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ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusions The skin barrier function is an important predictor of neonatal barrier defects. This study aimed to investigate the daily changes in skin barrier function and the impact of bathing on skin barrier function in neonates.We assessed the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) on the forehead, cheek, volar forearm, and chest from days 2 to 7 and at 1 month after birth. Additionally, we measured the values after bathing and compared them with the pre‐bathing values.Sixty‐six neonates were involved in the assessment, and each value at the four sites showed significant correlations. TEWL remained stable between days 2 and 7, but SCH significantly increased at most sites. Both significantly increased by 1.5–2 times in 1 month. After bathing, TEWL increased by more than 20% but decreased again after 3 h.TEWL did not change significantly with age during the first week of life. To minimize the effects of bathing, TEWL should be measured at least 3 h after bathing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study published in the Journal of Diabetes explores the relationship between stratum corneum hydration levels and HbA1c levels in elderly Chinese individuals. The research indicates a negative correlation between stratum corneum hydration and HbA1c levels, with individuals with type 2 diabetes showing lower hydration levels. The findings suggest that improving stratum corneum hydration could be an alternative approach in managing type 2 diabetes, as low hydration levels may increase proinflammatory cytokines linked to the disease's pathogenesis. Further studies are needed to understand the interaction between stratum corneum hydration and type 2 diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

Because of their convenience, rapidness and non-invasive advantages, non-invasive skin physiological monitoring technique can be auxiliary examination of many common skin diseases and is of great significance in guiding the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Skin physiological monitor is a newly-developed non-invasive skin physiological monitoring technique, which can evaluate skin barrier by measuring transepidermal water loss rate (TEWL), skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration (SCH), sebum content and so on. This manuscript reviews and discusses the applications and significance of non-invasive skin physiological monitors in dermatology. It will provide a basis for analyzing the correlation between skin barrier function and diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes.

The principal function of skin is to form an effective barrier between the human body and its environment. Impaired barrier function represents a precondition for the development of skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), which is the most common inflammatory skin disease characterized by skin barrier dysfunction. AD significantly affects patients’ quality of life, thus, there is a growing interest in the development of novel delivery systems that would improve therapeutic outcomes. Herein, eight novel lyotropic liquid crystals (LCCs) were investigated for the first time in a double-blind, interventional, before-after, single-group trial with healthy adult subjects and a twice-daily application regimen. LCCs consisted of constituents with skin regenerative properties and exhibited lamellar micro-structure, especially suitable for dermal application. The short- and long-term effects of LCCs on TEWL, SC hydration, erythema index, melanin index, and tolerability were determined and compared with baseline. LCCs with the highest oil content and lecithin/Tween 80 mixture stood out by providing a remarkable 2-fold reduction in TEWL values and showing the most distinctive decrease in skin erythema levels in both the short- and long-term exposure. Therefore, they exhibit great potential for clinical use as novel delivery systems for AD treatment, capable of repairing skin barrier function.

Copyright of Detergent & Cosmetics is the property of Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contact dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease that often requires prescription therapy and is associated with adverse reactions. Omega fatty acids have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory effect and could serve as a safer option in contact dermatitis treatment. Therefore, the aim of this randomized controlled study, conducted at the University of Split School of Medicine, was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of omega fatty acids containing topical products in an experimental model of irritant contact dermatitis. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials (NCT06189144) and is closed. The primary outcomes were levels of transepidermal water loss, skin hydration, and skin erythema, all measured using an MPA6 device in 25 healthy participants. A significant difference was observed between the hydration values of the intervention (45.7 ± 12.4) and control groups (31.6 ± 12.3) (p < 0.05) on final measurements (day 10). Moreover, higher erythema levels were observed in participants who were smokers, compared to non-smokers. No adverse drug reactions were observed during the study period. In conclusion, omega fatty acids topical product use shows promise in the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis, and further studies are needed to evaluate efficacy in a larger sample of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with a significant burden on patients' quality of life. This systematic review aims to evaluate the restoration of skin barrier abnormalities with interleukin-4/interleukin-13 (IL-4/IL-13) inhibitors and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in atopic dermatitis. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on studies that assess the use of IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors for atopic dermatitis. We identified eligible studies by searching Medline via PubMed with a special focus on their effect on the restoration of the epidermal barrier. Included studies evaluated the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the reduction in epidermal thickness (ET), the improvement in ceramide synthesis, and the increase in stratum corneum hydration (SCH) with IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors. The quality of included studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I and the RoB 2.0 tool for assessing the risk of bias. Results: Ten of the included studies concern dupilumab, while two concern JAK inhibitors. Ten were observational studies and two were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The total number of included participants was 378 concerning dupilumab and 38 concerning JAK inhibitors. Five studies did not include any comparison group, three included healthy volunteers, two were conducted versus placebo, and two compared dupilumab with other treatments. The follow-up period ranged between 29 days and 32 weeks. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and an increase in SCH on eczematous lesions for patients with sustained response to dupilumab treatment and observed improvements in ET and filaggrin (FLG) staining, which further support the efficacy of JAK inhibitors in enhancing skin barrier function. Conclusions: This review underscores the efficacy of IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors in improving skin barrier function. However, the limited number of studies focusing on JAK inhibitors and the overall lack of RCTs highlight the need for further research to establish the definitive role of IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors in the restoration of the skin barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIMS: Assessment of skin biophysical parameters in a South African nursing populationmay provide insight in long-termchanges in their skin condition in a practical setting. This study aimed to investigate changes in skin barrier function parameters over a period of 2 years, in nursing students completing their tertiary education. METHODS: Transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum (SC) hydration, and skin surface pH were measured in female nursing students (63 white, 42 Black African) three times a year and repeated for 2 years. Linear mixed models and Bonferroni post hoc tests were performed to test changes over time in skin barrier function parameters. RESULTS: Transepidermal water loss and SC hydration significantly (p < .001) decreased over 2 years in first-year students, whereas only specific differenceswere established for senior students. Skin surface pH significantly (p < .001) varied over the 2 yearswith significant increases (p < .031) in thewintermonths. The only significant difference (p < .001) between white and Black African students was established in skin surface pH. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the variability of skin barrier function parameters, specifically seasonal variation in skin surface pH. This study also revealed possible long-term changes in skin condition through the recovery of the SC in a practical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry guava is the fruit of Psidium littorale, which grows in tropical regions. Few studies have examined the hydrophobic compounds and biological activities of this fruit. Therefore, we purified lipophilic compounds of strawberry guava and examined their effects on epidermal and blood vessel barrier functions as well as their anti-melanogenic activity. Lipophilic compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography followed by reversed-phase HPLC with MeOH from an EtOH extract of the fruit. Isolated compounds were identified by comparing NMR and MS spectra with those of reference values. The effects of these compounds on epidermal barrier function were evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) using reconstructed human epidermal keratinocytes (RHEKs). Blood vessel barrier function was examined using dye permeability through human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) layers. Anti-melanogenic activity was assessed by theophylline-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. We isolated six glucosylceramides (GlcCers) and three digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs). Only GlcCer[t18:1(8Z)/23:0] significantly lowered TEWL in RHEKs, while GlcCer[t18:1(8Z)/24:0] induced a slight reduction. Regarding the permeability of the HUVEC layer, GlcCer[d18:2(4E,8Z)/16:0] and DGDG (1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-digalactosylglycerol) significantly suppressed dye permeability and this effect was accompanied by the expression of VE-cadherin, which facilitates cell-to-cell adhesion. GlcCers and DGDGs did not exhibit anti-melanogenic activity. Therefore, strawberry guava containing specific GlcCers and DGDGs may promote epidermal and blood vessel barrier functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin parameters such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and water content are important information in relation to the skin barrier function of the human body. It was reported that the structures of corneocytes and intercellular lipids are important for the skin barrier. In a recent study, it has been found that there is a correlation between the packing structure of intercellular lipids and TEWL. However, there have been no studies that focused on the correlation between the structures of individual cells and skin parameters. On the other hand, the advances in sensor technology have made it possible to acquire high-resolution 2D electron diffraction (ED) images. Thus, we attempted to examine the relationship between the 2D ED images of corneocytes and the TEWL or water content values, which is difficult with the rule-based analysis, by introducing a deep learning model. Our results showed that the highest prediction accuracy of 13.92 ± 0.57% as the error rate is achieved for water content with a diffraction image rather than with 1D ED profiles, which suggests that spatial anisotropy in a 2D image may contribute to the skin barrier function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast milk contains numerous factors that are involved in the maturation of the immune system and development of the gut microbiota in infants. These factors include transforming growth factor-β1 and 2, immunoglobin A, and lactoferrin. Breast milk factors may also affect epidermal differentiation and the stratum corneum (SC) barrier in infants, but no studies examining these associations over time during infancy have been reported. In this single-center exploratory study, we measured the molecular components of the SC using confocal Raman spectroscopy at 0, 1, 2, 6, and 12 months of age in 39 infants born at our hospital. Breast milk factor concentrations from their mothers' breast milk were determined. Correlation coefficients for the two datasets were estimated for each molecular component of the SC and breast milk factor at each age and SC depth. The results showed that breast milk factors and molecular components of the SC during infancy were partly correlated with infant age in months and SC depth, suggesting that breast milk factors influence the maturation of the SC components. These findings may improve understanding of the pathogenesis of skin diseases associated with skin barrier abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the utility of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) to stratum corneum hydration (SCH) ratio in atopic dermatitis (AD). The study compares the performance of the TEWL:SCH ratio to TEWL and SCH alone in differentiating nonlesional skin in AD from healthy controls, differentiating disease severity in nonlesional AD skin, and identifying changes after emollient treatment in nonlesional AD skin. The results show that TEWL alone is the best indicator for distinguishing AD from controls and disease severity, while the TEWL:SCH ratio may be more sensitive to changes after emollient use. The study suggests that the TEWL:SCH ratio could be a useful measure in future dermatology trials. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the association between epidermal functions and constipation in the elderly. The study analyzed data from a previous study conducted on chronologically aged individuals in China. The results showed that epidermal biophysical properties, such as stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss, were negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with the frequency of complete bowel movements. Additionally, the study found that topical emollients improved epidermal function and alleviated constipation in the elderly. Further research is needed to determine the benefits of topical emollients for constipation in larger cohorts. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Acneiform rash is frequently observed in patients undergoing cancer treatment with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody drugs and can often necessitate treatment discontinuation. However, the specific changes in skin parameters resulting from anti-EGFR antibody drug administration are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to longitudinally and quantitatively evaluate the changes in skin parameters (transepidermal water loss [TEWL], hydration level, and sebum level) caused by anti-EGFR antibody drugs and investigate their potential as control markers for skin disorders. Methods: This prospective study included 12 patients with colorectal cancer who received anti-EGFR antibody drugs for the first time. The assessment items included the grade of acneiform rash and skin parameters (TEWL, hydration level, and sebum level), which were observed for up to 6 weeks after administration of the medication. Results: The enrolled patients were classified into two groups based on the grade of acneiform rash caused by anti-EGFR antibody drugs: "Grade 1 and lower," and "Grade 2 and higher." The skin parameters were compared between these groups. The results showed that in the "Grade 2 and higher" group, TEWL in the face (at week 2 of administration), chest (baseline, weeks 2 and 6 of administration), and back (at week 2 of administration) were significantly higher than those in the "Grade 1 and lower" group. However, the two groups showed no significant differences in hydration or sebum levels at any time point. Conclusion: TEWL can serve as a marker for acneiform rashes induced by anti-EGFR antibody drugs during cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sargassum horneri came ashore after flowing from the South China Sea to Jeju Island a few years ago. This caused a significant environmental impact on coastal areas where S. horneri has accumulated because of decomposition and the release of toxic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide. Aims: In this study, we evaluated a biological ingredient prepared from fucoidan‐rich S. horneri and demonstrated its antiwrinkle effects on ultraviolet B (UVB)‐induced fibroblast cells. Materials and Methods: Fucoidan samples from S. horneri were prepared according to a previously published process with modifications. The compositional analysis of S. horneri fucoidan extract (SHFE) as well as its effects on antiaging were examined to determine its utility as a functional material. Results: SHFE exhibited antioxidant properties using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Treatment of UVB‐induced fibroblasts with SHFE significantly increased the synthesis of procollagen compared with adenosine treatment and inhibited MMP‐1 and MMP‐3 expression. In a clinical study, SHFE lotion improved skin barrier effects in forearms and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values were reduced after 3 weeks of use compared with a placebo. Conclusion: SHFE has utility as an additive with functional antiaging effects for a range of cosmetic products as it restores skin hydration in the epidermal barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin epidermis, acts as an effective bi‐directional barrier, preventing water loss (inside–outside barrier) and entry of foreign substances (outside–inside barrier). Although transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is a widely‐used measure of barrier function, it represents only inside‐outside protection. Therefore, we aimed to establish a non‐invasive method for quantitative evaluation of the outside–inside barrier function and visually present a skin barrier model. Materials and methods: Skin barrier damage was induced by applying a closed patch of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate to the forearms of eight participants; they were instructed to apply a barrier cream on a designated damaged area twice daily for 5 days. The SC barrier was evaluated by measuring TEWL and fluorescein sodium salt penetration rate before, immediately after, and 5 days after damage. The penetration rate was assessed using tape‐stripping (TS) technique and fluorescence microscopy. Results: The rates of fluorescein sodium salt penetration into the lower layers of SC differed significantly based on the degree of skin barrier damage. The correlation between penetration rate and TEWL was weak after two rounds of TS and became stronger after subsequent rounds. Five days after skin barrier damage, the penetration rate of all layers differed significantly between areas with and without the barrier cream application. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that the penetration rate was dependent on skin barrier conditions. The penetration rate and corresponding fluorescence images are suitable quantitative indicators that can visually represent skin barrier conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundL-ergothioneine (EGT), an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory amino acid, is abundant in various mushroom fruiting bodies. Meanwhile, the effects of EGT-containing mushrooms on human skin are unknown. This study investigated the effects of oral ingestion of a novel EGT-rich strain of Pleurotus species (hiratake) on skin conditions in humans.MethodsWe conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate skin moisturizing functions and facial conditions in 80 healthy women who were randomly assigned to either a group that was supplemented with hiratake tablets containing 25 mg of EGT/day or a placebo group. Skin moisture content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and facial scores (VISIA scores) were measured at baseline, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of supplementation.ResultsAt 8 weeks, the skin moisture content was significantly higher on the temple in the hiratake group than in the placebo group. The hiratake group also exhibited a significant increase in skin moisture content on the arm at 8 and 12 weeks compared with baseline. At 12 weeks, wrinkle and texture scores were significantly better in the hiratake group than in the placebo group, and plasma EGT concentrations in the hiratake group were 4.7-fold higher than baseline (from 3.4 to 15.9 μM). Furthermore, EGT concentrations in plasma were significantly correlated with improvements in skin moisture content and TEWL on the arm, implying that these skin moisturizing benefits could be partly attributed to EGT. A stratified analysis of participants with a low baseline plasma EGT concentration (< 3.3 μM) revealed that skin moisture content on the temple was significantly higher at 8 and 12 weeks, and skin moisture content on the arm at 12 weeks tended to be higher (p = 0.074), in the hiratake group than in the placebo group. These findings suggested that oral ingestion of EGT-rich hiratake can improve skin moisturizing functions.ConclusionEGT-rich hiratake may help maintain skin conditions in healthy women, and EGT may play a role in these beneficial effects.

Dry skin is the common problem affecting people which triggers many unpleasant symptoms such as roughness, peeling, burning, itching and greater sensitivity to injury and external conditions. One method to assess the water loss of skin is transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. Various active substances, for instance allantoin and D-panthenol, can be used to overcome the symptoms of the dry skin. In this study, emulsions containing allantoin and D-panthenol as moisturizing agents and various oils (liquid paraffin, Cannabis sativa, Baobab and Coconut oil) were developed. The prepared emulsions were characterized by: visual and microscopic appearance and pH values. Stability analysis was conducted by centrifuge test and sensory test using sensory sensation was evaluated. Rheological experiments were performed using a rheometer, while mechanical and adhesion tests by texture analyzer. TEWL values were measured using a tewameter, after application of the emulsions to the responders skin. TEWL study noticed that regular permanent use of moisturizing emulsions with allantoin and D-panthenol limited the water loss. In conclusion, it can be stated that emulsions containing allantoin and D-panthenol as active agents and Coconut oil as oily ingredient are attractive formulations with moisturizing effect and good application features.

Abstract Background Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are common materials used in skin-related cosmetics and sunscreen products due to their whitening and strong UV light absorption properties. Although the protective effects of ZnONPs against UV light in intact skin have been well demonstrated, the effects of using ZnONPs on damaged or sunburned skin are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the detailed underlying mechanisms related to keratinocytes and macrophages exposed to UVB and ZnONPs. Results We demonstrated that ZnONPs exacerbated mouse skin damage after UVB exposure, followed by increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) levels, cell death and epithelial thickness. In addition, ZnONPs could penetrate through the damaged epithelium, gain access to the dermis cells, and lead to severe inflammation by activation of M1 macrophage. Mechanistic studies indicated that co-exposure of keratinocytes to UVB and ZnONPs lysosomal impairment and autophagy dysfunction, which increased cell exosome release. However, these exosomes could be taken up by macrophages, which accelerated M1 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, ZnONPs also induced a lasting inflammatory response in M1 macrophages and affected epithelial cell repair by regulating the autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage exosome secretion. Conclusions Our findings propose a new concept for ZnONP-induced skin toxicity mechanisms and the safety issue of ZnONPs application on vulnerable skin. The process involved an interplay of lysosomal impairment, autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage exosome secretion. The current finding is valuable for evaluating the effects of ZnONPs for cosmetics applications.

Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are common materials used in skin-related cosmetics and sunscreen products due to their whitening and strong UV light absorption properties. Although the protective effects of ZnONPs against UV light in intact skin have been well demonstrated, the effects of using ZnONPs on damaged or sunburned skin are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the detailed underlying mechanisms related to keratinocytes and macrophages exposed to UVB and ZnONPs. Results: We demonstrated that ZnONPs exacerbated mouse skin damage after UVB exposure, followed by increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) levels, cell death and epithelial thickness. In addition, ZnONPs could penetrate through the damaged epithelium, gain access to the dermis cells, and lead to severe inflammation by activation of M1 macrophage. Mechanistic studies indicated that co-exposure of keratinocytes to UVB and ZnONPs lysosomal impairment and autophagy dysfunction, which increased cell exosome release. However, these exosomes could be taken up by macrophages, which accelerated M1 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, ZnONPs also induced a lasting inflammatory response in M1 macrophages and affected epithelial cell repair by regulating the autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage exosome secretion. Conclusions: Our findings propose a new concept for ZnONP-induced skin toxicity mechanisms and the safety issue of ZnONPs application on vulnerable skin. The process involved an interplay of lysosomal impairment, autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and macrophage exosome secretion. The current finding is valuable for evaluating the effects of ZnONPs for cosmetics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Electrical stimulation (ES) is a widely used technique in the medical field for various purposes. The effect of ES on several skin properties has been investigated; however, its effect on skin vulnerability to irritants remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ES application on skin vulnerability to external irritants. Materials and methods: An experimental study on 12 healthy male subjects (Mean ± SD, 22.9 ± 3.6 years) who completed the study. The subjects were free of skin abnormalities in the volar aspect of both forearms. Three areas were allocated to each forearm and marked as areas 1, 2, and A in the treated forearm, and areas 3, 4, and B in the control forearm. ES was applied to the volar aspect of the treated forearm for 30 min three times a week, for 2 weeks. The effect of ES on skin vulnerability was investigated using 5% and 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) patches applied to both treated and control forearms. The skin response to irritants was evaluated using transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and a visual erythema score 24 h after patch removal. Results: Compared to the control forearm, ES increased skin permeability and erythema in response to external irritants (SLS), as measured by the visual analog score (Z = 2.75, p = 0.006) and TEWL (p < 0.05), respectively. Conclusions: ES escalates skin reactions to low concentrations of irritant substances, such as SLS, in the area between the two electrodes. This emphasizes the use of this substance, and similar irritants should be avoided in areas treated with ES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Detergent & Cosmetics is the property of Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Because of the crucial role of epidermal permeability barrier in regulation of cutaneous and extracutaneous functions, great efforts have been made to identify and develop the regimens that can improve epidermal permeability barrier function. Studies have demonstrated that oral administration of natural ingredients can improve epidermal permeability barrier in various skin conditions, including inflammatory dermatoses and UV-irradiation. Moreover, topical applications of some natural ingredients can also accelerate the repair of epidermal permeability barrier after acute barrier disruption and lower transepidermal water loss in the intact skin. Natural ingredient-induced improvements in epidermal permeability barrier function can be attributable to upregulation of keratinocyte differentiation, lipid production, antioxidant, hyaluronic acid production, expression of aquaporin 3 and sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1. In this review, we summarize the benefits of topical natural ingredients in epidermal permeability barrier in normal skin with or without acute barrier disruption and the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epithelial barrier impairment is associated with many skin and mucosal inflammatory disorders. Laundry detergents have been demonstrated to affect epithelial barrier function in vitro using air–liquid interface cultures of human epithelial cells. Methods: Back skin of C57BL/6 mice was treated with two household laundry detergents at several dilutions. Barrier function was assessed by electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements after the 4 h of treatments with detergents. RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and targeted multiplex proteomics analyses in skin biopsy samples were performed. The 6‐h treatment effect of laundry detergent and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was investigated on ex vivo human skin. Results: Detergent‐treated skin showed a significant EIS reduction and TEWL increase compared to untreated skin, with a relatively higher sensitivity and dose–response in EIS. The RNA‐seq showed the reduction of the expression of several genes essential for skin barrier integrity, such as tight junctions and adherens junction proteins. In contrast, keratinization, lipid metabolic processes, and epidermal cell differentiation were upregulated. Proteomics analysis showed that the detergents treatment generally downregulated cell adhesion‐related proteins, such as epithelial cell adhesion molecule and contactin‐1, and upregulated proinflammatory proteins, such as interleukin 6 and interleukin 1 beta. Both detergent and SDS led to a significant decrease in EIS values in the ex vivo human skin model. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that laundry detergents and its main component, SDS impaired the epidermal barrier in vivo and ex vivo human skin. Daily detergent exposure may cause skin barrier disruption and may contribute to the development of atopic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by an impaired epidermal barrier, which could be associated with sensitization to food allergens (FAs) and/or inhaled allergens and contribute to the severity of AD. However, no clinical guidance has been established for evaluations of food sensitization (FS) in AD patients. This study investigated how AD severity and epidermal barrier impairment are associated with FS and factors that can predict FS in children with AD. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 children (12–60 months) diagnosed with AD. AD severity was determined using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. FS was evaluated by measuring serum-specific IgE antibodies against 31 FAs using an immunoblotting method. Epidermal barrier impairment was assessed by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) levels. Results: 90% of participants were sensitized to at least one tested FA, with cow's milk, egg white, beef, almond, egg yolk, and peanut being the most common. Children with moderate-severe AD had lower SCH levels than those with mild AD. Children with AD who were sensitized to >10 FAs had significantly higher TEWL and lower SCH levels, compared with those sensitized to 1–4 FAs and 5–10 FAs. The SCORAD score and SCH level in lesional skin provided moderately predictive value for sensitization to FAs in children with AD. Conclusion: FS is common in children with AD and closely associate with AD severity as well as epidermal barrier impairment. Evaluations of FS should be considered for children with moderate to severe AD and/or low SCH levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although rosacea and seborrheic dermatitis share some symptoms of sensitive skin, whether they respond differently to lactic acid sting and capsaicin tests, common tests for diagnosis of sensitive skin, is unknown. Objectives: To reveal the cutaneous responses to lactic acid sting (LAST) and capsaicin test (CAT) in females with either rosacea vs. seborrheic dermatitis. Methods: A total of 60 patients with rosacea, 20 patients with seborrheic dermatitis and 40 normal controls were enrolled in the study. Their skin sensitivity to stimuli were evaluated following topical application of either 10% lactic acid solution or 0.001% capsaicin solution. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) rates and erythema indexes were also measured on the face. Results: In comparison to normal controls, the positive rate to either LAST or CAT was significantly higher in subjects with rosacea (p < 0.001), but not in that with seborrheic dermatitis. Similarly, individuals with rosacea displayed a higher positive rate to both LAST and CAT than those with seborrheic dermatitis and normal controls (p < 0.001). In parallel, the LAST scores and CAT scores in individuals with rosacea were significantly higher than in that with either seborrheic dermatitis or normal controls (p < 0.001). The baseline TEWL rates and erythema indexes were higher in individual with rosacea than in normal controls (p < 0.001). But the baseline TEWL rates and erythema indexes did not differ significantly between subjects with rosacea and that with seborrheic dermatitis. Moreover, LAST scores and CAT scores correlated positively with TEWL (p < 0.0001). TEWL rates were higher in CAT positive than in CAT negative subjects (p < 0.0001). Finally, erythema index correlated positively with CAT scores (p < 0.0001), but not with LAST scores (p = 0.0842). Conclusions: Skin responses to LAST and CAT differ between individuals with rosacea and those with seborrheic dermatitis, possibly due to the differences in epidermal permeability barrier and the neurovascular hyperreactivity. The higher LAST and CAT scores, as well as positive rates of both LAST and CAT can be attributable to inferior permeability barrier and the neurovascular hyperreactivity in subjects with rosacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bin Yang,1,&ast; Qingsong Lai,2,&ast; Aiqi Chen,2 Li Ye,1 Xiaohua Wang,1 Yulin Lai,2 Dan Liu,3 Mao-Qiang Man3 1Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong, 510091, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Dermatology, Medical Center for Public Health of Puning, Puning City, Guangdong, 515300, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Product Development, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong, 510091, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mao-Qiang Man, Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, 2 Lujing Road, Guangzhou City, 510091, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 20 8725 7353, Email mqman@hotmail.comBackground/Objective: Epidermal function is altered in a number of cutaneous and extracutaneous disorders. To determine whether epidermal function is also altered in children with obesity, we assessed the correlation between the body mass index (BMI) z score and epidermal function in children.Participants and Methods: Participants were enrolled from outpatient clinic, schools and kindergartens. Epidermal biophysical properties, including transepidermal water loss rate, stratum corneum hydration and skin surface pH, were measured on the flexor forearm and shin. Correlations between epidermal biophysical properties and BMI were analyzed. In addition, the association of epidermal biophysical properties with BMI z score was also determined.Results: Overall, BMI did not differ significantly between boys and girls among the age groups. BMI z scores correlated negatively with stratum corneum hydration levels and positively with skin surface pH in boys, but not in girls. The negative correlation between TEWL and BMI z score was not significant. Moreover, stratum corneum hydration levels were lower in boys with a BMI z score of ≥ 2 than in those with a BMI z score of − 2 to 0.99.Conclusion: Both stratum corneum hydration levels and skin surface pH are significantly correlated with BMI z scores in boys, but not in girls. Whether epidermal function influences BMI or vice versa remains to be determined.Keywords: transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, body mass index, BMI z score

Background and Objectives: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with a significant burden on patients’ quality of life. This systematic review aims to evaluate the restoration of skin barrier abnormalities with interleukin-4/interleukin-13 (IL-4/IL-13) inhibitors and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in atopic dermatitis. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on studies that assess the use of IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors for atopic dermatitis. We identified eligible studies by searching Medline via PubMed with a special focus on their effect on the restoration of the epidermal barrier. Included studies evaluated the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the reduction in epidermal thickness (ET), the improvement in ceramide synthesis, and the increase in stratum corneum hydration (SCH) with IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors. The quality of included studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I and the RoB 2.0 tool for assessing the risk of bias. Results: Ten of the included studies concern dupilumab, while two concern JAK inhibitors. Ten were observational studies and two were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The total number of included participants was 378 concerning dupilumab and 38 concerning JAK inhibitors. Five studies did not include any comparison group, three included healthy volunteers, two were conducted versus placebo, and two compared dupilumab with other treatments. The follow-up period ranged between 29 days and 32 weeks. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and an increase in SCH on eczematous lesions for patients with sustained response to dupilumab treatment and observed improvements in ET and filaggrin (FLG) staining, which further support the efficacy of JAK inhibitors in enhancing skin barrier function. Conclusions: This review underscores the efficacy of IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors in improving skin barrier function. However, the limited number of studies focusing on JAK inhibitors and the overall lack of RCTs highlight the need for further research to establish the definitive role of IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors in the restoration of the skin barrier.

Background and Design: Skin barrier function in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) has rarely been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), and sebum level (SL) on the skin of the lymphedema arm in comparison to the skin of the healthy contralateral arm in BCRL patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 40 female patients with unilateral BCRL. TEWL, SCH, and SL were measured using Tewameter®, Corneometer®, and Sebumeter®, respectively. Measurements were taken in each patient's lymphedema arms and healthy contralateral arm. The volar/dorsal regions of the forearm and the dorsal region of the upper arm were determined as measurement sites. Results: In all three measurement areas, there was no significant difference in SCH or SL between the skin of the lymphedema arm and the skin of the healthy contralateral arm. TEWL was significantly higher on the skin of the lymphedema arm than on the healthy arm for the volar forearm regions (p=0.007). However, there was no significant difference in TEWL between the skin of the lymphedema arm and the skin of the healthy contralateral arm in the dorsal forearm or dorsal upper arm region. Conclusion: This study showed that there was no difference in skin barrier functions in the lymphedema arm compared with the healthy contralateral arm, except for higher TEWL in the skin of the volar forearm region of the lymphedema arm in BCRL patients. The detection of changes in skin barrier function in BCRL patients may help in the regulation of optimal skin care of these patients' lymphedema arms.

Previous studies have shown that milk ceramide (MC) protects against photoaging in ultraviolet B-irradiated mice. Thus, we conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study to evaluate the skin improvement efficacy of MC. The participants were women aged 30–65 years with crow’s feet who were randomly assigned to receive either MC (600 mg/day) or a placebo for 12 weeks. The participants' degree of wrinkles around eyes was analyzed by expert graders. Additionally, changes in parameters related to skin wrinkling, moisture, and elasticity were measured. In the MC group, the wrinkles and roughness index around the eyes were significantly improved. After 12 weeks, the MC group showed significantly lower transepidermal water loss, and higher skin moisture and elasticity index than the placebo group. No serious adverse events were observed during the study period. Therefore, MC intake is expected to prevent skin aging by improving skin moisture and elasticity and weakening wrinkles.

Dry skin is the common problem affecting people, leading to many unpleasant symptoms such as roughness, peeling, burning, itching, and greater sensitivity to injury and external conditions. One method to assess skin water loss is transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. Various active substances, for instance allantoin and D-panthenol, can be used to overcome the symptoms of dry skin. In this study, emulsions containing allantoin and D-panthenol as moisturizing agents and various oils (liquid paraffin, Cannabis sativa, baobab, and coconut oils) were developed. The prepared emulsions were characterized by visual and microscopic appearance and pH values. Stability analysis was conducted by the centrifuge test, and sensation was evaluated using the sensory test. Rheological experiments were performed using a rheometer, while mechanical and adhesion tests by a texture analyzer. TEWL values were measured using a tewameter after applying the emulsions to the responder's skin. The TEWL study found that regular permanent use of moisturizing emulsions with allantoin and D-panthenol limited water loss. In conclusion, it can be stated that emulsions containing allantoin and D-panthenol as active agents and coconut oil as the oily ingredient are attractive formulations with a moisturizing effect and good application features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An increased frequency of hand sanitizer use and washing hands with soap seems to increase the incidence of hand eczema (HE). Objectives: The aim was to analyze HE in nonmedical personnel, its severity, and the effect of hand sanitizer use on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin capacitance. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2022. Subjects were recruited based on the study criteria with cluster random sampling method. Each subject's identity, data related to hand sanitizer use and handwashing, atopic stigmata, and duration of HE were documented. The severity of HE was assessed with the HE Severity Index (HECSI). TEWL and skin capacitance were measured with the Tewameter® TM 300 and Corneometer® CM 825 instruments. Results: Out of 240 subjects who were selected randomly, 24 normal subjects and 24 subjects with HE were recruited. The incidence of HE in nonmedical personnel using hand sanitizer was 10%, with a median disease duration of 22 weeks and a mean HECSI score of 9.25 ± 6.33. There was no significant difference in TEWL and skin capacitance between the groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant correlation between TEWL and skin capacitance with the HECSI score (P > 0.05). Subjects with HE washed their hands more frequently than subjects without HE (6 vs. 4.5 times per day; P 0.005). Conclusion: Most nonmedical personnel with HE had a mild form of the condition. There were no significant barrier function and skin hydration differences between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer among women. Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the main and primary treatment options for BC, especially in breast‐conserving surgery (BCS). BC patients who underwent RT experience a wide range of symptoms, in which breast oedema and irritation of the skin take the lion's share. Breast oedema/lymphedema, which is also a prominent side effect after RT should be well determined in earlier settings due to the chronicity of lymphedema. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the biophysical parameters of skin on the ipsilateral (IL) and contralateral (CL) sites via Tissue dielectric constant (TDC) and Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) methods in terms of oedema and skin barrier function (SBF). The following reference points before and after the RT were measured: (R1: Pectoralis muscle, R2: Upper breast, R3: Lower breast, R4: Lateral site of the thorax). A total of 24 BC patients (mean age and BMI: 52.78 ± 9.85 years and 28.42 ± 5.64 kg/m2) were evaluated. In the IL site, the SBF was not found significant in R1‐R3, whereas significantly lower SBF was observed in R4 after RT (t = −3.361, p = 0.003). A significant increase in TDC was observed in R2 at the 5.0 mm depth (t = −2.500, p = 0.02). We suggest that a longer period of follow‐up should be carefully carried out to track changes in terms of SBF and oedema in the irradiated breast. The increased need for early detection of changes associated with breast lymphedema can be achievable via noninvasive, safe, cheap, and easily repeatable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study investigated the relationship between the skin bacterial and fungal microbiomes and skin pH at sebaceous sites, namely, the forehead, cheek and upper chest. We also examined the relationship between the skin microbiome and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which is an indicator of rough skin. Methods: Thirty healthy Japanese subjects (15 females and 15 males) were enrolled as subjects. The forehead, cheek and upper chest were examined in August (summer) and February (winter). Skin surface samples were collected using the swab method, and the 16s rRNA and ITS regions were analysed using next‐generation sequencing. Skin pH and TEWL were also assessed. Results: The changes observed in the skin microbiome were associated with season‐dependent changes in skin pH. An increase in skin pH at the forehead and cheek was associated with a higher relative abundance of Cutibacterium spp., a reduction in bacterial diversity, and a lower relative abundance of Staphylococcus spp. A decrease in skin pH at the upper chest was associated with a higher relative abundance of Malassezia restricta, a lower relative abundance of M. sympodialis and decrease in fungal diversity. Moreover, these changes were also associated with an increase in TEWL. Conclusion: The present results indicate that changes in skin pH are associated with changes in the skin bacterial and fungal microbiomes at sebaceous sites. The changes observed in the skin microbiome were also associated with rough skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiple protective functions of the skin derive from the interactions between epithelial skin and immune cells as well as the commensal microbiota. Developed in the last trimester of intra‐uterine life, the skin barrier adapts dynamically after birth. Specific differences in the structure and physiology have been disclosed between infant and adult skin. The stratum corneum of infants is thinner and structured by thicker corneocytes with a more anisotropic surface in comparison to adult skin. Lower levels of the natural moisturizing factor and its constituents, together with the increased protease activity in the epidermis result in dry baby skin and ongoing adaptation of the desquamation to the extra‐uterine environment. Infant epidermis is characterized by an accelerated proliferation rate and clinically competent permeability barrier in term neonates, despite the higher baseline values of transepidermal water loss in infants. The skin surface of newborns is less acidic, which could increase susceptibility to diaper and atopic dermatitis. Immediately after birth, skin is colonized by commensal bacteria—a process dependent on the mode of delivery and of major importance for the maturation of the immune system. Skin bacterial diversity and dysbiosis have been related to different pathology such as atopic and seborrheic dermatitis. This paper focuses on the ongoing structural, functional and biochemical adaptation of the human skin barrier after birth. We discuss the interactions on the 'skin barrier/ microbiota/ immune system' axis and their role in the development of competent functional integrity of the epidermal barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are prevalent chronic inflammatory skin diseases that are characterized by dysfunctional skin barriers and substantially impact patients' quality of life. Vitamin D3 regulates immune responses and keratinocyte differentiation and improves psoriasis symptoms; however, its effects on atopic dermatitis remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D3, on an NC/Nga mouse model of atopic dermatitis. We observed that the topical application of calcitriol decreased the dermatitis scores and epidermal thickness of NC/Nga mice with atopic dermatitis compared to untreated mice. In addition, both stratum corneum barrier function as assessed by the measurement of transepidermal water loss and tight junction barrier function as evaluated by biotin tracer permeability assay were improved following calcitriol treatment. Moreover, calcitriol treatment reversed the decrease in the expression of skin barrier-related proteins and decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-33 in mice with atopic dermatitis. These findings suggest that the topical application of calcitriol might improve the symptoms of atopic dermatitis by repairing the dysfunctional epidermal and tight junction barriers. Our results suggest that calcitriol might be a viable therapeutic agent for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in addition to psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Skin barrier function in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) has rarely been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), and sebum level (SL) on the skin of the lymphedema arm in comparison to the skin of the healthy contralateral arm in BCRL patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 40 female patients with unilateral BCRL. TEWL, SCH, and SL were measured using Tewameter®, Corneometer®, and Sebumeter®, respectively. Measurements were taken in each patient's lymphedema arms and healthy contralateral arm. The volar/dorsal regions of the forearm and the dorsal region of the upper arm were determined as measurement sites. Results: In all three measurement areas, there was no significant difference in SCH or SL between the skin of the lymphedema arm and the skin of the healthy contralateral arm. TEWL was significantly higher on the skin of the lymphedema arm than on the healthy arm for the volar forearm regions (p=0.007). However, there was no significant difference in TEWL between the skin of the lymphedema arm and the skin of the healthy contralateral arm in the dorsal forearm or dorsal upper arm region. Conclusion: This study showed that there was no difference in skin barrier functions in the lymphedema arm compared with the healthy contralateral arm, except for higher TEWL in the skin of the volar forearm region of the lymphedema arm in BCRL patients. The detection of changes in skin barrier function in BCRL patients may help in the regulation of optimal skin care of these patients' lymphedema arms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ceramides are essential lipids in stratum corneum for skin permeability barrier function in that they retain the skin moisture and protect from the invasion of foreign pathogens. Previously, we demonstrated that ferment lysates of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 enhanced ceramide production in human epidermal keratinocytes. Furthermore, for comprehensive knowledge of this effect, in vitro experiments and multi‐omics analysis were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms. Aims: This study was designed to identify whether a cosmetic sample (i.e., Cera‐Glow) containing the lysates improves the skin barrier function in clinical trials. Patients/Methods: Twenty‐four female participants (45.46 ± 9.78 years) had been enrolled in the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement for 5 days and 21 female participants (50.33 ± 5.74 years) had undergone a skin hydration evaluation for 4 weeks. TEWL and skin hydration were evaluated using a Tewameter and the Epsilon Permittivity Imaging System, respectively. After applying the Cera‐Glow sample, all participants recorded a satisfaction survey questionnaire (e.g., satisfaction, efficacy, and adverse reactions). Results: Application of Cera‐Glow significantly improved transepidermal water loss induced by 1% (w/v) sodium lauryl sulfate (p < 0.05–0.01) and increased skin hydration (p < 0.01). Metabolic analysis suggested that Cera‐Glow should contain beneficial gradients for skin barrier function. According to the questionnaire, most of participants were satisfied with the skin hydration improvement and efficacy of Cera‐Glow. Conclusions: Cera‐Glow, ferment lysates of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201, can significantly improve skin barrier function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: An increased frequency of hand sanitizer use and washing hands with soap seems to increase the incidence of hand eczema (HE). Objectives: The aim was to analyze HE in nonmedical personnel, its severity, and the effect of hand sanitizer use on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin capacitance. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2022. Subjects were recruited based on the study criteria with cluster random sampling method. Each subject's identity, data related to hand sanitizer use and handwashing, atopic stigmata, and duration of HE were documented. The severity of HE was assessed with the HE Severity Index (HECSI). TEWL and skin capacitance were measured with the Tewameter® TM 300 and Corneometer® CM 825 instruments. Results: Out of 240 subjects who were selected randomly, 24 normal subjects and 24 subjects with HE were recruited. The incidence of HE in nonmedical personnel using hand sanitizer was 10%, with a median disease duration of 22 weeks and a mean HECSI score of 9.25 ± 6.33. There was no significant difference in TEWL and skin capacitance between the groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant correlation between TEWL and skin capacitance with the HECSI score (P > 0.05). Subjects with HE washed their hands more frequently than subjects without HE (6 vs. 4.5 times per day; P 0.005). Conclusion: Most nonmedical personnel with HE had a mild form of the condition. There were no significant barrier function and skin hydration differences between the groups.

Shiyu Yan,1,2 Jinfeng Zhao,1,2 Yuqing Han,1,2 Rui Wang,1,2 Kexuan Bai,1,2 Junxin Ge,1,2 Yao Pan,1,2 Hua Zhao1,2 1Department of Cosmetics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People’s Republic of China; 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development, Beijing, 100048, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yao Pan, Department of Cosmetics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fu Cheng Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 10048, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-10-68984937, Email panyao@btbu.edu.cnAbstract: Sensitive skin (SS) is a common cutaneous condition that seriously affects people’s quality of life, but studies of sensitive skin pathogenesis are unclear, the exploration are ongoing, and the biophysical properties of sensitive skin disagree with the study results. In this paper, we summarize the noninvasive biophysical and imaging instrumental methods used for sensitive skin and provide support for the classification of sensitive skin subtypes to prescribe precise treatment. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched according to PRISMA guidelines for articles from January 1971 to May 2022 that used noninvasive biophysical or imaging methods to monitor adult subjects with sensitive skin. The quality of the included articles was determined based on 22 items of the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. A total of 55 studies were included, representing 8 biophysical and 5 imaging methods and their applications in treatment efficacy evaluation studies. The biophysical parameter and cutaneous morphological property changes in sensitive skin subjects were observed. The quality of the studies was relatively low, and there was high variability in results between studies. Several parameters have shown tremendous potential in exploring the pathogenesis with different sensitive skin subtypes: type I may be detected with higher transepidermal water loss and lower stratum corneum hydration values, as well as with thinner epidermis with a shallower and more irregular honeycomb structure; Type II and III are more prone to higher blood flow, lower current perception threshold than normal skin. This systematic review identifies key reasons for the lack of uniform trends in noninvasive measurements and recommends the use of effective selection instruments or relevant parameters to explore the pathogenesis of sensitive skin, and to differentiate the subtypes of sensitive skin for achieving the precise treatment.Keywords: sensitive skin, lactic acid sting test, transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, reflectance confocal microscopy, VISIAKeywords: sensitive skin, lactic acid sting test, transdermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, reflectance confocal microscopy, VISIA

Leonardo Celleno,1 Alessandra D’amore,1 Wai Kwong Cheong2 1Department of Dermatology, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy; 2Specialist Skin Clinic, Singapore, SingaporeCorrespondence: Leonardo Celleno, Via Cesare Beccaria 98, Rome, 00196, Italy, Tel +390636006629, Email lcelleno@gmail.comPurpose: Urea as an ingredient in topical skin applications can aid skin integrity and hydration and have keratolytic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-pruritic effects. Skin conditions that urea-containing formulations have been utilized to treat include hand eczema/dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasiform dermatoses of the scalp. Two monocentric, simple blind, observational studies were carried out in healthy participants to examine the efficacy and safety of two urea-containing products in these skin conditions.Patients and Methods: Study 1 tested the actions of a commercially available 30% urea topical cream on hand eczema. The product was applied ≥ 2/day for 28 ± 2 days. Transepidermal water loss, skin redness, skin hydration, and participant ratings of efficacy and qualities were assessed prior to first product application and on days 14 and 29. Study 2 tested the actions of a commercially available foaming product containing 10% urea on seborrheic dermatitis and scalp psoriasiform dermatoses. The product was applied ≥ 2/day for 28 ± 2 days. Desquamation index and surface occupied by squames, analysis of extracted squames, microscopic assessment of scalp photos and participant ratings of product efficacy and qualities was carried out prior to first product application and on days 14 and 29.Results: In Study 1 (n = 20 females), results showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in transepidermal water loss, with an increase in hydration level of the upper skin layers, and a decrease in skin redness. In Study 2 (n = 13 females, 7 males), product use led to significant (p < 0.05) decreases in desquamation measures and dryness. In both studies, the majority of participants “agreed” or “slightly agreed” that the product had good efficacy and was easy to apply. No adverse reactions were reported.Conclusion: These findings point to the utility of urea in topically applied vehicles for hand eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and psoriasiform dermatoses.Keywords: natural moisturizing factor, anti-pruritic, transepidermal water loss, keratinocytes, topical formulations

Katharina Kappler,1 Torsten Grothe,1 Shalini Srivastava,2 Manjiri Jagtap3 1Mibelle Group Biochemistry, Buchs, CH-5033, Switzerland; 2Vedic Lifesciences Private Limited, Mumbai, India; 3Skin Cure N Care, Mumbai, IndiaCorrespondence: Torsten Grothe, Email torsten.grothe@mibellegroup.comBackground: The skin is primarily affected by aging, especially when it is exposed to particulate matter present in the environment. It has been hypothesized that consumption of products with known antioxidant properties would help combat factors associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors.Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the formulation Blue Fenugreek Kale Extract (BFKE) on skin aging.Methods: In this study, the effect of BFKE on protein oxidation was determined in human dermal fibroblasts by analysis of the level of protein carbonylation after cells were stressed with either H2O2 or urban pollution consisting of particulate matter and UV-A. Furthermore, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study that evaluated the effect of BFKE consumption over a period of 56 days in 59 volunteers was performed. The major parameter studied was skin barrier dysfunction through the assessment of Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL). Additional parameters analyzed clinically include skin moisture content, participant self-assessment of skin parameters, wrinkle severity, skin sagging and elasticity. Furthermore, low grade and allergic inflammatory biomarker levels were measured at the start and end of the treatment period, along with oxidative stress assessment using blood malondialdehyde levels.Results: BFKE significantly reduced protein carbonylation in human dermal fibroblasts stressed with urban pollution. In the clinical study, the TEWL level reduced significantly and at the same time the skin moisture content levels increased by end of the treatment period. No significant changes were observed in wrinkle severity, skin sagging, elasticity, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarker levels. Participant and investigator perception of treatment was significantly greater after product consumption, as was the improvement in skin parameters based on participant self-assessment.Conclusion: BFKE reduces protein oxidation induced by H2O2 and restores skin barrier function and skin hydration, while also combating early signs of aging.Keywords: blue fenugreek kale extract, transepidermal water loss, skin barrier function, skin aging, antioxidant, pollution

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin disorders, affecting nearly one-fifth of children and adolescents worldwide, and currently, the only method of monitoring the condition is through an in-person visual examination by a clinician. This method of assessment poses an inherent risk of subjectivity and can be restrictive to patients who do not have access to or cannot visit hospitals. Advances in digital sensing technologies can serve as a foundation for the development of a new generation of e-health devices that provide accurate and empirical evaluation of the condition to patients worldwide. The goal of this review is to study the past, present, and future of AD monitoring. First, current medical practices such as biopsy, tape stripping and blood serum are discussed with their merits and demerits. Then, alternative digital methods of medical evaluation are highlighted with the focus on non-invasive monitoring using biomarkers of AD—TEWL, skin permittivity, elasticity, and pruritus. Finally, possible future technologies are showcased such as radio frequency reflectometry and optical spectroscopy along with a short discussion to provoke research into improving the current techniques and employing the new ones to develop an AD monitoring device, which could eventually facilitate medical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Instrumentation technology for transepidermal water loss measurements has not been substantially modified since its introduction by Nilsson in 1977. Recent progress in sensor development allowed a new sensor arrangement using a matrix of 30 sensors. Raw measurement values are processed with spatial statistical analysis. We aimed to compare the new, multi‐sensor probe (Tewameter TM Hex) with the established Tewameter TM 300 probe and to gain reference data for the new parameters of transepidermal energy loss and water vapor concentration on skin. Material and methods: Baseline measurements and repeated measurements on the volar forearm and assessment on eight different anatomical locations were performed on 24 healthy volunteers (both gender) with the TM Hex and the TM 300. Results: A significant correlation (p < 0.001; R‐coefficient = 0.9) between TM Hex and the TM 300 with a low coefficient of variance (CV) 11% for TM Hex and 19% for TM 300, could be assessed. The CV ranged between 7% (right inner upper arm) and 14% (palms). Average transepidermal heat loss ranged from 12 W/m2 on the lower leg to 38.8 W/m2 on the palm. Conclusion: The correlation between TM Hex and TM 300 along with the robustness of the measurements with the TM Hex shows that the new probe for assessment of epidermal barrier function is comparable to the TM 300. In most conditions, TM Hex provides more accurate measurements than TM 300. New parameters open the field to studying skin's water and energy balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyaluronic acid presents a valuable cosmetic ingredient that occurs naturally. Its direct links to skin aging has led to its broad application. The aim of this study was to improve the cosmetic efficacy of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMWHA) without chemical modifications and evaluate such improvements through clinical and in vitro studies. Methods: A novel formulation of HMWHA (SCAI‐HA) was prepared and investigated to comparatively assess 6 clinical and 2 in vitro parameters concerning its dermatological cosmetic efficacy and biological properties. The dermatological and cellular parameters examined in this study include skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin elasticity, wrinkles, facial sagging, dermal density, cytotoxicity, and collagen synthesis. Results: SCAI‐HA exhibited the ability to improve the tested dermatological parameters (hydration, elasticity, wrinkles, and density) to magnitudes comparable to those of HMWHA. In addition, SCAI‐HA showed notably improved capacities for attenuating facial sagging and TEWL and promoting cellular collagen synthesis in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Conclusion: SCAI‐HA presents a novel conformation of HMWHA with improved cosmetic efficacy in mitigating (i) facial sagging, (ii) TEWL, and promoting, and (iii) collagen synthesis. These findings denote the enhancement of SCAI‐HA as a cosmetic ingredient with potential anti‐aging properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]