantles and the polyester fabrics put the vegetal fibers in the background for decades and caused the disappearance of ancestral knowledge manifested in utilitarian crafts. However, the threatening increase of global warming, the contamination of water resources with plastics and the enormous consequences in ecosystems due to our demand for oil and its derivatives, has led the world in the last decades to strengthen research and development in new materials and applications of vegetable fibers and by-products of agro-industry, to replace or minimize the use of plastics. Now Latin America is one of the regions with the most bioprospecting potential in the use and exploitation of vegetable fibers, both because of the abundance and diversity it possesses and because of the knowledge and techniques that are linked to rural communities throughout the continent. However, it seems that we are lagging behind in the research around fibers and their potential in new materials and applications. Which fibers are better in the development of composite materials? What are the advantages and environmental consequences of increasing their utilization? How does it benefit and / or affect the rural communities that produce these fibers? What are its physical and mechanical qualities? These are some of the many questions that we should ask from the investigation. And although there are several research processes in the academy in this regard, the review of indexed articles and academic publications seems to suggest that it is other regions such as Europe, North America and Asia that are taking the lead in the research, use and application of fibers in new materials and products, despite not having a biodiversity like the Latin American one. At the Jorge Tadeo Lozano University in Bogota, from the School of Product Design we are focused on investigating the use of vegetable fibers and by-products of agro-industry for the development of new materials and applications. Design had a very important role in the mass use of plastics, now must be an active part in the search for alternative materials that enhance the sustainable use of resources and the strengthening of product developments for local economies. The vegetal fibers were in the past the cradle of local knowledge to solve the daily and rural needs, it is time that we return to this route. A group of researchers made up of undergraduate and postgraduate professors and students, in partnership with agricultural research institutions and fiber producing communities, are in search of developing new composite materials (ACM) biopolymers and local technological transformation systems, to encourage the use and application of local materials in the development of products capable of competing with those made of plastic materials, but with all the advantages implied by the use of biodegradable and sustainable materials. This article describes the route that we as researchers are traveling and invites peers from other latitudes to join us in this effort.

Dual-beam transformation systems (dual BTSs) are used to obtain a wide wavelength-locking range for high-power large-smile diode-laser arrays. The collimating residual divergence angle can be reduced from 9 mrad to less than 6.5 mrad using a set of two angled BTSs that are located in front of a diode-laser array with about a 2 µm smile. Due to the reduced collimating residual divergence angle, the external cavity with a set of two angled BTSs and a volume Bragg grating achieved a wide wavelength-locking range for temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C. In addition, the side-mode suppression ratio exceeds 30 dB.

Binary systems Pd-X (X = Fe and Cu) have order–disorder transformations in solid-solution ranges. A sensitive parameter to atomic arrangement for a solution is the excess volume, which in itself is interesting from a thermodynamic perspective. In this study, using a combination of electromagnetic levitation and a static magnetic field, accurate measurements were taken of the density of liquid Pd-X alloys from which excess volumes were evaluated. The excess volumes of these binary systems were positive over the entire composition range. Hence, these order–disorder transformation systems have positive excess volumes in their liquid states. The results are analyzed using thermodynamic functions such as the excess Gibbs energy and enthalpy of mixing.

Axioms for upper and lower fuzzy transformation systems are introduced, and it is proved that a transformation function satisfies axioms for upper (or lower, respectively) transformation systems if and only if it is an upper (or lower, respectively) F-transform. Categories of upper (lower, respectively) transformation systems are introduced, and it is proved that both categories are isomorphic to the category of spaces with fuzzy partitions. We prove that lower and upper F-transforms preserve extensional fuzzy sets associated with spaces with fuzzy partitions.

Ladybird beetles are high-mobility insects and explore broad areas by switching between walking and flying. Their excellent wing transformation systems enabling this lifestyle are expected to provide large potential for engineering applications. However, the mechanism behind the folding of their hindwings remains unclear. The reason is that ladybird beetles close the elytra ahead of wing folding, preventing the observation of detailed processes occurring under the elytra. In the present study, artificial transparent elytra were transplanted on living ladybird beetles, thereby enabling us to observe the detailed wing-folding processes. The result revealed that in addition to the abdominal movements mentioned in previous studies, the edge and ventral surface of the elytra, as well as characteristic shaped veins, play important roles in wing folding. The structures of the wing frames enabling this folding process and detailed 3D shape of the hindwing were investigated using microcomputed tomography. The results showed that the tape spring-like elastic frame plays an important role in the wing transformation mechanism. Compared with other beetles, hindwings in ladybird beetles are characterized by two seemingly incompatible properties: (i) the wing rigidity with relatively thick veins and (ii) the compactness in stored shapes with complex crease patterns. The detailed wing-folding process revealed in this study is expected to facilitate understanding of the naturally optimized system in this excellent deployable structure.

As the smallest and most abundant primary producer in the oceans, the cyanobacteriumProchlorococcusis of interest to diverse branches of science. For the past 30 years, research on this minimal phototroph has led to a growing understanding of biological organization across multiple scales, from the genome to the global ocean ecosystem. Progress in understanding drivers of its diversity and ecology, as well as molecular mechanisms underpinning its streamlined simplicity, has been hampered by the inability to manipulate these cells genetically.Multiple attempts have been made to develop an efficient genetic transformation method forProchlorococcusover the years; all have been unsuccessful to date, despite some success with their close relative,Synechococcus. To avoid the pursuit of unproductive paths, we report here what has not worked in our hands, as well as our progress developing a method to screen the most efficient electroporation parameters for optimal DNA delivery intoProchlorococcuscells. We also report a novel protocol for obtaining axenic colonies and a new method for differentiating live and dead cells. The electroporation method can be used to optimize DNA delivery into any bacterium, making it a useful tool for advancing transformation systems in other genetically recalcitrant microorganisms.

This special issue contains extended versions of four selected papers from the 11th International Conference on Graph Transformation (ICGT 2018). The articles cover a tool for computing core graphs via SAT/SMT solvers (graph language definition), graph transformation through graph surfing in reaction systems (a new graph transformation formalism), the essence and initiality of conflicts in M -adhesive transformation systems, and a calculus of concurrent graph-rewriting processes (theory on conflicts and parallel independence).

Oil palm is a major economic crop for Malaysia and it has contributed significantly to the country’s revenues. However, the industry is facing a number of challenges including labor shortage, reduced availability of arable land, and competition from other sources of oils and fats. Thus, strategies must be put in place for the industry to remain competitive. This could be attained through increase in yield, diversification of palm oil applications into higher value products, and production of value-added products. Genetic engineering has been identified as a complementary tool to breeding technique for overcoming the above challenges. The oil palm genetic engineering program was initiated more than two decades ago with the main target to increase oleic acid content. The initial optimization work for oil palm transformation was carried out using biolistics protocol leading to the first successful report of oil palm transformation in the mid 1990s. The optimized protocol was later used to produce transgenic oil palm with high oleic acid as well as other target products. However, analysis of these plants indicated the low efficiency and repeatability of the protocol. Work to improve the transformation efficiency was subsequently carried out including optimization of selection scheme. Moreover, due to recent successful application of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in several monocots, effort to develop the system for oil palm was also initiated. This paper describes the efforts to develop the transformation systems for oil palm and challenges faced during the process.

خلاصة البحث من خلال هذا البحث تم التعرف على مصدر الإستلهام الأول لمفهوم التحول فى العماره والتصميم الداخلي، فمن خلال أبحاث وملاحظة المصممين على مايدور حولهم فى الطبيعة تم إستخدم الکثير من العناصر الطبيعية التى تتبع منهج التحول فى حياتها اليومية بغرض شکلي أو وظيفي يمکنها من التکيف مع البيئة التى تعيش بها . ومن خلال ذلک تم التعرف على : أليات التحول فى الطبيعة من خلال الشکل الحرکة الخصائص ( ملمس – لون – خامة – ضوء ) أليات التصميم المتحول من خلال الشکل والوظيفة فيندرج تحت التحول الشکلي ( الحجم واللون والملمس والخامة ) ويندرج تحت التحول الوظيفي ( تعدد الوظائف وتعدد الفراغات وممرات الحرکة و الأثاث المتعدد الاستخدام و کفاءة إستهلاک الطاقة والإستجابة البيئية ) Nature as a creative source for transformable Interior Design Introduction God made nature the main source of inspiration for the human being. Through research, observation, and discovery is clear to us a lot of elements and equations that enable us to use in its ongoing design and development. And meditation in contemporary architectural designs shows the growing demand for the development of structures more adaptable, flexible and metamorphic. This kind of structures can be adapted to different environmental conditions and to meet the different functions. It also can help reduce environmental waste and pollution associated with many of the buildings and, above all, can save a lot of time and cost. Natural systems has inspired human, since the construction and design began, use architects and designers of nature as one of the main sources of information to create innovative architectural spaces. This aspect of nature helped inspire many designers to develop the manufacturing of architectural structures that can change shape to be able to adapt to specific circumstances. Research problem The concentration of formal and Formative inspiration from nature and the reduction of kinetic, positive, and transformational inspiration ... which necessitated the need to study the transformation in the nature . Research hypotheses : Search supposed to: 1. employment inspired transformation of nature in interior design unstable achieve maximum benefit from the internal space and the highest functional flexibility. 2. Using the concept of ransformable interior design can achieve the wishes of the users in the potential for future changes - both functionally and morphologically - in the internal space. Research goals : 1. study the concepts of the transformation in nature. 2. Study the features of transformation systems used in kinetic designs and applied to the interior design elements. Research Methodology Descriptive analytical method: characterization and analysis of The information That related to the concept of the transformation key words : Creativity concept - the concept of transformation in the nature - transformable Interior design

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Due to the great importance of tanshinones and phenolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza, it is necessary to increase their yields to satisfy the rapidly growing demand. Many efforts have been made to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of tanshinones and phenolic acids. This chapter describes two Agrobacterium-mediated S. miltiorrhiza transformation systems, named Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated ‘composite’ plant transformation, respectively. These systems provide a solid foundation for genetic engineering of S. miltiorrhiza to enhance these bioactive compounds. The achievements of S. miltiorrhiza metabolic engineering obtained through transformation are summarized. In addition, recent advances on the application of activation tagging mutagenesis (ATM) and CRISPR/Cas9 for mutation of genes in S. miltiorrhiza are discussed.

Understanding conflicts between transformation steps and rules is an important topic in algebraic graph transformation. A conflict occurs when two transformation steps are not parallel independent, that is, when after applying one of them the other can no longer occur. A static analysis technique called Critical Pair Analysis allows the detection of all potential conflicts between pairs of rules, by enumerating Critical Pairs. Since these are often too numerous for even simple rules, finding appropriate subsets of critical pairs is the topic of ongoing research. We contribute to this thread by proposing a new characterization for root causes of conflicts, called “conflict essences”, exploiting a recently proposed characterization of parallel independence. Furthermore we show that conflict essences are at least as precise as the “conflict reasons” previously proposed, and uniquely determine the so-called “initial conflicts”, an appropriate subset of critical pairs, under relatively mild assumptions on the underlying category. Finally, we show that several M -adhesive categories of interest have the necessary properties for our results to hold, including typed, attributed and symbolic graphs. While our results are formulated for conflicts, they are directly applicable to dependencies in M -adhesive transformation systems.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) currently receive high interest for cycling water adsorption applications like adsorption heat transformation for air-conditioning purposes. For practical use in adsorption heat pumps (AHPs), the microcrystalline powders must be formulated such that their high porosity and pore accessibility are retained. In this work, the preparation of millimeter-scaled pellets of MIL-160(Al), Al-fumarate (Basolite A520), UiO-66(Zr), and Zr-fumarate (MOF-801) is reported by applying the freeze granulation method. The use of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a binder reproducibly resulted in highly stable, uniformly shaped PVA/MOF pellets with 80 wt % MOF loading, with essentially unchanged MOF porosity properties after shaping. The shaped pellets were analyzed for the application in AHPs by water adsorption isotherms, over 1000 water adsorption/desorption cycles, and thermal and mechanical stability tests. Furthermore, the Al-fum pellets were applied in a fixed-bed, full-scale heat exchanger, yielding specific cooling powers from 349 up to 431 W/kg (adsorbent), which outperforms the current commercially used silica gel grains in AHPs under comparable operating conditions.

A polyprogram is a generalization of a program which admits multiple definitions of a single function. Such objects arise in different transformation systems, such as the Burstall-Darlington framework or equality saturation. In this paper, we introduce the notion of a polyprogram in a non-strict first-order functional language. We define denotational semantics for polyprograms and describe some possible transformations of polyprograms, namely we present several main transformations in two different styles: in the style of the Burstall-Darlington framework and in the style of equality saturation. Transformations in the style of equality saturation are performed on polyprograms in decomposed form, where the difference between functions and expressions is blurred, and so is the difference between substitution and unfolding. Decomposed polyprograms are well suited for implementation and reasoning, although they are not very human-readable. We also introduce the notion of polyprogram bisimulation which enables a powerful transformation called merging by bisimulation, corresponding to proving equivalence of functions by induction or coinduction. Polyprogram bisimulation is a concept inspired by bisimulation of labelled transition systems, but yet it is quite different, because polyprogram bisimulation treats every definition as self-sufficient, that is a function is considered to be defined by any of its definitions, whereas in an LTS the behaviour of a state is defined by all transitions from this state. We present an algorithm for enumerating polyprogram bisimulations of a certain form. The algorithm consists of two phases: enumerating prebisimulations and converting them to proper bisimulations. This separation is required because polyprogram bisimulations take into account the possibility of parameter permutation. We prove correctness of this algorithm and formulate a certain weak form of its completeness. The article is published in the author’s wording.

Part 2: Industry Transformation and Innovation; International audience; In mature countries manufacturing is one of the most significant sources of economic development and growth. In those countries, manufacturing transformation systems will be grounded on seamless collaborative environments and will have a high degree of flexibility in production, in terms of product needs (specifications, quality, design), volume, timing, resource efficiency and cost, being able to adapt to customer needs and make use of the entire network chain for value creation. Future transformations systems will be massively collaborative and will be enabled by a network-centric approach, making use of multidimensional data analytics, driven by advanced ICT and the latest available proven manufacturing technologies.

The Transformation Systems Engineering Caucus, established in the last few years, identifies ways in which systems engineering might become more effective through adaptation of approaches, techniques, and methods from other fields to systems engineering, and the synthesis of new combinations of these approaches. Situational awareness is central in two steps of applying transformational practices and insights to systems engineering efforts: (1) in noticing that there is a need or opportunity to use transformational approaches, and (2) in identifying the specific transformational approaches, methods, techniques, and insights which offer the greatest likelihood of success in completing the systems engineering effort. The purpose of this paper is to describe these uses of situational awareness in support of transformational systems engineering.

For typed attributed graph transformation systems, the tool environment Agg supports modelling, simulation and analysis of graph transformations. A corresponding tool for analysis of hypergraph transformation systems does not exist up to now. In this paper we establish a formal relationship between the corresponding M -adhesive transformation systems, which allows us the translation of hypergraph transformations into typed attributed graph transformations with equivalent behaviour, and, vice versa, the creation of hypergraph transformations from typed attributed graph transformations. This relationship is based on the general theory of M -functors between different M -adhesive transformation systems which is extended in this paper to rules with application conditions. Our main result shows the creation of local confluence based on F -reachable critical pairs for rules with application conditions, where F is a suitable M -functor. We construct a functor between the M -adhesive categories of hypergraphs and of typed attributed graphs, and show that our construction yields an M -functor with properties required by the general theory. Hence, analysis results for hypergraph transformation systems can be obtained using Agg for analysing the translated typed attributed graph transformation systems. -We translate hypergraph transformations to typed attributed graph transformations.-We use M -functors between M -adhesive categories for the translation.-We show that M -functors translate and create local confluence (critical pairs).-We extend these results to rules with general (nested) application conditions.-Hence, we can apply the tool Agg to analyze hypergraph transformation systems.

Sequences of rule applications in high-level replacement systems are difficult to adapt. Often, replacing a rule application at the beginning of a sequence, i.e., reverting a rule and applying another one instead, is prevented by structure created via rule applications later on in the sequence. A trivial solution would be to roll back all applications and reapply them in a proper way. This, however, has the disadvantage of being computationally expensive and, furthermore, may cause the loss of information in the process. Moreover, using existing constructions to compose the reversal of a rule with the application of another one, in particular the concurrent and amalgamated rule constructions, does not prevent the loss of information in case that the first rule deletes elements being recreated by the second one. To cope with both problems, we introduce a new kind of rule composition through ‘short-cut rules’. We present our new kind of rule composition for monotonic rules in adhesive HLR systems, as they provide a well-established generalization of graph-based transformation systems, and motivate it on the example of Triple Graph Grammars, a declarative and rule-based bidirectional transformation approach.

Axioms of two versions of inverse fuzzy transformation systems are introduced, and it is proved that a transformation function satisfies these axioms if and only if it is an upper or lower inverse lattice-valued F-transform with respect to a fuzzy partition. Categories of inverse transformation systems are introduced, and it is proved that these categories are isomorphic to the category of spaces with fuzzy partitions.

We establish a machine-checkable condition which ensures that the union of two terminating hypergraph transformation systems is terminating. The condition is based on so-called sequential critical pairs which represent consecutive rule applications that are not independent. In contrast to a corresponding modularity result for term rewriting, no restrictions on the form of rules are required. Our result applies to both systems with injective rules and systems with rules that merge nodes or edges.

Although an essential component of the diet, the consumption of meat is in question. Meat is a major source of beneficial compounds but it also contains other substances with negative health implications. Functional foods, which are leading trends in the food industry, constitute an excellent opportunity for the meat sector to improve healthier meat options. Most studies on meat-based functional foods have focused mainly on the application of different strategies (animal production practices and meat transformation systems) to improve (increase/reduce) the presence of bioactive (healthy/unhealthy) compounds; these have led to the development of numerous products, many of them by the meat industry. However, like other foods, after purchase meats undergo certain processes before they are consumed, and these affect their composition. Although domestic handling practices can significantly alter the make-up of the marketed product in terms of healthy/unhealthy compounds, there are very few studies on their consequences. This article provides an overview of the influence of different domestic practices (from shopping to eating) habitually followed by consumers on the presence of, and consequently on the levels of exposure to, (healthy and unhealthy) food components associated with the consumption of meats, with special reference to meat-based functional foods., This work was supported by the MINECO under Project AGL 2014-53207-C2-1-R, Comunidad de Madrid under Project MEDGAN-CM S2013/ABI2913, and CSIC under Proyects 201470E056 and 201470E073.

The objective of this paper is to establish the relationship between L-valued approximation spaces and L-valued transformation systems. We show that for each L-valued upper/lower fuzzy transformation system there exist an L-valued reflexive approximation space and vice versa. In between, we study the concept of L-valued natural transformations.

In our review, we highlighted the progresses made in molecular breeding of lily's flowering, including the ABCDE models, the gene cloning, the establishment of regeneration system, the gene transformation methods, the transgene technology application in lily. Meanwhile, questions that were met at present in molecular breeding in flowering of lily were underlined, and we provide viable solutions. Although many researches on lily literature had been published in the world, in our review, we provided a valuable and unique resource and spring-board from which to understand or further study the molecular breeding in flowering of lily.

It is now over half a century since the biochemical characterization of the C4 photosynthetic pathway, and this special issue highlights the sheer breadth of current knowledge. New genomic and transcriptomic information shows that multi-level regulation of gene expression is required for the pathway to function, yet we know it to be one of the most dynamic examples of convergent evolution. Now, a focus on the molecular transition from C3-C4 intermediates, together with improved mathematical models, experimental tools and transformation systems, holds great promise for improving C4 photosynthesis in crops.

In most Agrobacterium-mediated Jatropha curcas transformation systems, antibiotics are used for suppressing the growth of the bacteria. However, these antibiotics could also hinder largely the further growth of the resulted buds. To tackle this problem, grafting methods were tested by using J. curcas buds and shoots isolated from seedlings as scions and the lower part of J. curcas seedlings as stocks. It was found that the most suitable stocks were those prepared from five days old seedlings and had the upper part radical. In later experiments, significant enhancement on the growth of buds in culture was confirmed in 1/2 MS medium containing0.3 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).With the help of above established grafting methods by grafting the buds to the stocks, the growth of the grafted buds could be effectively enhanced.

Background knowledge is often represented by sets of conditionals of the form “if A then usually B”. Such knowledge bases should not be circuitous, but compact and easy to compare in order to allow for efficient processing in approaches dealing with and inferring from background knowledge, such as nonmonotonic reasoning. In this paper we present transformation systems on conditional knowledge bases that allow to identify and remove unnecessary conditionals from the knowledge base while preserving the knowledge base’s model set.