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The US and Europe have ambitious plans and targets for light-duty electric vehicle (EV) market growth. This study estimates planned EV production capacity in both regions and investigates whether coordinating their combined production capacity would help them meet targets. We find that, while each region is developing a strong EV production capacity domestically, either may fall short of their targets given investments in EV production announced to-date. Transatlantic trade can serve as a critical “spare capacity” to add assurance. Yet, in scenarios where both regions seek higher EV sales targets, a combined shortfall in annual EV production capacity could reach over 6 million EVs compared to the 20 million needed by 2030. An additional investment of about $42 billion across both regions could address this concern, however, time is getting short to build new plants and bring them online. The capacity shortfall may persist even with planned EV production capacity from other major manufacturing centers such as Canada, Mexico, Japan and South Korea. Additional policies and incentives will be needed to ensure planned capacities are developed in a timely manner. Some options include providing incentives to invest and reducing barriers to trade. Exploring the potential supply of vehicles from other major EV manufacturing countries, such as China and India, is recommended.

Danes are pro-American and generally fascinated by the United States, but university students are not flocking to American studies programs in Denmark. During the last five years, enrollment numbers have dropped in the country’s only BA and MA programs in American studies at the University of Southern Denmark, and fewer courses in American topics are offered at other Danish universities. This article presents the American studies teaching landscape in Denmark and zooms in on the BA and MA programs in American studies at the University of Southern Denmark in the city of Odense to analyze the problem of enrollment numbers and suggest a remedy consisting of a greater focus on “Global America” in context, greater focus on solving real-life problems in class, and greater teaching cooperation across the Nordic countries.

This article examines descriptions of women and airplanes in the pages of American and French interwar fashion magazines. Samples from Femina, La Gazette du Bon Ton, Harper's Bazaar, Ladies Home Journal, Vogue (American and Paris editions), and Women's Wear Daily illustrate how the relationship between women and transportation technology evolved to promote messages of female independence, illustrated by aviatrix ensembles from Madeleine Vionnet and Elsa Schiaparelli. These designs and representations of them in transatlantic media fused the body with the machine, presenting what Jessica Burstein describes as "cold modernism." But these same publications also played on an imperialist sense of superiority, trafficking in racial slurs and cultural bigotry, a preponderant phenomenon described by Anne McClintock in her book Imperial Leather. Ultimately, the spectacularization of aviation and style in fashion media exposed borders that represented either freedom or confinement for women: borders between the nimble body and the clothing that restricted it, between sedentary flesh and flying machine, between the stationary present and the fast-moving future, between the familiar "I" and the unknown other. This article uncovers those technological thresholds and the fashionable women who dared to cross them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asados, Argentine cook-outs or barbecues, to this day have a prestigious reputation within Argentine identity often due to its lasting association with the Gauchos—rural Argentine cowboys—who flourished in the nineteenth century shortly after the country's independence from Spain. However, what is less known is how this quintessential dish, especially the well-done slow-cooked nature of the meat, is a rarely explored window to the past. I stipulate that the transatlantic, transcultural, and even transtemporal importance of this dish preserved by the Gauchos since the nineteenth century places them and their descendants as the hidden heirs of clandestine Moriscos—mostly crypto-Muslims forcedly converted to Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula—who settled in the least monitored area of Spain's American colonies in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Moriscos knew how to mask certain actions while still holding strong to some former cultural and culinary practices. So too did the Gauchos as they were originally coined rebellious outlaws who did not want to fully conform and assimilate to the dominant culture. Perhaps in viewing their shared cooking styles we can see the often ignored history of Andalusi influence via Morisco practices in the Southern Cone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article follows the transnational career of Suzanne Labin, a French socialist and anti-communist professional, in order to analyse the roles and agencies of individuals while the global connectivity of anti-communist actors was growing during the 'long 1960s' (approximately 1955–1980). Retrospective analysis, as well as accounts from contemporaries, describes this period as a time of multi-polarisation and globalisation. I will chart Labin's path from anti-Stalinist circles in France to conservative circles in the US, to finally becoming the first and only female permanent member of the global anti-communist umbrella organisation, the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), chairing its French chapter in 1972. An analysis of Labin's seemingly ambiguous alliances as a socialist with anti-communist and right-wing organisations will shed light on the particularities of international anti-communism during the 'long 1960s' on three levels. First, it will show the dynamics between anti-communist networks and actors on national, transatlantic and global levels, especially their contact points. Second, it will underline the diversity of anti-communism and its capacity to integrate several (even contradictory) ideologemes. Third, by following Labin's global anti-communist engagement within the WACL and her cosmopolitan lifestyle, this article will argue that anti-communist actors were actively involved in the process of globalisation during the 'long 1960s'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late nineteenth century, baseball became enshrined as America's national sport. Across American culture, the game became imbued with a series of values and characteristics that seemed redolent of life in the Gilded Age and beyond. This article explores the ways in which this process played out in the pages of popular magazines directed at the children of the nation's elite. These neglected resources provide us with an extraordinary lens through which to chart both the changing place of the national game within the lives of American children and the changing meaning of baseball within the life of the nation. In poems, stories, illustrations, editorials and even reader's letters, children were newly acculturated into the sporting life in ways that had profound implications for wider questions of childhood, gender, race, class and national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference between the representation of German femininity in the 1920s and the 1930s is striking: while glamorous flappers with bob haircuts ruled the beginning of the interwar period, its end is characterized by serious and earnest—and often longhaired—young women. Rather than taking the obvious route of relating this change to the political changes in Germany, most importantly the rise of the Nazis, this article argues that the changing representation of interwar femininity in Germany was always embedded in a transnational, transatlantic process. The transformation of flappers into humble girls started well before the Nazis came to power and was fueled by a wide variety of voices, from communist to bourgeois actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reading of Bartholomew Burges' Indostan Letters (1790), a little known early transatlantic text addressed to patrons both in Britain and America, goes far in illuminating the "connected histories" of India and the United States facilitated by the maritime circuits of the transatlantic. A remarkable travelogue, Indostan Letters foregrounds the triangulated relationship between India, the United States, and Britain which would come to exercise an outsize influence in the American imaginary in the early republic. Although, seemingly a rogue ex-colonial whose single-minded pursuit of self-promotion and riches shows a remarkable spirit of enterprise, Burges was not in fact an eccentric or anomalous figure. Cannily conversant with, and enmeshed in, local and global networks of trade, knowledge, and politics, Indostan Letters embodies a cultural sensibility and voice, at once worldly and naïve, brash and diplomatic, optimistic and opportunistic, that Crevecoeur identified as uniquely American. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1850, Ojibwe writer and lecturer Gaagigegaabaw (George Copway) traveled through Europe en route to attend the Third World Peace Congress in Frankfurt, Germany, to represent the so-called Christian Indians of America. Gaagigegaabaw was but one of hundreds of nineteenth – and early twentieth-century Indigenous transatlantic travelers. Building upon recent scholarship in Indigenous modernism/modernity and transnational Indigenous studies, this essay engages the literal and literary movements of Indigenous travelers beyond the colonial powers of England, France, and Spain, as Indigenous North Americans continued their travels into German-speaking Europe. By returning to the nineteenth – and early twentieth-century writings of and about such transatlantic Indigenous travelers as Gaagigegaabaw, Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk), and Deskaheh (Levi General), this essay expands the ever-growing literary map of transatlantic Indigenous modernity as an era of extensive Indigenous mobility and of Indigenous modernism as a diverse range of adaptive aesthetics grounded in the continuation of land-based Indigenous nationhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on recent scholarship on transcultural memory and its role in peacebuilding, this paper explores the implications of entangling memories that belong to different pasts, places, and cultural groups in Joseph O’Connor’s Redemption Falls (2007) and Colum McCann’s TransAtlantic (2013). Both novels, written by authors interested in the notions of oppression and suppression of stories, are polyphonic texts that disrupt any single linear narrative by interweaving multiple storylines through constant movements across time and space. McCann’s focus shifts from the aftermath of WWI to the 1998 Belfast Agreement, while O’Connor’s novel deals with the American Civil War and Irish nationalism; both recount episodes of the Great Famine, the ensuing emigration, and the history of Abolitionism. Hence, painful memories of the Irish mingle with the mnemonic repertoires of those who suffered the abominations of slavery or internecine conflict in an attempt to give voice to the marginalised and highlight bonds between (apparently unrelated) groups of people. Moreover, this convergence of inherited memories binds the past with the present and the future, as the recollections have echoes of contemporary conflicts and global phenomena involving Ireland, whose role in them is implicitly interrogated. By fusing significant cultural memories across generations and spaces, these novels assert the ‘historical duty’ to remember to promote negotiation and mutual understanding between different cultural groups today. This paper, therefore, will first offer an overview of contemporary Irish fiction, characterised by an original world-facing, rather than nation-focused, outlook. Second, it will undertake the analysis of the selected novels to contribute to the ongoing discussion about the potential of literature to build sound knowledge of diverse human experiences and, as a consequence, promote peace.

This article re-visits the matter of the much debated identity of the author of the Discurso en loor de la poesía (1608). Inspired by the anonymous writer's introduction as an heroica dama and señora principal de este reino, it is generally accepted that the Discurso is the work of an eminent Peruvian woman who has entered scholarly tradition under the pseudonym 'Clarinda.' The article suggests that there are grounds, both methodological and literary, to contest this identification. Instead, it seeks to reinscribe the Discurso en loor de la poesía into the context of the volume in which it originally appeared—Diego Mexía de Fernangil's Primera parte del Parnaso Antártico—and to interpret it as part of Mexía's broader literary project, which is an Ovidian one. Reassessing the Discurso through the lens of Ovid—more specifically, his Heroides—permits a new Heroidean reading which ultimately intuits Mexía himself behind the pen. The article further contends that the Discurso's formal status as a work of poetics corroborates this interpretation. What emerges is not a diminishment of the work of the so-called señora but rather an amplification of the poem's dynamic potential, setting the stage for future work on this rich but misunderstood text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American College of St Maurice at Münster in Westphalia was founded in 1867 to train priests for the Catholic missions in the United States. This paper outlines the history of this short-lived educational institutions (1867–1879), with particular focus on the 68 seminarians, who attended this theological seminary for their pastoral formation, accompanied by scholarly studies in theology and philosophy at the Academy of Münster. This educational concept and history of the American College is considered against the background of the scholarly dispute about the dogma of papal infallibility and the Prussian Kulturkampf, that eventually led to the closure of the American College in 1879. Finally, attention is paid to the pastoral ministry of the alumni and the situation of the German Catholics in the United States. The alumni of the American College became a particularly sought-after group of priests, not only due to their religio-cultural background, but also with regards to their broader pastoral and academic formation that helped to meet the challenges ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to define and assess Ideal Outcome in the national or multicenter registries of North America, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Background: Assessing outcomes after pancreatoduodenectomy among centers and countries requires a broad evaluation that cannot be captured by a single parameter. Previously, 2 composite outcome measures (textbook outcome and optimal pancreatic surgery) for pancreatoduodenectomy have been described from Europe and the United States. These composites were harmonized into ideal outcome (IO). Methods: This analysis is a transatlantic retrospective study (2018--2020) of patients after pancreatoduodenectomy within the registries from North America, Germany, The Netherlands, and Sweden. After 3 consensus meetings, IO for pancreatoduodenectomy was defined as the absence of all 6 parameters: (1) in-hospital mortality, (2) severe complications--Clavien-Dindo ≥3, (3) postoperative pancreatic fistula --International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) grade B/C, (4) reoperation, (5) hospital stay >75th percentile, and (6) readmission. Outcomes were evaluated using relative largest difference (RLD) and absolute largest difference (ALD), and multivariate regression models. Results: Overall, 21,036 patients after pancreatoduodenectomy were included, of whom11,194 (54%) reached IO. The rate of IO varied between 55% in North America, 53% in Germany, 52% in The Netherlands, and 54% in Sweden (RLD: 1.1, ALD: 3%, P<0.001). Individual components varied with an ALDof 2%length of stay, 4% for in-hospitalmortality, 12% severe complications, 10% postoperative pancreatic fistula, 11% reoperation, and 9% readmission. Age, sex, absence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, body mass index, performance status, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, biliary drainage, absence of vascular resection, and histologic diagnosis were associated with IO. In the subgroup of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, country, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy also was associated with improved IO. Conclusions: The newly developed composite outcome measure "Ideal Outcome" can be used for auditing and comparing outcomes after pancreatoduodenectomy. The observed differences can be used to guide collaborative initiatives to further improve the outcomes of pancreatic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction to this issue provides an overview of the New York Hippodrome's construction, the historical references and symbolic resonances of its exterior and interior theatrical space, and the human and animal performers who contributed to its overall importance in the opening season and beyond. First, we discuss how Thompson and Dundy drew on the vibrant transatlantic theatrical networks of the era to conceptualise the New York Hippodrome as a theatrical space, while at the same time highlighting the uniquely American quality of their venture. This played out in periodical coverage of the venue's construction, where the celebrations of oversized scale and backstage technological innovation took on a nationalistic tone. The boosterism had local resonance as well, since New York City was undergoing a building boom at that time, staking its claim as a world-class city representative of the whole nation. The venue's architecture, interior design, and onstage performances work together in ways that recent scholarship has identified as racialising: we suggest that this overall racialised aesthetic creates a transportive experience where audience members feel part of an exoticised space. We conclude by considering how performing animals develop all these overarching concerns, calling upon local, national, and international resonances in popular performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In light of the larger contextual picture of increased geostrategic rivalry with China, this article focuses on the question whether transatlantic cooperation responses towards the geostrategic challenge of China can possibly be coherent at all. How can we explain coherent actions (or lack thereof) between actors across the Atlantic in their foreign policy towards China? The central idea then is to explain transatlantic cooperation responses to the geostrategic challenge of China from a coherence angle, providing us with a perspective by which we can understand why actors on both sides of the Atlantic invest in policy coherence, or rather not. We argue that this coherence angle on transatlantic relations is particularly promising as it combines a focus on actors and structural dimensions that is able to offer explanations by whom, where, and why policy coherence is achieved. By looking into two different cases, the so-called concerted sanctions case and the AUKUS case, we find both, transatlantic coherence and incoherence, respectively, in response to the strategic challenge of China. Overall, this article has important policy implications, as it can point to the underlying factors in transatlantic policy-making that push or obstruct coherence.

This article is about the difficulties inherent in using the racist tropes resulting from the transatlantic slave trade to address the chronic persistence of systemic racism. The problem with revealing horrific material – such as the fugitive slave ads I cite from early nineteenth-century Barbados newspapers – is that they raise the risk of causing offence. Yet the point of speaking the unspeakable is to move towards telling truths revealing both the brutality of enslavers and the ingenuity and courage of enslaved individuals who resisted. By focusing on the heroism of people in the fugitive slave ads I shift attention away from the White legislators typically credited with abolition and towards people who consistently resisted enslavement. My account of navigating the treacherous territory of speaking the unspeakable resolves as a cautionary tale about making sure that unspeakable, long concealed material is buffered with trigger warnings and careful explanations as to why it is being revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay "Pirate Assemblage" explores two related questions. The first is how we read and appreciate the literary form of pirate literature such as Alexander Exquemelin's Buccaneers of America (1678) and Charles Johnson's two-volume General History of the Pyrates (volume one 1724, volume two 1728). The second is what the answer to that first question suggests for how we regard pirate literature in relation to more canonical eighteenth-century literature and how this relation might revise our reading of that literature. My answer to the first question explores the concept of "assemblage" for reading and appreciating pirate literature, and my answer to the second question that eighteenth-century literature read in relation to this "pirate assemblage" suggests new ways of reading canonical texts such as Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726) and John Gay's Beggar's Opera (1728) that were written soon after the first volume of The General History of Pyrates. In doing so, my essay responds to the large body of scholarly literature on pirates that has focused on the question of identity—race, class, gender, and sexuality—and the question of whether or not such literature was transgressive. In my essay, by closely reading the unique literary form of pirate literature and utilizing Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's concepts of "assemblage" and "minor literature," I argue that pirate literature, rather than representing transgressive identities, instead progressively produces new economic and social connections that deterritorializes the economy, literary form, and language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study was conducted to design, develop and implement an adult gerontology nurse practitioner (AGNP)-track in a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)- program at a Swiss university of applied science (Swiss UAS) with a minimum of 500 practice hours., Background: Healthcare delivery models integrating advanced practice nurses (APN) are increasingly important due to demographic needs, public health challenges, and shortage of healthcare professionals. In countries such as Switzerland, nursing has traditionally had a late integration of Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), and MSN have been predominantly taught without practice hours. To meet the changing healthcare needs of the population, the curriculum of an MSN-program of a Swiss UAS was revised, an AGNP-track was designed and developed and international standards, adapted to the Swiss context, were integrated., Design: Curriculum development research was executed to revise the Swiss MSNprogram to integrate an AGNP-track, while incorporating international standards., Method: Based on an extensive review of the current Swiss MSN-curriculum and the identification of needs of the Swiss, a blueprint for an AGNP-track was developed. We adapted and integrated educational practice standards from the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Ireland and New Zealand. For implementation, a working transnational transatlantic collaboration was established comprising regular meetings between the collaborating American universities. New curricular contents were developed collaboratively using the foundation of an American curricular model for AGNP, and adapting it to the Swiss context., Results: At the outset of this process, the Swiss UAS established a working relationship with a nurse consultant from American Universities with well-established nurse practitioner education. We developed an AGNP-program blueprint, and submitted it for review to national and international experts. Our team had trust and a collaborative spirit, which were essential for the success of the future AGNP-program. In addition, support from Swiss practice areas and political goodwill increased the momentum of the implementation of new AGNP MSN-track at a Swiss UAS., Conclusion: The AGNP-track at a Swiss UAS used an American curriculum as a foundation. However, national and international standards were integrated to adapt it to the Swiss context and culture., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No conflict of interest is declared. No financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations have inappropriately influenced or bias this work., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This essay considers the transatlantic workings of different national formations of anti-Blackness and colonial whiteness across several centuries, by taking the 1773 London publication of Phillis Wheatley's Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral in relation to teaching Wheatley's poetry in London in 2019. The recognition Wheatley received and her careful negotiations with conditional white British benevolence must be understood alongside both the continual British disavowals of ongoing historical anti-Blackness and robust, widespread antiracist resistance, which are often dismissed as foreign problems imported from the United States. In this context, studying and teaching Wheatley dramatizes the threat of a dehistoricized exceptionalism that upholds a model of diasporic Blackness viewed as solely American, rather than convergent with Britishness. A conscientious pedagogy of teaching Wheatley requires attention to the shifting resilience of Blackness encountering adaptive environments of anti-Blackness that can masquerade as tolerant and civil as well as the colonial, eugenicist, bio-essentialist strain of British white feminism. Finally, the challenges of curriculum and classroom are placed into the wider setting of the hostile structures of UK higher education which still attempts to delegitimize Black intellectual traditions, to stifle the field of Black studies, and to undermine the emergence, as well as vitiate the perseverance, of Black scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resonating with British and American audiences and inspiring many later pirate stories, Byron's The Corsair (1814) participated in a transatlantic conversation about female responses to violent masculinity. In an 1869 Rhode Island newspaper article, a woman recalled reading The Corsair as a child and debating whether to name her favorite doll Medora, the wife of the pirate, or Gulnare, the woman who kills their captor to rescue the pirate. Within the poem, Gulnare becomes less desirable in the eyes of the pirate after her violent act, but S. H. W. decides on Gulnare and sews on a needle-like bodkin to represent her dagger, thereby providing her doll with the symbol of Gulnare's violent agency. This particular reader response suggests that Gulnare's violent and independent action, which gave her control over her situation, resonated with some female readers in America. Authors of early American pirate stories, such as James Fenimore Cooper, refused to endorse a model of womanhood that included violence. However, Ballou's extremely popular FannyCampbell (1844) constructed a lady pirate who embodies a model of womanhood that incorporates some conventional feminine traits of virtue, moral influence, and redemptive womanhood, but also draws on the justified violence of the male adventure hero. As a female pirate captain, Fanny combines aspects of the honorable gentleman pirate from The Corsair with the active woman, not unlike Gulnare, who realizes that in certain situations redemption and rescue are not options, and she must use violence in defense of herself and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we will examine the significance of place and music within Steinbeck's work. In particular, we will explore how Steinbeck's conception of place in his ancestral County Derry has figured as part of a wider transatlantic discourse in which writers have looked to this area in the north of Ireland to explore their sense of their personal and familial identity. As part of this process, the idealization of space and memory through the literature, history, and heritage "of the people" has been invoked. In contrast, we will compare Steinbeck's approach with that of two writers also connected to the area, the New Hampshire poet Robert Dinsmoor and the song collector Sam Henry. The former, of Scotch-Irish descent, had a negative view of his family's stay in Ireland; the latter, who lived most of his life in Ireland, was a champion of the area and sought to promote an authentic as possible record of local song and culture. We will maintain that Steinbeck's sense of his people differs sharply with these two authors and offers an alternative version of the place and people as the returning American whose Ireland is more enigmatic and literary than either Dinsmoor's or Henry's Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides the first quantitative evidence of the indirect benefits of shareholders of the Middelburgse Commercie Compagnie (MCC), a Dutch Atlantic trading company and the biggest slave trader in the eighteenth-century Dutch Republic. MCC shares provided its owners with a preferred status as suppliers and customers of the company. This article focuses on two years, 1725 and 1770, and finds that approximately one third of the MCC shareholders in both years acted as suppliers or customers of the company. The financial incentives of the directors appear to be better aligned with the financial interests of the shareholders in 1770 compared to 1725.

What is the American strategy for developing non-treaty defence and security agreements with Canada and other partners? Kimball's 2017 Canadian–US defence and security agreement (DSA) data tested a rationalist institutionalist model of agreement institutionalization. This research examines DSA diffusion comparing US DS cooperation with competitors and partners from 1955 to 2005. Non-treaty cooperation via exchanges of diplomatic notes/letters, memoranda of understanding, etc., require legislative notification but not approval. Those arrangements permit the flexibility, speed, and adaptation necessary in defence project management (i.e. NORAD, Eurofighter, F-35). For states with limited budgets, bilateral defence contracting with the USA is more efficient economically, than unilateral provision, but partnering incurs risks (entrapment, abandonment, burden-sharing, etc.). This research contributes to the literature on transatlantic relations by reflecting upon patterns of US cooperation with Canada, other partners as well as main competitors. It closes with recommendations based on anticipated changes to polarity and the defence cooperation status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the larger contextual picture of increased geostrategic rivalry with China, this article focuses on the question whether transatlantic cooperation responses towards the geostrategic challenge of China can possibly be coherent at all. How can we explain coherent actions (or lack thereof) between actors across the Atlantic in their foreign policy towards China? The central idea then is to explain transatlantic cooperation responses to the geostrategic challenge of China from a coherence angle, providing us with a perspective by which we can understand why actors on both sides of the Atlantic invest in policy coherence, or rather not. We argue that this coherence angle on transatlantic relations is particularly promising as it combines a focus on actors and structural dimensions that is able to offer explanations by whom, where, and why policy coherence is achieved. By looking into two different cases, the so‐called concerted sanctions case and the AUKUS case, we find both, transatlantic coherence and incoherence, respectively, in response to the strategic challenge of China. Overall, this article has important policy implications, as it can point to the underlying factors in transatlantic policy‐making that push or obstruct coherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to achieve financial success, security and standing in bourgeois society? The answer in fictional accounts and real life alike was a combination of education, fortitude, hands-on business experience and political influence. Satrustegui's biography is the argument: a childhood spent in large part in exile, enlistment in the liberal forces following the outbreak of the First Carlist War and distinguished service as a military attaché as interpreter at the headquarters of the Commander of the British Legion in Spain and participant in negotiations leading to the Convention of Bergara, an agreement signed in 1839 that marked the end of hostilities in the Basque Country. His unfulfilled ambitions would later take him to San Francisco, California where he became a partner in the firm E. Mickle and Company in 1850. Appointed Spanish consul in that city on 2 June 1851, Satrustegui became a founding partner of the López and Company shipping company in 1857. He secured a paid diplomatic position in 1864, the first step in a long career during which he served as Spanish consul in Newcastle, Algiers, Montreal, New York and London. In 1876 he received the title of Baron de Satrustegui. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]