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We herein report a case of sporadic intra-abdominal desmoid-type fibromatosis in which contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US) combined with superb microvascular imaging (SMI) was useful for preoperative diagnosis. 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography performed for systematic screening for lung cancer revealed an abnormal accumulation in the abdominal cavity. Transabdominal US showed a tumor with a mixture of hypoechoic and hyperechoic areas. Contrast-enhanced US combined with SMI revealed dendritic blood flow signals and no abnormal vascular network within the tumor. Macroscopic examination of the resected specimen revealed a white tumor with relatively clear boundaries. Microscopic examination revealed spindle cells with poor atypia proliferating in bundles with collagenous stromal cells. Immunohistochemistry showed nuclear localization of beta-catenin within the tumor cells. From these findings, we finally diagnosed intra-abdominal desmoid-type fibromatosis. Contrast-enhanced US combined with SMI is useful for diagnosing intra-abdominal desmoid-type fibromatosis.

Until now, there are no established norms for prostate size in children. Prostate volume during development has been analyzed in small study groups. In diagnostic imaging, transabdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are used. To establish prostate volume norms for individuals aged 1–17 years using transabdominal ultrasound. Between 2021 and 2023, transabdominal prostate ultrasound was performed on 482 Caucasian boys, aged 1–17 years, who were patients of the urology clinic. Normative data were based on results of 345 boys with normal lower urinary tract, urethral and penile structures. Patients with abnormal external genitalia, Prune Belly Syndrome, Myelomeningocele, chromosomal disorders, or prostate abnormalities found in ultrasound were excluded from the study. Patient eligibility was determined based on medical records and physical examinations. During ultrasound, height, anterior-posterior dimension, and width of prostate were assessed. Prostate volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula V H x L(AP) x W x 0.523. Measurements were correlated with age, weight, and height. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical significance tests for means, and correlation methods. After estimating preliminary results, taking into account the development periods, patients were divided into age groups: 1–4 years (n = 70), 5–10 years (n = 124), 11–12 years (n = 43), 13–15 years (n = 65), and 16–17 years (n = 43). The table and nomogram shows prostate volumes based on age. Prostate size remains stable up to the age of 8. We noticed a transitional phase at the age of 8–11 years. A significant increase in volume occurs over 11 years of age. There was a statistically significant relationship between prostate size, age, height, and weight. Established norms can serve as a reference for prostate analysis in patients with defects of the genitourinary system. An interesting analysis would be a prostate size assessment in relation to stage of development on Tanner scale. Transabdominal ultrasound, being a non-invasive, painless, and readily accessible examination, allows assessment of prostate size even in boys aged 1 year old. A statistically significant relationship was found between prostate size, weight, and height. Norms for prostate size in boys were established according to age. Summary table Age (years) Mean prostate volume (ml) Lower 95%CI Upper 95%CI Median prostate volume (ml) SD prostate volume (ml) N 1–4 0.66 0.01 1.33 0.62 0.34 70 5–10 1.04 0,01 2,15 0.88 0.56 124 11–12 2.62 0.01 7.05 1.71 2.26 43 13–15 8.41 0.01 16.93 8.20 4.35 65 16–17 11.50 2.84 20.15 10.70 4.42 43 Total: 3.85 1.18 4.80 345 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a patient with a mucocele with diffuse wall thickening diagnosed by transabdominal ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Transabdominal ultrasonography showed diffuse thickening of the entire appendix wall and an anechoic area that appeared to be fluid collected throughout the appendix lumen. However, the “onion skin sign” was not detected. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography combined with superb microvascular imaging revealed abundant mucosal blood flow and no abnormal vascular network within the mucosa of the appendix wall. We preoperatively diagnosed a mucocele complicated by acute and chronic appendicitis, and ileocecal resection was performed. Macroscopic and microscopic findings of the resected specimens demonstrated that the appendiceal wall was diffusely thickened, with fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration, and that the appendiceal root rumen was narrowed with epithelial hyperplasia. No neoplastic changes were observed. The cause of the appendiceal mucocele was likely fibrosis and stenosis at the root of the appendix due to initial acute appendicitis.

Objectives: Our study compares the diagnostic effectiveness of transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography for finding adnexal lesions. Materials and methods: This comparative study was conducted at Tikrit teaching hospital. 130 women participated in this study. We take into account factors like aged, gender, menstrual irregularities (Oligomenorrhea/Menstrual Periods), infertility, repeated multiple miscarriages, series of actions, acne vulgaris, and obesity once written agreement has been acquired. The location, size, boundaries, hypoechoic, and dilatation of ovarian lesions were all included in the ultrasound data. Group I had transabdominal ultrasound with MRI, and group II included 65 patients and underwent transvaginal ultrasound. All patients were compared for the frequency of adnexal mass using the histology data (positive/negative). All data were examined with SPSS 24.0. Results: Patients mean age in group I was 31.7±15.48 years and had mean BMI 26.11±5.37 kg/m² and in group I mean age was 29.6±21.87 years with mean BMI 24.19±15.58 kg/m² . The most prevalent issue across all instances was infertility and cycle irregularity. With a p value <0.004, we determined that group II had a lower frequency of adnexal mass than group I. Transvaginal sonography was shown to have poorer specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value than transabdominal sonography. Conclusion: We concluded that the utilization and effectiveness of abdominal ultrasonography in conjunction with MRI was superior in terms of spotting adnexal masses with real levels of specificity and sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are manifestations of storage and voiding disorders involving the urinary bladder, urethra and the prostate gland. This study aimed to correlate prostate volume and lower urinary tract symptoms. Materials and methods: This study was a prospective cross-sectional study carried out among 120 males aged 40 years and above who presented with LUTS for prostate ultrasonography at the Radiology department within a period of six months. Informed consent and ethical approval were obtained from participants before commencement of the study. Severity of LUTS was evaluated using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Each question was scored between 0 to 5 and the sum recorded as total IPSS score. The total score was graded as mild (0-7), moderate (8-19) or severe (20-35). Quality of life due to urinary symptoms was also evaluated and scored between 0 (delighted) and 6 (terrible). Prostate volume estimation was done by transabdominal ultrasonography using an ultrasound scanner fitted with a 3.5-MHz curvilinear transducer (Logic F6, General Electric, USA, 2017). Measurements were taken and the average values computed; volume calculation was obtained by default using the inbuilt computer algorithm in the ultrasound machine. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 24 (International Business Machines, USA, 2016), and the results presented in tables, charts, and percentages. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to correlate between variables with P-values < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Results showed that the cumulative mean age of the participants was 65.1 ± 9.6 years with majority of the participant’s between 60 and 69 years. The most common presenting LUTS was nocturia (98.0%), followed by frequency (92.7%). Overall, the mean IPSS score was 13.2 ± 4.6 while quality of life (QoL) was 4.1 ± 1.2. The mean prostate volume was 69.8 ± 63.5cm3, with 79.2% of the subjects having a prostate volume ≥ 30cm3. Pearson correlation between prostate volume and IPSS was significant (r = 0.304, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The study established a positive significant correlation between prostate volume and International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS). This implies that sonographic PV assessment could be useful in objective assessment of LUTS severity and should be considered in management decisions and follow-up of patients with lower urinary tracts symptoms.

The following are some common features of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) on transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS). UC, which consists primarily of mucosal inflammation, is seen on TUS as wall thickening with preserved layer structure continuing from the rectum in the active phase of UC. Inflammation confined to the mucosa is seen as thickening of the mucosal/submucosal layers. When the inflammation becomes severe, the echogenicity of the submucosal layer decreases and the layer structure becomes indistinct. CD, which consists primarily of discontinuous transmural inflammation, shows more pronounced hypoechoic wall thickening than UC at the transmural inflammation. On TUS, the layer structure becomes indistinct and gradually disappears due to the depth of the myriad inflammation during the active phase of CD. It is important to evaluate the changes in wall thickening and layer structure when diagnosing UC and CD with TUS. In addition, diagnostic techniques such as color Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, which can be used to assess blood flow, and elastography, which can be used to evaluate stiffness, are also used. Thus, TUS is a noninvasive and convenient modality that shows promise as a useful examination for diagnosis of UC and CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Diabetic gastroparesis is a severe diabetic complication refers to delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction of the stomach. Vitamin B12 affects the dynamics of autonomic nervous system and its deficits has been linked to cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy therefore, vitamin B12 deficiency was hypothesized to be implicated in the development of diabetic gastroparesis. This study was conducted to explore the possible association between vitamin B12 deficiency and gastroparesis in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods A total of 100 T2D patients with diabetes duration > 10 years and 50 healthy controls matched for age and sex were recruited for this study. T2D patients were divided into 2 groups: patients with gastroparesis and patients without gastroparesis. The diagnosis of gastroparesis was based on Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) Score ≥ 1.9 and ultrasonographic findings including gastric emptying ˂ 35.67% and motility index ˂ 5.1. Anthropometric measurements, plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipids profile, vitamin B12 and transabdominal ultrasonography were assessed. Results The frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in total patients with T2D was 35% (54.5% in patients with gastroparesis vs. 11.1% in patients without gastroparesis, P

Background/Aims The usefulness of ultrasonography (US) in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract has been reported recently. This prospective study aimed to determine the features of US findings in immune-mediated colitis (IMC), an adverse event induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor, and examine the correlation between US findings, colonoscopy (CS) findings, and severity of colitis. Methods We studied patients examined using CS and US upon suspicion of IMC in Hokkaido University Hospital between April 2018 and February 2021. Endoscopic findings of IMC were assessed using the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS). The severity of US findings in IMC was evaluated using US grade, which is the ultrasonographic grading scale in ulcerative colitis. Bowel wall thickness and the intensity of the color Doppler signal were also analyzed. Severity of colitis was evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade version 5. Results Fourteen patients with IMC were enrolled. The US findings were bowel wall thickening, loss of stratification, ulceration and increased blood flow signal. The US grade was moderately correlated with the UCEIS (r=0.687, P=0.009) and CTCAE grade (r=0.628, P=0.035). Bowel wall thickness and UCEIS (r=0.628, P=0.020), as well as color Doppler signal grade and CTCAE grade (r=0.724, P=0.008), were significantly correlated. Conclusions US findings in IMC were mainly similar to those of ulcerative colitis, but there were some findings that were characteristic only of IMC. Significant correlation was found between US findings, CS findings, and severity of colitis. Hence, US could be useful for the evaluation of IMC.

Background: An accurate evaluation method for preoperative diagnosis has not yet been established in patients with gastric cancer (GC), though it is essential for optimal treatment. Current standard modalities are endoscopy and contrast computed tomography (CT). In this study, we investigated the efficacy and limitations of transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS) for the assessment of tumor invasion. Methods: We enrolled 178 consecutive patients with GC evaluated by TUS, endoscopy, and contrast CT before gastrectomy. For the TUS examination, patients ingested water to fill their stomachs. The clinical staging determined using these modalities was compared to the pathological staging. Results: The overall accuracy of clinical T staging using TUS was 47.8% (pT1a: 5.8% (2/35); pT1b: 58.8% (20/35); pT2: 69.6% (16/23); pT3: 66.7% (22/33); pT4a: 46% (23/50); pT4b: 100% (2/2)). Using endoscopy, contrast CT, and TUS, the overall accuracy was 60.7%. The accuracy of TUS was associated with the tumor region (U region: 50% (14/28); M: 31.8% (14/44); L: 53.7% (57/106); P = 0.048), but not with the cross-sectional parts (P = 0.49). Multivariate analysis identified inaccurate TUS as independently correlating with tumor region (M vs. U/L, odds ratio (OR) = 3.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41–6.87; P = 0.005) and pT (pT1 vs. pT2-4, OR = 3.00, 95%CI 1.31–6.87; P = 0.009). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the importance of TUS in evaluating GC. Thus, TUS may be useful for clinical T staging in certain circumstances, leading to treatment optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the estimation of sensitivity of different diagnostic methods in differential diagnostics of stomach diseases. We found that the performance of the fluorescent diagnostics is very high in the primary diagnosis of gastric cancer and in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant stomach lesions: sensitivity — 96%, specificity — 78%. The detection rate of gastric cancer with the use of transabdominal ultrasonography reaches 95,6% for the localization of the tumor in antrum or lower third of the stomach body. The diagnostic accuracy is higher in cases of advanced gastric cancer. We also estimate the diagnostic performance of the multidetector computed tomography in the detection and staging of gastric cancer. Multidetector computed tomography with multiplanar reformation and virtual gastroscopy offers new opportunities for imaging of gastric diseases. The detection rate of gastric cancer using this method is 97% regardless of the localization of the tumor. Diagnostic potential of all mentioned methods of visualization of gastric lesions needs to be further explored.

A 72-year-old female without abdominal symptoms visited our hospital for routine follow-up while undergoing pancreatic cancer treatment (using TS-1). Her vital signs were normal, and her abdomen was soft and non-tender. Blood test revealed elevated C-reactive protein levels with normal white blood cell count. Computed tomography was performed for follow-up of pancreatic cancer. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed partial discontinuity and irregular thickness of the gallbladder wall; however, a definitive diagnosis was not obtained due to unclear imaging. Contrast-enhanced transabdominal ultrasonography revealed intraluminal membranes in the gallbladder and a perfusion defect at the bottom, indicating gangrenous cholecystitis. Surgical resection was performed, and pathological examination showed severe necrosis of the gallbladder wall, consistent with the findings of contrast-enhanced transabdominal ultrasonography.

Background: Diabetic gastroparesis is a severe diabetic complication refers to delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction of the stomach. Vitamin B12 affects the dynamics of autonomic nervous system and its deficits has been linked to cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy therefore, vitamin B12 deficiency was hypothesized to be implicated in the development of diabetic gastroparesis. This study was conducted to explore the possible association between vitamin B12 deficiency and gastroparesis in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: A total of 100 T2D patients with diabetes duration > 10 years and 50 healthy controls matched for age and sex were recruited for this study. T2D patients were divided into 2 groups: patients with gastroparesis and patients without gastroparesis. The diagnosis of gastroparesis was based on Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) Score ≥ 1.9 and ultrasonographic findings including gastric emptying ˂ 35.67% and motility index ˂ 5.1. Anthropometric measurements, plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipids profile, vitamin B12 and transabdominal ultrasonography were assessed. Results: The frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in total patients with T2D was 35% (54.5% in patients with gastroparesis vs. 11.1% in patients without gastroparesis, P < 0. 001). Vitamin B12 level was negatively correlated with GCSI Score whereas, it was positively correlated with gastric emptying and motility index. Vitamin B12 deficiency was an independent predictor for gastroparesis in patients with T2D; it predicts gastroparesis at a cut off value of 189.5 pmol/L with 69.1% sensitivity and 64.4% specificity, P = 0.002. Conclusions: Beside the known risk factors of diabetic gastroparesis, vitamin B12 deficiency is an independent predictor of diabetic gastroparesis in patients with T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to compare transabdominal (TA) and transvaginal (TV) ultrasound assessment of cervical length during pregnancy and to establish cervical length above which transvaginal measurement is not necessary. Material and methods: Cervical length was measured using TA and TV method in the first (11 + 0-13 + 6 weeks), the second (20 + 0-21 + 6 weeks) and the third trimester (28 + 0-31 + 6 weeks) in 250 women with singleton pregnancy and low risk for preterm birth. Results: If the cervical length measured in the second trimester of pregnancy with transabdominal approach is = 28.5 mm and = 30.5 mm in the third trimester, it can be assumed with 100% sensitivity the cervical length measured with transvaginal method will be > 25 mm. Transabdominal cervical length measurement in the second and third trimester allows 89% and 65% of patients, respectively, to avoid transvaginal scan. Conclusions: Second and third trimester screening by transabdominal cervical length measurements in a group of pregnant women with low risk for preterm birth is useful to determine which patients require transvaginal measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Despite medical progress in each field in recent years, it is still insufficient for managing PDAC, and at present, the only curative treatment is surgery. A typical pancreatic cancer is relatively easy to diagnose with imaging. However, it is often not recommended for surgical treatment at the time of diagnosis due to metastatic spread beyond the pancreas. Even if it is operable, it often recurs during postoperative follow-up. In the case of PDAC with a diameter of 10 mm or less, the 5-year survival rate is as good as 80% or more, and the best index for curative treatment is tumor size. The early detection of pancreatic cancer with a diameter of less than 10 mm or carcinoma in situ is critical. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of diagnostic imaging features and genetic tests for the accurate diagnosis of early-stage PDAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and hypothesis: There is a lack of in-depth understanding of the muscles surrounding the pelvic floor muscle (PFM). The study aimed to investigate the functional relationship between PFM and hip external rotator muscles by observing the piriformis muscle thickness and displacement of the bladder base under different contraction conditions of the hip external rotator and/or PFM. We hypothesized that PFM function would be the strongest when the hip external rotator and PFM contracted simultaneously and that during PFM contraction, the piriformis muscle would act as an auxiliary muscle and show coactivation. Methods: The participants included 13 healthy adult women (mean age 23.8 ± 2.8 years). The three contraction conditions were PFM contraction, hip external rotator contraction, and simultaneous contraction of the hip external rotator and PFM. During the tasks, the piriformis muscle thickness and bladder base displacement were measured using ultrasonography and compared among the contraction conditions using one-way analysis of variance. Results: Significant differences were noted in bladder base displacement among the three contraction conditions (P < 0.01), with PFM contraction having the highest value. The piriformis muscle thickness showed the greatest increase in simultaneous contraction. Conclusions: In our study, we showed PFM contraction positively influences piriformis contraction, while PFM function operationalized by bladder base displacement was highest during PFM contraction alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Uterine leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor. It does not necessarily require curative treatment, but if conservative management is chosen, it is important to rule out uterine leiomyosarcoma. When a size increase is observed, one must consider malignancy, and thus objective and cost-effective measurement of uterine size is important, especially for early detection of malignant change. Although MRI imaging is thought to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of uterine leiomyosarcoma, frequent MRI is impractical because of the incidence of uterine leiomyoma and the economic burden in real-world clinical practice. On the other hand, ultrasonography (US) is considered the most useful device in the observation of size changes. So this study aimed to examine the accuracy of the measurement of transabdominal US compared to MRI imaging. Materials and methods This retrospective study included 92 patients with uterine myoma ≥ 50 mm who undertook an MRI within 30 days after the transabdominal US. The longest diameter of the largest myoma (a), the longest diameter perpendicular to a in the sagittal image (b), and the longest diameter perpendicular to a and b in the axial image (c) were measured by US and MRI, and these were used to calculate the volume. Results were analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 3.1. Results The ICC for the volume and major axis of the largest myoma by US and MRI were 0.87 and 0.90, respectively. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 0.82-0.91 and 0.87-0.93, respectively. Both reliability levels ranged from good to excellent. ICC was 0.54 (95%CI 0.15-0.78) in myomas with a volume of >500 cm 3 , and the concordant rate between US and MRI was poor to good. On the other hand, ICC was 0.82 (95%CI 0.57-0.93) even though all myomas with major axes greater than 120 mm had a volume >500 cm 3 , and the concordant rate between US and MRI measurements was moderate to excellent. In the evaluation by major axis, ICC was 0.60 (95%CI -0.41-0.95) for myomas larger than 160 mm, indicating a lower concordant rate. Conclusion Transabdominal US is an appropriate modality as well as MRI for follow-up of uterine myoma size if the nodules are 160 mm or smaller. Measurement of the major axis is easier and more useful than volume., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ethics Committee of Osaka City University issued approval 2959. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Oue et al.)

We herein report a case of sporadic intra-abdominal desmoid-type fibromatosis in which contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US) combined with superb microvascular imaging (SMI) was useful for preoperative diagnosis. 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography performed for systematic screening for lung cancer revealed an abnormal accumulation in the abdominal cavity. Transabdominal US showed a tumor with a mixture of hypoechoic and hyperechoic areas. Contrast-enhanced US combined with SMI revealed dendritic blood flow signals and no abnormal vascular network within the tumor. Macroscopic examination of the resected specimen revealed a white tumor with relatively clear boundaries. Microscopic examination revealed spindle cells with poor atypia proliferating in bundles with collagenous stromal cells. Immunohistochemistry showed nuclear localization of beta-catenin within the tumor cells. From these findings, we finally diagnosed intra-abdominal desmoid-type fibromatosis. Contrast-enhanced US combined with SMI is useful for diagnosing intra-abdominal desmoid-type fibromatosis., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of University of Washington.)

There are various types of pancreatic neoplasms, and their prognosis and treatment methods are different. Therefore, accurate diagnosis is important to determine the best treatment strategy. Transabdominal ultrasonography is frequently used as a screening examination for diagnostic imaging of pancreatic neoplasms. In this review, we have focused on the characteristics of ultrasonic findings for relatively rare pancreatic neoplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Abdominal ultrasonography allows for assessment of morphometric parameters in the Shetland fetus. • Fetal morphometric measurements predict gestational age and days until parturition. • Combined rib and intercostal distance (CRID) and aortic diameter are most accurate. Transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography is an established method to monitor pregnancy, fetal growth and wellbeing in different species. Growth charts with multiple bio-morphometric parameters to estimate days of gestation and days before parturition exist in small companion animals, sheep and goats, riding type horses and large ponies but not in small horse breeds like Shetland ponies. The aim of this study was to apply fetal biometric assessment and detailed description of physiologic fetal development to mid and late term pregnancies in Shetland mares and to generate reference data for clinical practice and for future research. Fetal parameters were collected starting on day 101 of pregnancy in five Shetland mares. The fetal biometric parameters determined consisted of aortic diameter, eye diameter, combined rib and intercostal distance (CRID), stomach length and width and different heart morphology parameters in sagittal and frontal plane. Additionally, fetal activity and organ development in terms of differentiation and changes in echogenicity were recorded. Considering reliably assessable parameters, fetal CRID was the best predictor for gestational age with ± 13.6 days and fetal aortic diameter the most accurate for prediction of days until parturition with ± 16.2 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The uterine size is important during planning of assisted reproductive techniques and hysterectomy and there is no established normative data from the women of northern India, this study was undertaken with the objective to report the normal length, width and anteroposterior lengths of non-gravid uterus. Methodology: In a prospective observational study, conducted in Department of Anatomy in collaboration with Departments of Radiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, the ultrasonographic measurements of non-gravid uterus were noted. The ultrasonography was performed on females in dorsal decubitus position having full urinary bladder. Uterine position was identified by placing the probe on suprapubic area Length and anteroposterior diameter of uterus were measured by placing the probe in longitudinal direction (sagittal plane). Length was measured from fundus to external os. The anteroposterior diameter is maximum measurement in mid sagittal plane of body of uterus. The transducer was rotated up to 90 degree to measure the transverse diameter. Transverse diameter is the maximum measurement in transverse plane across the fundus. The volume of uterus was calculated. Results: The study included transabdominal ultrasonographic measurements of 100 females of age range 19-49 years (mean age 34.06 ± 0.35 years). Mean length, transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameters and volume noted were 7.71 (±0.47) cm, 4.63 (±0.33) cm, 3.75 (±0.31) cm and 70.54 (± 9.68) cm3. Conclusion: Normative values of uterine length, width and anteroposterior diameters of one-hundred non-pregnant women of northern India reported. Accurate measurement of uterine parameters is useful in timely management of various pathologies associated with abnormal size of uterus, infertility related procedures; such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer (ET) and intrauterine device insertion.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Despite medical progress in each field in recent years, it is still insufficient for managing PDAC, and at present, the only curative treatment is surgery. A typical pancreatic cancer is relatively easy to diagnose with imaging. However, it is often not recommended for surgical treatment at the time of diagnosis due to metastatic spread beyond the pancreas. Even if it is operable, it often recurs during postoperative follow-up. In the case of PDAC with a diameter of 10 mm or less, the 5-year survival rate is as good as 80% or more, and the best index for curative treatment is tumor size. The early detection of pancreatic cancer with a diameter of less than 10 mm or carcinoma in situ is critical. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of diagnostic imaging features and genetic tests for the accurate diagnosis of early-stage PDAC.

Objectives: Transabdominal ultrasonography (US) has been reported as a useful tool for evaluating Crohn's disease (CD) activity. Endoscopic findings and Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) are currently considered the gold standard for assessing CD activity. We assessed the correlation between US and double‐balloon endoscopy (DBE), and CDAI for evaluating CD activity. Methods: We analyzed patients with CD undergoing US and DBE within 10 days between the procedures. The intestine was divided into four segments and analyzed by the US scoring system (US‐CD) and the simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES‐CD). CDAI was compared with US‐CD and SES‐CD. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis. Results: Twenty‐five patients with CD (11 women, 14 men; mean age 35.4 ± 14.9 years, range 16–65 years) were enrolled. Twenty‐four patients received antitumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy. CDAI was 128.1 (range 36–227). A significant moderate correlation was found between the US‐CD and SES‐CD in all segments (ρ =.64, P <.01). The US‐CD showed a strong correlation with CDAI (ρ =.78, P <.01), whereas the SES‐CD showed a moderate correlation (ρ =.55, P <.05). Conclusions: US‐CD and SES‐CD showed a moderate correlation for assessing CD activity. US‐CD showed a stronger correlation with CDAI than SES‐CD, suggesting that US could more accurately evaluate the disease activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: To compare the ultrasonographic findings of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with that of cytopathology to asses the diagnostic validity of transabdominal ultrasonography (USG). Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study in Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of radiology and imaging of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, during July, Dhaka, during July 2009–March 2011 to evaluate the transabdominal USG in the detection of HCC and its validity by determining sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values. For this purpose, a total of fifty patients were enrolled in the study. Cytopathology was done in all these patients. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analyses of the results were obtained using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-13) (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy was done using online OpenEpi, Version 3, an open-source calculator. Results: The current study found that the mean age of patients was 49.14 ± 13.79 years, ranging from 20 to 79 years. The USG detected HCC in 31 (62%) cases, of which 27 (87.1%) were cytopathologically proven. USG diagnosed 19 (38%) cases as lesions other than HCC, of which 4 (21.1%) cases were diagnosed as HCC cytopathologically (false negative). The rest of the 15 (78.9%) cases were diagnosed as other lesions including metastasis, by both USG and cytopathologically (true negative). The validity of USG was studied by calculating sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV, which were 87.1%, 78.95%, 87.1%, 78.95%, and 84%, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, the USG findings and the validity tests were found almost identical as observed by other investigators compared with cytopathological findings. Hence, it can be concluded that the USG is a useful diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of HCC.

The aims of the presented study were (1) to examine the relationship between foetal measurements and gestational age (GA), (2) to generate GA formulas, and (3) to investigate the estimation of GA by transabdominal ultrasonography in buffaloes. Thirteen pregnant buffaloes were used in the study. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed between Day (D) 28 and 112 of gestational age, whereas transabdominal ultrasonography was between 126 and 294. The diameters of embryonic (EVD) and amniotic (AVD) vesicles, crown-rump length (CRL), occipito-nasal length (ONL), biparietal diameter (BPD), orbit diameter (OD), cervical, thoracic, lumbar and coccygeal vertebrae lengths (CVL, TVL, LVL, CcVL), abdominal diameter (AD), chest diameter (CD), umbilical cord diameter (UCD), scapula, humerus, radius-ulna, metacarpus, femur, tibia, and metatarsus lengths (SL, HL, RUL, McL, FL, TL, MtL), diameters of transversal heart (THD), stomach (SD), kidney (KD), and outer diameter, circumference and area of placentomas (OPD, OPC, OPA) were measured by ultrasonography. All 26 parameters were highly correlated with GA (r = 0.968 – 0.999). The observation of the foetus was evident in all animals via transabdominal ultrasonography, and all parameters except EVD, AVD, and CRL could be measured on D 126. In addition, heartbeats, the sign of foetal vitality, could be observed in 11 of 13 living foetuses. This study is the first to demonstrate that transabdominal ultrasonography can be used to estimate GA in buffaloes. In addition, GA formulas related to ONL, CVL, TVL, LVL, CcVL, extremity bone lengths, THD, UCD, PC, and PA measurements were created for the first time in buffaloes. • Transabdominal ultrasonography can be used to estimate gestational age in buffaloes. • Twenty-six different foetal structures can be measured for fetometry. • The best measurements are the head, heart, orbit, umbilical cord, and chest diameters. • Pregnancy and foetal viability can be determined via transabdominal ultrasonography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common cause of liver test abnormality and chronic liver disease in the world and can increase liver related mortality. Association of NAFLD with metabolic syndrome increase mortality due to cardiovascular disease too. NAFLD is categorized histologically into the nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Liver biopsy has been known as gold standard of evaluating NAFLD, but this procedure is invasive. It is time to replace available and easier way to diagnose, and predict the prognosis for better management of NAFLD. This study was comparing the result of transabdominal ultrasonography with Fibroscan as a new and accurate method for evaluating severity of fatty liver disease. This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted using 101 patients with NAFLD. All patients who had TUS by one experienced radiologist and fibro scan at the same time were included. Visual liver echogenicity was basis of grading in TUS. Fibro scans results are based on controlled attenuation parameters (CAP) which is not operator dependent. Other information, such as age, waist, and BMI, were also gathered. TUS has a low value for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients and predicting prognosis. TUS has a good correlation with fibroscan in grade 0 and 1of fatty liver, but in grade 2 and 3 of fatty liver, we can not rely on TUS for accurate grading.

This study examined the utility of the combined use of transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS) and fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) to detect mucosal inflammation, vis-a-vis the Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES), in ulcerative colitis (UC). Sixty-three UC patients who underwent TUS and FIT were retrospectively enrolled. For TUS, the colon was divided into five segments, and the bowel wall thickness was measured and evaluated. The accuracy of FIT (> 100 ng/ml) in detecting mucosal inflammation (MES>0) was 0.93, whereas that of TUS (BWT>2 mm) in each segment was 0.84-0.97. The combined use of TUS and FIT may be helpful in noninvasive treatment strategies., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Nellore Brown ewes (n=20) were subjected to short day estrus synchronization protocol and transabdominal ultrasonography was conducted weekly once from day 8 onwards until parturition. Pregnancy was determined after observation of fluid accumulation in uterine horns on day 22. The embryo was observed on day 29 in all ewes, head and trunk demarcation, fore and hind limb buds on day 36, heartbeat, umbilical cord, C shaped placentomes on day 43, ossification of vertebral column, rib cage, orbits, long bones of limbs, genital tubercle, rumen, brain ventricles on day 50, the four chambers of heart on day 57, diaphragm, eye lens, stomach chambers, major blood vessels on day 64, Kidneys, liver, urinary bladder, intestinal masses and lungs with bronchi on day 71, the trachea, jugular vein on day 99, the kidneys took bean shape with demarcation of cortex and medulla, placentomes hollowed out with hyperechoic borders and gastric chambers were observed on day 113. The time of organization of embryo, ossification of fetal bones and echogenicity of placentomes might help in judging the fetal age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common cause of liver test abnormality and chronic liver disease in the world and can increase liver related mortality. Association of NAFLD with metabolic syndrome increase mortality due to cardiovascular disease too. NAFLD is categorized histologically into the nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Liver biopsy has been known as gold standard of evaluating NAFLD, but this procedure is invasive. It is time to replace available and easier way to diagnose, and predict the prognosis for better management of NAFLD. This study was comparing the result of transabdominal ultrasonography with Fibroscan as a new and accurate method for evaluating severity of fatty liver disease. This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted using 101 patients with NAFLD. All patients who had TUS by one experienced radiologist and fibro scan at the same time were included. Visual liver echogenicity was basis of grading in TUS. Fibro scans results are based on controlled attenuation parameters (CAP) which is not operator dependent. Other information, such as age, waist, and BMI, were also gathered. TUS has a low value for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients and predicting prognosis. TUS has a good correlation with fibroscan in grade 0 and 1of fatty liver, but in grade 2 and 3 of fatty liver, we can not rely on TUS for accurate grading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Shear wave elastography (SWE) using transabdominal ultrasonography (US) is widely used for diagnosis of tissue stiffness. Ultrasound shear wave dispersion (SWD) enables evaluation of tissue viscosity using SWE. The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability and clinical significance of SWD in pancreatic screening. Methods: SWE and SWD were measured in 76 patients examined by US in pancreatic screenings performed between November 2017 and November 2018. The median pancreatic elastic modulus (PEM) and dispersion slope were obtained from at least five measurements. The reproducibility of these values and their correlations with patient characteristics, pancreatic echogenicity, and the pancreas-to-spleen attenuation ratio (P/S) on plain CT, which is associated with fatty change in pancreatic parenchyma, were investigated retrospectively. Results: The median PEM and dispersion slope were 7.4 kPa and 15.7 (m/sec)/kHz, respectively, and both values had high intraclass correlation coefficients, showing high reproducibility (ρ = 0.869 and ρ = 0.867, respectively). The interquartile range/median value of PEM and dispersion slope were 0.36 and 0.28, respectively. PEM had a positive correlation with age (rs = 0.348, p = 0.002), and dispersion slope was positively correlated with age (rs = 0.278, p = 0.016) and BMI (rs = 0.397, p < 0.001). The hyperechoic pancreas had significantly higher PEM (6.6 vs. 7.8 kPa, p = 0.037) and dispersion slope (13.2 vs. 16.3 (m/sec)/kHz, p < 0.001). On plain CT performed in 50 patients, the P/S was not correlated with PEM (rs = − 0.180, p = 0.221), but was inversely correlated with dispersion slope (rs = − 0.338, p = 0.019). Conclusion: Measurement of SWD in pancreatic screening was highly reproducible and may permit objective evaluation of fatty change of the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between bladder wall thickness (BWT) measured by ultrasonography and lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).MethodsForty-eight women with LUTS who underwent urodynamic study and BWT by ultrasonography as outpatients were studied. We assessed LUTS during a medical examination by interview. The thinnest part of the bladder wall was measured by a transabdominal ultrasonography. We excluded patients who had visited another hospital previously because we did not know what treatment they had received, including medications, behavioral therapy, or other treatments. We constructed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for diagnosis of LUTD and also determined reliable BWT criteria by calculating the area under the curve. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method and Student's t-test.ResultsThe mean age, body mass index, and duration of symptoms were 59.9±9.7 years, 26.06±3.4 kg/m2, and 53.4±38.2 months, respectively. Urodynamic study parameters (Valsalva leak point pressure, maximal urethral closure pressure, functional length, and postvoid residual volume) were lower in patients with BWT

Aims and Objectives: To compare the ultrasonographic findings of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with that of cytopathology to asses the diagnostic validity of transabdominal ultrasonography (USG). Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study in Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of radiology and imaging of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, during July, Dhaka, during July 2009–March 2011 to evaluate the transabdominal USG in the detection of HCC and its validity by determining sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values. For this purpose, a total of fifty patients were enrolled in the study. Cytopathology was done in all these patients. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analyses of the results were obtained using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-13) (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy was done using online OpenEpi, Version 3, an open-source calculator. Results: The current study found that the mean age of patients was 49.14 ± 13.79 years, ranging from 20 to 79 years. The USG detected HCC in 31 (62%) cases, of which 27 (87.1%) were cytopathologically proven. USG diagnosed 19 (38%) cases as lesions other than HCC, of which 4 (21.1%) cases were diagnosed as HCC cytopathologically (false negative). The rest of the 15 (78.9%) cases were diagnosed as other lesions including metastasis, by both USG and cytopathologically (true negative). The validity of USG was studied by calculating sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV, which were 87.1%, 78.95%, 87.1%, 78.95%, and 84%, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, the USG findings and the validity tests were found almost identical as observed by other investigators compared with cytopathological findings. Hence, it can be concluded that the USG is a useful diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The knowledge of normal variation of reproductive hormones, internal genitalia imaging, and the prevalence of gynecological disorders in adolescent girls is limited.Objective: The study aimed to describe reproductive parameters in postmenarchal girls from the general population including the frequency of oligomenorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, and use of hormonal contraception.Design: The Copenhagen Mother-Child Cohort is a population-based longitudinal birth cohort of 1210 girls born between 1997 and 2002.Setting: University hospital.Participants: A total of 317 girls were included, with a median age of 16.1 years and time since menarche of 2.9 years.Main Outcome Measure(s): Tanner stage, height, weight, age at menarche, menstrual cycle length and regularity, ovarian/uterine volume, and number of follicles were recorded. Serum concentrations of FSH, LH, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B, estradiol, testosterone, SHBG, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-OH-progesterone, and IGF-1 were measured.Results: Twenty girls (6.3%) had oligomenorrhea and differed significantly in serum androgens and AMH, age at and time since menarche from girls with regular cycles. Twenty-seven girls were classified with PCOS (8.5%) and had significantly higher 17-OH-progesterone, estradiol, AMH, LH, and age at menarche than the reference group. Girls on oral contraception had significantly higher serum SHBG concentrations and lower serum concentrations of all hormones except AMH and IGF-1. Ovarian follicles 2 to 29.9 mm correlated positively with serum AMH (P < 0.0001).Conclusions: Most 16-year-old girls had regular menstrual cycles, normal reproductive hormones, and uterine and ovarian ultrasound. Serum AMH reflected ovarian follicle count and may be a useful biomarker of ovarian reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are incidental findings that are being increasingly identified because of recent advancements in abdominal imaging technologies. PCLs include different entities, with each of them having a peculiar biological behavior, and they range from benign to premalignant or malignant neoplasms. Therefore, accurate diagnosis is important to determine the best treatment strategy. As transabdominal ultrasonography (US) is noninvasive, inexpensive, and widely available, it is considered to be the most appropriate imaging modality for the initial evaluation of abdominal diseases, including PCLs, and for follow-up assessment. We present a review of the possibilities and limits of US in the diagnosis of PCLs, the technical development of US, and the ultrasonographic characteristics of PCLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Advances and widespread use of various diagnostic imaging modalities have dramatically improved our ability to visualize and diagnose pancreatic diseases. In particular, ultrasonography in pancreatic diseases plays an important role from screening to diagnosis as a simple and safe examination method. Methods: The basic scanning method of transabdominal pancreatic ultrasonography, characterization, and differential diagnosis by ultrasonography including contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for solid pancreatic tumors are reviewed with reference to various papers. Results: In recent years, the ability to visualize and diagnose pancreatic mass lesions has been dramatically improved with advances in ultrasound equipment. In particular, CEUS using an ultrasound contrast agent has made it possible to evaluate hemodynamics in organs or lesions as well as in the flow signal of arterial blood vessels, and it has played an important role not only in diagnosis of the presence of a lesion but also in the qualitative diagnosis. The enhancement behavior and pattern with CEUS of pancreatic solid tumors is shown in text and Fig. 9. Moreover, the flow chart for diagnosing pancreatic solid tumors with CEUS classifying the enhancement behavior and pattern for pancreatic solid tumors on CEUS is shown (Fig. 10). In meta-analyses, the pooled sensitivity in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinomas and other pancreatic focal masses with CEUS was 86–90%, and the pooled specificity was 75–88%. Conclusion: CEUS is a minimally invasive and useful diagnostic method that can be used to make a simple and quick qualitative diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. CEUS provides a lot of information important for diagnosis, and has led to changes in the conventional diagnostic systems in pancreatic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale, aims, and objectives: The aim of this observational study is to identify factors by which some pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) were undetectable at transabdominal ultrasonography (TAUS), using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as reference standard. Methods: The database for 781 consecutive subjects who underwent a health checkup including fat computed tomography and upper abdominal MRI as option was searched. The presence of fatty liver and fatty pancreas was diagnosed by TAUS, and atrophic pancreas was determined by reevaluating the image of the pancreas in the chest computed tomography for screening. Subjects with PCL detected and those undetected at TAUS were statistically compared in clinical characteristics. Results: The prevalence of PCL detected at MRI was 17.8% in the general population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that fatty liver, body mass index, and the size of PCL were significantly associated with the factors influencing the visualization of PCL at TAUS (odds ratio [OR]: 0.337, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.154‐0.734, P = 0.006; OR: 0.852, 95% CI: 0.737‐0.985, P = 0.030; OR:1.120, 95% CI: 1.045‐1.200, P =.001). Thirty‐six PCLs (64.3%) in a total of 56 PCLs were undermeasured by TAUS. Additionally, nine (56%) out of 16 PCLs (≥ 15 mm) were undermeasured by 5 mm or more by TAUS, although a significantly higher detection rate was observed for PCLs (≥ 15 mm) in comparison with that for PCLs (< 15 mm) (80% vs 33.6%, P =.000). Conclusions: It should be noted that coexisting fatty liver may lower the detection of PCL, and its size may be underestimated by TAUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Transabdominal ultrasonography is a common and accurate tool for managing Crohn's disease (CD); however, the significance of the resulting data is poorly understood. This study was performed to determine the association between bowel wall thickness evaluated by water-immersion ultrasonography and macroscopic severity, namely, refractory inflammation and subsequent fibrosis in CD surgical specimens. Materials and methods: We retrospectively evaluated 100 segments of colon and small intestine from 27 patients with CD. The resected specimens were placed in saline postoperatively, and bowel wall thickness was measured by water-immersion ultrasonography and compared with macroscopic findings. Correlations between bowel wall thickness and macroscopic findings were assessed using analysis of variance and receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: According to the progression of macroscopic severity, the mean bowel wall thickness was increased as follows: macroscopically intact: 4.1 mm, longitudinal ulcer scars: 5.4 mm, longitudinal open ulcers: 6.0 mm, large ulcers: 6.4 mm, cobblestone-like lesions: 7.1 mm, and fibrotic strictures: 7.4 mm. For all lesions except longitudinal ulcer scars, the bowel wall thickness was significantly thicker than that of macroscopically-intact areas (p <.001). According to receiver operating characteristic curves, bowel wall thickness >4.5 mm was associated with CD lesions, and thickness >5.5 mm was associated with more severe lesions. Conclusions: The bowel wall thickness of CD lesions was evaluated by water-immersion ultrasonography correlated with macroscopic disease severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In patients with pelvic venous disorders secondary to pelvic venous insufficiency (PVI), the optimal imaging modality is ill-defined. Transabdominal ultrasound (TAU) is widely used to identify the presence of iliac vein stenosis. The purpose of the present investigation is to determine the accuracy of TAU for determining the presence of an iliac vein area-reducing lesion compared with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)., Methods: From January to December 2020, a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from 96 patients treated for symptomatic PVI at the Center for Vascular Medicine was performed. All patients had complete history and physical examination findings, demographics, CEAP (clinical, etiologic, anatomic, pathophysiologic), revised venous clinical severity score, and TAU, diagnostic venography, and IVUS measurements recorded in our electronic medical record system. All TAU measurements were performed by the same ultrasound technician with the patient in the supine position. Iliac vein diameters of the common femoral, external iliac, and common iliac veins and the inferior vena cava were obtained. Differences in body habitus were normalized by dividing the minimum diameter measurement of the stenotic vessel with that of the ipsilateral common femoral vein, subtracting this number from 1 and multiplying by 100 (stenosis = [1 - minimal diameter/common femoral diameter] × 100). The normalized stenoses were then compared with the IVUS-derived area reducing measurements. A receiver operating characteristic curve was created, and logistic regression analysis for the probability of predicting an area-reducing lesion of >50% and >60% with TAU was performed. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated., Results: The average age of the entire cohort was 49.8 ± 13.5 years, with 69 women and 27 men. The CEAP distribution was as follows: C0, 5%; C1, 5%; C2, 10%; C3, 40%; C4a,b, 30%; C5, 7%; and C6, 3%. The average revised venous clinical severity score was 6.2 ± 2.6. The indications for intervention were leg symptoms alone in 43%, pelvic symptoms alone in 3%, and combined leg and pelvic symptoms in 54%. TAU identified a stenosis of ≥50% in 92 of the 96 patients (96%). For a ≥50% stenosis, a normalized diameter of ≤3 mm demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of 75%, 75%, 98%, and 12%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that TAU was significant in predicting the presence of a ≥60% area-reducing lesion (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.05; P = .009). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (c-statistic) was 68.6%. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 66.7%, 66.7%, 81.5%, and 47.6%, respectively, for a normalized diameter of ≥4 mm., Conclusions: The ability of TAU to identify an iliac vein stenosis of ≥50% is 96%. The positive predictive value for TAU to identify a ≥60% iliac vein area-reducing lesion is high, with moderate sensitivity and specificity. For patients with symptoms consistent with pelvic venous disorders secondary to PVI, TAU is a good preintervention screening modality for properly trained vascular imaging specialists with findings that correlate well with IVUS measurements., (Copyright © 2023 Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

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Background: Transabdominal ultrasonography (US) has been reported to be a useful tool for evaluating ulcerative colitis (UC) although with less well-established data than for Crohn's disease. This prospective multicenter study aimed to establish the usefulness of US compared with colonoscopy (CS) for assessing disease extent and activity of UC.Methods: Altogether, 173 patients with UC were prospectively enrolled, among whom 156 were eligible for this study. All patients underwent US and CS within 2 days at five facilities. We divided the colon into six segments and examined each segment and the rectum using US and CS. US severity was graded 1-4 regarding bowel wall thickness, stratification, and ulceration. CS severity was also graded 1-4 according to Matts' endoscopic classification. Concordance between US and CS grades for all colonic segments was analyzed using kappa statistics. US and CS findings were also compared with the clinical disease activity index (CAI) and histological grade using Spearman's correlation coefficient.Results: There was moderate concordance between US and CS grades in all colonic segments (weighted κ = 0.55, p < 0.001). Concordance was rated moderate for each colonic segment but only slight for the rectum. The US grade was significantly correlated with the CAI score (r = 0.40, p < 0.001) and histological grade (r = 0.35, p < 0.001).Conclusions: This prospective multicenter study showed moderate concordance between US and CS for assessing the disease activity of UC. Hence, US may be used more generally for evaluating UC in daily clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distal vaginal atresia is one of the rare Mullerian anomalies and may often be misdiagnosed as an imperforate hymen. This paper reports pre-operative and intra-operative use of ultrasonography in three patients with distal vaginal atresia. Two patients underwent pull-through surgery and in the other patient, a neovagina was formed using skin graft as the proximal vagina was found to be insufficient for a pull-through vaginoplasty. Pre-operative transperineal ultrasonography and intra-operative transabdominal ultrasonography may prove to be useful in surgical planning and choosing the proper surgical procedure. It also helps prevent damage to adjacent tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of transabdominal ultrasonography and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, in the differentiation of benign and malignant adnexal masses. Study Design: A prospective comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Radiology and Imaging (AFIRI), Rawalpindi from 16 Jun 2015 to 15 Jun 2016. Methodology: 61 female patients with adnexal masses, irrespective of age, were evaluated with transabdominal ultrasonography and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This was followed by surgery (either laporotomy or laproscopy) or ultrasound guided biopsy and then histopathology to characterize them as benign or malignant masses. Results: Diagnostic accuracy of contrast enhanced MRI for characterization of adnexal masses was 90.1%, while that of transabdominal ultrasonography was 72.1 %. Sensitivity and specificity of transabdominal ultrasonography was 100 % and 54 % respectively while positive predictive value was 58.5 % and negative predictive value was 100 %. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI was 95.8 % and 86.4 % respectively while positive predictive value was 82.1% while negative predictive value was 96.9 %. Conclusion: Contrast enhanced MRI has a superior diagnostic accuracy as compared to transabdominal ultrasonography in the characterization of adnexal masses into benign and malignant, which influences the mode of treatment and clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study was designed to estimate the relationship between gestational age and transabdominal ultrasonographic measurements of fetus and uterus during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of gestation in cows. Methods: Seventeen cows with confirmed conception dates were used. The cows were examined transabdominally in standing position using the 3.5 MHz convex sector transducer of real-time ultrasonography. Measurements of length and height of placentomes, distance between uterine walls, width of trunk and heart, intercostal distance and width of umbilical cord were obtained from the ultrasonographic images by using the screen caliper software. Results: Measurements at 250 d of gestation were for placentomes length (17.87 ± 2.26) and (75.92 ± 7.76) mm, height of placentomes (13.37 ± 1.12) and (36.50 ± 3.92) mm, distance between uterine walls (71.45 ± 10.68) and (144.63 ± 7.29) mm, and width of umbilical cord (7.80 ± 0.42) and (16.41 ± 0.41) mm, width of trunk (35.67 ± 7.11) and (146.50 ± 5.34) mm, width of heart (15.10 ± 5.50) and (74.57 ± 4.20) mm, and intercostal distance (3.85 ± 0.49) and (21.79 ± 0.48) mm, respectively. All the measurements were highly significantly correlated with gestational age (P

Purpose To determine whether ovarian morphology imaged using transabdominal ultrasonography reflects clinical and metabolic features in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods A retrospective pilot study was conducted in 33 adolescents (12–18 years) with PCOS as defined by hyperandrogenism and irregular cycles. Adolescents underwent the following assessments at a random time during the menstrual cycle: transabdominal ultrasonography, physical examination (height, weight, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure), fasting hormonal tests (free, percent free, and total testosterone, androstenedione, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone), and metabolic tests (including an oral glucose tolerance test, fasting and 2-hour insulin and glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and whole-body insulin sensitivity index). Ultrasound images were analyzed offline for ovarian area (OA), ovarian volume (OV), follicle number per cross section (FNPS), and follicle distribution pattern. Associations among endocrine and metabolic variables with sonographic features were assessed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple linear regression. Results Total testosterone and androstenedione, but not free testosterone, or percent free testosterone, positively correlated with OA (ρ = .515, ρ = .422, respectively), OV (ρ = .451, ρ = .382), and FNPS (ρ = .394, ρ = .474). Luteinizing hormone:follicle stimulating hormone ratio also positively correlated with ovarian size (OA, ρ = .520 and OV, ρ = .409). Unexpectedly, body mass index (ρ = −.503) and fasting glucose levels (ρ = −.393) were inversely correlated with FNPS. Total testosterone was an independent predictor of FNPS, OA, and OV as judged by stepwise multiple regression analyses. Conclusions Some aspects of ovarian morphology in adolescents with PCOS using transabdominal ultrasonography associate with markers of reproductive dysfunction and provide rationale to further investigate how ovarian morphology may reflect concurrent metabolic dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenocarcinoma arising from the duodenum is relatively rare. Diagnosis of this disease at an early stage is difficult because its symptoms are usually nonspecific. We herein present a case in which duodenal adenocarcinoma was successfully found by transabdominal ultrasonography. Under ultrasonography, the tumor was located in the proximal duodenum apart from the papilla of Vater, and the serosa was intact. Other diagnostic modalities showed no evidence of adjacent organ invasion or distant metastasis. Therefore, pancreatoduodenectomy was performed and the postoperative course was uneventful. The ultrasonographic findings corresponded well with the pathological diagnosis. The following three procedures were essential in this case: systematic scanning of the digestive tract to determine the location of the lesion, graded compression ultrasound to remove air bubbles from the region of interest, and precise observation of the intestinal walls using proper transducers. The precise and skillful performance of transabdominal ultrasonography using a suitable device can help to diagnose duodenal adenocarcinoma, a rare malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]