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NiV is an emerging infectious disease caused by infected bats from the family of Paramyxoviridae. From its secretions the disease can be spread to humans or through close contact with infected humans. NiV was detected for the first time in 1998 in Malaysia. NiV have broad species tropism and potential that may evolve life threatening respiratory and/ or neurologic disease in humans and as well as in animals which make them important trans-boundary biological threats. The disease presented mainly as acute encephalitis with a short incubation period of less than two weeks (4 to 18 days), with the main symptoms of fever, headache and giddiness followed by coma. The major involvement of the lung and brain in NiV infection often manifested as an acute severe respiratory syndrome, encephalitis etc. In case of Henipavirus the diagnosis of infection is mainly based on the details of contact with diseased animals, evidence of encephalitis and or pneumonia, with serologic evidence of infection using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant (EIA) assay testing or polymerase chain reaction. The anti-viral drug Ribavirin is a well-known first line treatment strategy for suspected viral infections of unknown etiology. Based on a study conducted to discover whether combining monotherapeutic treatments with Ribavirin and Chloroquine would result in any protection indicative of favourable drug-drug interactions when treatment were initiated with lethal inoculums of NiV. The reason for multiple outbreaks may be due to low healthcare system capacity and robust surveillance strategy contributes to it. Multidisciplinary and multiple facet approach is vital in preventing the emergence of NiV. It is crucial to undertake rigorous research for developing vaccines and medicines to prevent and treat NiV.

Flood forecasting is a significant tool for river basin management and early flood warning systems. The aim of the present study was to develop annual time series flood forecasting models for River Jhelum in Kashmir Valley by the application of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modelling approach. Annual peak flow at three principal flood monitoring sites of Jhelum, namely, Sangam, Ram Munshi Bagh and Asham were predicted using historical peak flow time series data. ARIMA models were developed for forecasting 1-year ahead floods. The prediction accuracy of the developed models was evaluated in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). RMSE values for Sangam, Ram Munshi Bagh and Asham stations were 112.31, 61.08 and 126.12 cumecs, respectively, and MAE values were 83.00, 48.50 and 104.25 cumecs at these stations. Also, the MAPE values were 10.70%, 6.19% and 10.78% for Sangam, Ram Munshi Bagh and Asham stations, respectively. NSE values for Sangam, Ram Munshi Bagh and Asham stations were 0.84, 0.87 and 0.85, respectively. Low values of RMSE, MAE and MAPE along with high values of NSE at all sites suggest the suitability of the developed models for flood forecasting in River Jhelum. The lead time of forecast obtained by this method was 1 year, which is much longer as compared to the conventional rainfall-runoff models.

Designers have a three-part responsibility owed to their object of study: to appreciate, to speculate, and to collaborate. This is particularly true for the professional engagement with spaces on the scale of river basins which impact and prioritize certain design decisions on a whole different level. Adequate responses to the ongoing transformations brought forward by large-scale anthropogenic stressors across entire river systems cannot continue to be dominated with hardline and static interventions. Rather, there is a need for alternative outsets, one that begins to design with adaptive and dynamic negotiations. By looking at the example of the Mississippi River Basin, this essay proposes a new integrated water-based design methodology titled “Way Beyond Bigness: The Need for a Watershed Architecture,” an interdisciplinary strategy to rethink the management of river systems for a sustainable future.

Long-distance migration across the large landscapes is an important ecological process in wild elephants, which enable them to search new feeding grounds and resources, altering the forest ecosystem and biodiversity, strengthening the gene flow among the populations and to sustain in a changing environment. However, in the recent past a long chain of the forest from where elephant used to perform such long-distance migrations has been fragmented and unsustainable land-use practices have disconnected most of the elephant corridor. Recently, India hosted the 13th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), wherein India’s proposal for inclusion of the Asian elephant in the Appendix I of the Convention was adopted. The inclusion of Asian elephants in Appendix I of the CMS would provide the species with the international conservation importance, trans-boundary cooperation for conservation of elephants and in providing legal protection to the migratory routes of the elephants across international boundaries. Besides, this would also facilitate in strengthening the gene base of the populations and in reducing the human–elephant conflict across the migratory route of the elephants.

환경오염과 감염병 확산은 밀접한 관련이 있다. 더욱이 감염병의 창궐은 코로나의 사례에서도 보듯이 인류의 생존 문제와 직결되어 있다는 점에서 국제환경문제와 공통점이 있다. 21세기 이후 지구 대기 오염으로 인한 지구온난화 등 인간의 환경파괴는 사스, 코로나 등 바이러스의 창궐의 중대한 원인이 되고 있다. 긴급한 초국경적 피해 상황에 대해 다른 국가에 이를 신속히 통지할 의무와 국제관습법상 상당한 주의의무는 절차적 의무로서 확립되었다. 마찬가지로 WHO에서 2005년 제정한 IHR 2005에서도 공중 보건 긴급상황의 경우 모든 공중 보건 정보를 효율적인 방법으로 WHO에 전달하여야 한다. 2019년 12월 코로나19가 발생하였을 때 중국 정부는 코로나 정보를 WHO와 국제사회에 보고하는데 지체를 하였다는 의심을 받고 있다. 만일 중국이 국제환경법과 국제보건법상 상당한 주의의무를 위반하였다면 중국은 국제법상 책임을 져야 할 것이다. 그러나 국제법상 주권면제 원칙 등의 이유에서 실제로 중국을 소송에 참가시키기는 어려울 것으로 보인다. 주권면제 이론이 국가의 법적 책임 자체를 부정하는 것은 아니다. 실제로 법적인 책임을 지울 수 없다고 하더라도, 중국의 UN 상임이사국으로서 국제환경법을 준수하도록 정치적, 외교적 압박을 가할 수 있을 것이다.

Climate change and increasing demand of water aggravate the frequency and intensity of trans-boundary water conflicts, which are evolving into one of the most sensitive economic and social issues in trans-boundary areas. This paper analyzes the inefficiency of traditional regional negotiation models to deal with trans-boundary water conflicts, and argues that Coase's theory of property rights is more suitable for dealing with trans-boundary water conflicts. Based on the Bayesian evolutionary game model with incomplete information of property rights, we put forward the following two ways to promote the smooth progress of water rights trading and, furthermore, resolve water resources conflicts: first, to reduce the transaction costs of the upstream and downstream regions; second, to increase utilization efficiency of water resources in the upper reaches. Finally, taking the water conflict of Dayankeng Hydropower Station as a case simulation, we give answers to the three questions: (1) under what conditions, both sides of the conflicts will choose water rights trading; (2) what is the impact of transaction costs on water rights trading, which provided a new way to solve trans-boundary water conflicts; (3) what is the improvement of welfare effects of water conflict participants because of water rights trading.

The Red river system is the large trans-boundary river system, there has been no united system of hydrology stations as well as integrated plan for the water use and management in the whole basin. The trend of water resources change in the Red river system basin has been assessed on the basic of statistic analyses of data observed during the studies, especially in the time when the exploitation of water resources has been intensified for the multisectoral development. This paper shows some of the results from considerations of the water use in the highlands that is influential in water resources in the Red river system basin and the planned reservoirs which are built in the basin of Red river system. The results include the assessment of the state and trend of water resources in the Red river system basin, the trend of water level lowering in the lowlands and its impacts.

Introduction: Air pollution is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, its impact on emergency health services is less well understood. We investigated the impact of air pollution on nation-wide emergency department (ED) visits and hospital admissions to public hospitals in Singapore. Materials and Methods: Anonymised administrative and clinical data of all ED visits to public hospitals in Singapore from January 2010 to December 2015 were retrieved and analysed. Primary and secondary outcomes were defined as ED visits and hospital admissions, respectively. Conditional Poisson regression was used to model the effect of Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) on each outcome. Both outcomes were stratified according to subgroups defined a priori based on age, diagnosis, gender, patient acuity and time of day. Results: There were 5,791,945 ED visits, of which 1,552,187 resulted in hospital admissions. No significant association between PSI and total ED visits (Relative risk [RR], 1.002; 99.2% confidence interval [CI], 0.995–1.008; P = 0.509) or hospital admissions (RR, 1.005; 99.2% CI, 0.996–1.014; P = 0.112) was found. However, for every 30-unit increase in PSI, significant increases in ED visits (RR, 1.023; 99.2% CI, 1.011–1.036; P = 1.24 × 10˗6) and hospital admissions (RR, 1.027; 99.2% CI, 1.010–1.043; P = 2.02 × 10˗5) for respiratory conditions were found. Conclusion: Increased PSI was not associated with increase in total ED visits and hospital admissions, but was associated with increased ED visits and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions in Singapore. Key words: Epidemiology, Healthcare utilisation, PSI, Public health, Time series

Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Here, we review what economic analysis can offer in countering these problems through the design of interventions that modify the behaviour of institutions and nations in the direction of greatest global good.

The article is devoted to territorial conflicts and conflicts of water use in the Middle East region. The states of the Near and Middle East are a sub regional system of international relations. This area has a high level of conflict. We can assume that the region holds one of the highest ratings in terms of the number of conflicts and crises

드라마 연극이 희곡 텍스트를 무대 위에 재현하는데 관심을 두고 있다면, 포스트드라마 연극은 희곡텍스트로부터 해방된 연극을 지향한다. 이 과정에서 드라마 연극이 만들어놓은 여러 경계들이 해체된다. 배우와 관객, 허구와 현실, 연극과 비연극, 작품과 사건, 언어와 비언어 등이 대표적인 경계의 이름이다. 이러한 경계의 해체는 드라마 연극에 의해서 잊혀졌던 고대 그리스 연극의 축제적 성격을 복원하는 계기가 된다. 이것은 아리스토텔레스 이래로 연극을 지배하였던 언어중심주의, 희곡중심주의를 해체하고 새로운 연극을 지향하게 한다. 언어중심주의, 희곡중심주의가 연극의 위기를 자초했다면, 포스트드라마 연극은 그것들을 해체함으로써 새로운 문화콘텐츠로서 관객과 소통하는 방법을 찾게 한다. 그 방법은 무엇보다 연극성의 회복에서 발견된다. 드라마 연극이 연극성보다 문학성에 종속된 것에 비해서 포스트드라마 연극은 문학성으로부터 해방된 연극성을 지향하고 있기 때문이다. 연극성이 강화된 포스트드라마 연극의 탈경계적 성격은 대중성 획득의 발판이 될 것이며, 이는 포스트드라마 연극의 문화콘텐츠로서의 가능성을 보여준다.

High concentrations of PM2.5 have become a serious environmental issue in South Korea, which ranked 1st or 2nd among OECD countries in terms of population exposure to PM2.5. Quantitative understanding of PM2.5 source attribution is thus crucial for developing efficient air quality mitigation strategies. Here we use a suite of extensive observations of PM2.5 and its precursors concentrations during the international KORea-US cooperative Air Quality field study in Korea (KORUS-AQ) in May–June 2016 to investigate source contributions to PM2.5 in South Korea under various meteorological conditions. For the quantitative analysis, we updated a 3-D chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, and its adjoint with the latest regional emission inventory and other recent findings. The updated model is evaluated by comparing against observed daily PM2.5 and its component concentrations from six ground sites (Bangnyung, Bulkwang, Olympic park, Gwangju, Ulsan, and Jeju). Overall, simulated concentrations of daily PM2.5 and its components are in a good agreement with observations over the peninsula. We conduct an adjoint sensitivity analysis for simulated surface level PM2.5 concentrations at five ground sites (except for Bangnyung because of its small population) under four different meteorological conditions: dynamic weather, stagnant, extreme pollution, and blocking periods. Source contributions by regions vary greatly depending on synoptic meteorological conditions. Chinese contribution accounts for almost 68% of PM2.5 in surface air in South Korea during the extreme pollution period of the campaign, whereas an enhanced contribution from domestic sources (57%) occurs for the blocking period. Results from our sensitivity analysis suggest that the reduction of domestic anthropogenic NH3 emissions could be most effective in reducing population exposure to PM2.5 in South Korea (effectiveness = 14%) followed by anthropogenic SO2 emissions from Shandong region (effectiveness = 11%), domestic anthropogenic NOx emissions (effectiveness = 10%), anthropogenic NH3 emissions from Shandong region (effectiveness = 8%), anthropogenic NOx emissions from Shandong region (effectiveness = 7%), domestic anthropogenic OC emissions (effectiveness = 7%), and domestic anthropogenic BC emissions (effectiveness = 5%).

In Kangchenjunga Landscape (KL), which is shared by three countries – Bhutan, India, and Nepal, the wild elephants migrate from east of Jhapa (Nepal), through West Bengal (India) and Sibsoo (Bhutan) to further east in Assam (India). The route Jhapa-WB-Sibsoo-Assam is a known route for elephant movements where maximum causalities have been reported in the past. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the individual identity of a poached elephant in Jhapa, Nepal and ivory which was suspected to be from the same individual elephant confiscated in Siliguri, India. We undertook STR profiling of the confiscated specimens with nine polymorphic STRs. The forensic parameters has established the fact that the two analyzed samples of elephant were not identical and belong to two different individuals. The present study highlights the necessity of transboundary research for elephant conservation and monitoring their movements in Kangchenjunga Landscape and emphasizes the use of forensic genetics in curbing illegal wildlife trade. Keywords: Kangchenjunga landscape, Elephant, Ivory, STR genotyping, Wildlife forensics

يهتم هذا البحث بدراسة ظاهرة الإرهاب وتعريفاتها الصادرة من المنظمات الدولية، والأبعاد الجغرافية للإرهاب فى قارة أفريقيا والتى أصبحت عابرة للحدود وإبراز بؤر الإرهاب والجماعات الإرهابية، ويدرس العوامل الطبيعية المؤثرة فى إنتشار هذه الظاهرة مثل الموقع الجغرافى والحدود والمساحة والبيئة الطبيعية والتغيرات المناخية، وکذلک العوامل البشرية مثلالترکيب الديموجرافى والإثنىوالفقر والتى ساعدت على توفر بيئة خصبة وحاضنة للإرهاب، کما يدرس التوزيع الجغرافى لمؤشر الإرهاب، والجماعات الإرهابية فى أفريقيا مثل بوکو حرام فى نيجيريا، وجماعة الشباب المجاهدين فى الصومال، والجماعات الأخرى، کما يهتم بدراسة استراتيجية المنظمات العالمية والدول فى مکافحة الإرهاب فى أفريقيا على کافة المستويات الأمنية والعسکرية والتنموية والاقتصادية. Abstract: This research concerned withstudying the phenomenon of Terrorism ,itsdefinition,issued by International organization ,its geographical dimensions in continent of Africa which becomes trans boundary phenomenon and illustrationhotspots and centers terrorism and terrorist Groups. It is studying the natural and human factors whose effect in spreading this phenomenon as geographical location , boundary , space , environment , climate change , demographic and ethnic composition and poverty where these help to provide suitable places and incubating for terrorism. This research studies the geographical distribution for Terrorism Index and and terrorist Groups in Africa such as Boko Harm in Nigeria , El-Shabab in Somalia and other Groups , Its also concerned with studying the Strategy of international organization and countriesin combating terrorism in Africa at all security , military , development and economic levels.

Unlike humans, political and physical boundaries do not limit animals that are long ranging. However, due to political, economic and social conflicts between countries, it is the wildlife that takes a hit. This has been recognized by many countries and effective measures of trans-boundary conservation have successfully been implemented. This has not only paved the way for the conservation of species that range in multiple countries but has also enhanced cooperation between countries on several fronts. In this article, we highlight the need for similar trans-boundary measures between India and Pakistan and focus on a few species which can act as potential flagship species in this regard. In the background of global commitments by India and nations for conserving the freedom of movement, and for securing the services offered by these ecological flows to the people of both nations, we propose a scientific discussion for establishing trans-boundary peace parks.

The “Taj Mahal” is synonymous to love and romance which is standing majestically on the banks of River Yamuna, The name “Taj Mahal” was derived from the name of mughal emperor Shahjahan’s Wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and means “Crown Palace”. The Taj Mahal is a very much world famous tourist spot due to its pure white marble, the exquisite ornamentation, precious gemstones and its charming location. However, it is a quite well known fact that for quite some time now, various polluting factors especially “Acid Rain” are responsible for the corrosion and wearing of the marble that forms the Taj Mahal. Acidification of rain-water is identified as one of the most serious environmental problems of trans boundary nature. It has become a serious topic around the globe in the 21 st century. The air pollution levels are steadily rising in the metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai. Acid rain problem in Bihar, West-Bengal, Orissa Southern Coastal India and most majorly in Taj Mahal tay is in Agra. Go through this article to know what acid rain is and how acid rain occurs and how much effects of acid rain on the Taj Mahal - India’s pride.

The paper evaluates possible trans-boundary issues related to planned CO2 injection and storage at LBr-1, a candidate structure for a future geological storage pilot. LBr-1 is an abandoned hydrocarbon field situated in the Czech part of the Vienna Basin, close to the Czech-Slovak border. At first, currently valid national legislations relevant to CO2 geological storage in the Czech Republic and Slovakia were examined. In the second step, implications of the current legislation and regulatory regimes on the LBr-1 site itself were studied. The most important finding is that both the storage site and storage complex are located entirely on the territory of the Czech Republic. However, several trans-boundary issues were identified, especially those that are related to possible (even if unlikely) leakage of CO2 from the storage complex. Four possible types of trans-boundary issues were examined in detail – pressure build-up, possible leakage through boreholes, possible leakage through faults and possible migration of fluids out of the reservoir due to exceeding spill points for three scenarios – limited CO2 storage, full storage and CO2-EOR scenario. While pressure build-up and leakage through faults do not appear to cause trans-boundary issues, the other two phenomena need to be carefully considered. In case CO2 leakage appears either through abandoned wells or due to exceeding the southern spill point, the analysis of possible leakage pathways shows that the CO2 could migrate into the territory of Slovakia. These findings mean that a cooperation of regulatory authorities from both Czech and Slovak Republics will be necessary to prepare and operate the storage site. This is a significant complicating factor for possible injection of CO2 at LBr-1. Despite of this, the realization of a CO2 storage project on the site is considered viable, especially in the basic pilot storage scenario. This case avoids the spill-point related concerns (because of the limited extent of CO2 plume) and involves only a limited number of abandoned wells that need to be taken care of concerning their abandonment status.

East Azarbaijan Province in northwest of Iran contains considerable areas of trans-boundary habitats that connect the Persian leopard areas in this region to those in South Caucasian countries of Azerbaijan and Armenia Republics.

Heavy Asian dust events occur due to the strong wind in the Gobi deserts and are occasionally carried to Korea, Japan, and North America. They cause problems in human lives, such as respiratory dis...

The Mekong Delta (MD) is of socio-economic importance for both Vietnam and Cambodia. The trans-boundary dimension and respective management issues are highly relevant for the economic development and security of each country. Because the economic development of each country is different in the boundary region of MD, there are many kinds of natural hazard occurred in MD (including flood, drought, acid sulphate soils, and saltwater intrusion), the impact of upstream development, a myriad of flood controlling infrastructure, and the implications of climate change. To resolve these above problems and maintain the boundary security condition, the two countries are implementing many cooperation and coordination mechanisms (CMs) at central and provincial levels. In this article, the current CMs between the two countries are presented to clarify the implementing status, effective and coherent level of the trans-boundary water management (TWM). From that, some recommendations will be proposed to set up a new CM closed with TWM for the boundary provinces in MD.

The northeastern China frequently experiences severe aerosol pollution in winter under unfavorable meteorological conditions. How and to what extent the meteorological factors affect the air quality there are not yet clearly understood. Thus, this study investigated the impacts of synoptic patterns on the aerosol transport and planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure in Shenyang from 1 to 3 December 2016, using surface observations, sounding measurements, satellite data, and three-dimensional simulations. Results showed that the aerosol pollution occurred in Shenyang was not only related to the local emissions, but also contributed by trans-boundary transport of aerosols from the Beiijng-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. In the presence of the westerly and southwesterly synoptic winds, the aerosols emitted from BTH could be brought to Shenyang. From December 2 to 3, the aerosols emitted from BTH accounted for ∼20% of near-surface PM2.5 in Shenyang. In addition, the large-scale synoptic forcings could affect the vertical mixing of pollutants through modulating the PBL structure in Shenyang. The westerly and southwesterly synoptic winds not only brought the aerosols but also the warmer air masses from the southwest regions to Shenyang. The strong warm advections above PBL could enhance the already existing thermal inversion layers capping over PBL in Shenyang, leading to the suppressions of PBL. Both the trans-boundary transport of aerosols and the suppressions of PBL caused by the large-scale synoptic forcings should be partly responsible for the poor air quality in Shenyang, in addition to the high pollutant emissions. The present study revealed the physical mechanisms underlying the aerosol pollution in Shenyang, which has important implications for better forecasting and controlling the aerosols pollution.

The percentage contribution of trans-boundary mercury (Hg) from China at different locations in South Korea was estimated from Hg anthropogenic emission distributions using the Hg dispersion model, CMAQ-Hg. This investigation quantifies the trans-boundary Hg emissions as contribution ratios. In addition, the long-range transportation frequency is also calculated, to verify inflow cases from China. The seasonal distribution of the Hg contribution ratio was found to be highest in winter (40%), followed by fall (16%). Seasonal observations of Hg inflow frequencies were estimated as 40%, 25%, 21%, and 4% in winter, fall, summer, and spring, respectively, at the same location. Such results would be produced by the wind generally blowing from the west and north-west with a speed of 5.0 m/s and 4.5 m/s, respectively, during winter and fall, around the study area. This study made an effort to quantify the trans-boundary Hg transport and to plot Hg anthropogenic emissions distribution in the region.

The lives of Asiatic Elephants in the Patharia Hills Reserve Forest of Barak Valley, Assam are at risk. Due to serious anthropogenic pressures, human-elephant interactions have increased tremendously during recent decades. It is time conservation of the species is initiated along the Indo-Bangladesh trans-boundary line, especially their habitats and migratory corridor which can help the conservation of elephants and other species as well.

يغطي المدي الجغرافي لهذا البحث منطقة حوض النيل الأزرق إعتبارا من الحوض الفرعي لبحيرة تانا بإثيوبيا وحتي إلتفاء نهر النيل الأزرق مع النيل الأبيض بالخرطوم/السودان. يهدف البحث للمساهمة في الإدارة المستدامة لحوض النيل الأزرق من خلال إنشاء قاعدة بيانات هيدرولوجية موثوقة ونظام للمعلومات المناخية والتي يمكن إستخدامها لإختبار وتحديد أفضل خيارات لتنمية وإدارة الحوض، بالإضافة لوضع نظام فعال لإدارة المياه العابرة بحوض نهر النيل الأزرق (والذي يحتوي علي 16 حوضا فرعيا). في ظل غياب محطات قياس كمية الأمطار في المناطق الطرفية الخالية من البيانات بحوض نهر النيل الأزرق، تم تنزيل مياه الأمطار من موقع نظام إعادة تحليل التوقعات المناخية (CFSR) والتي تمت معايرتها مع كمية مياه الأمطار بمحطات القياس المتوفرة. كما إستخدم البحث بيانات الأمطار من الأقمار الصناعية والتي تمت معايرتها ومعامل التبخر كمدخلات بيانات أساسية لبرنامج تقييم وتخطيط المياه، كما تم إعتماد الخيار المبسط لتساقط الأمطار لتحديد الجريان السطحي (Rainfall-Runoff) لحوض النيل الأزرق. تم إستخدام برنامج تقييم وتخطيط المياه (WEAP) لتقييم وضع مشروعات الموارد المائية في خمسة سيناريوهات مختلفة وذلك للتعرف علي الوضع المستقبلي بالحوض حتي 2041م، وذلك من خلال إختبار العديد من نظم التشغيل، مثل تحديد درجة الأولوية في التشغيل لبرنامج الملء، توليد الطاقة الكهرومائية، تحديد كمية الجريان المطلوبة. وبإستخدام برنامج (WEAP). تم إدارة حوض نهر النيل الأزرق بإستخدام برنامج المحاكاة في ظل الوضع الحالي وذلك بإعتبار جميع مشاريع الموارد المائية في السودان وإثيوبيا، كما تمت دراسة خمسة سيناريوهات مستقبلية مختلفة للتعرف علي الوضع المائي حتي 2041م. والمشاريع المستقبلية في إثيوبيا تتضمن سد النهضة وخزاني كارادوبي وماندايا بالإضافة لمشاريع الري في إثيوبيا والسودان والتي تم إعتبارها. تمت معايرة نموذج تقييم وتخطيط المياه خلال الفترة (1980-1995م) وتم التحقق من صحتها للفترة (1996-2010م)، كما تمت مقارنة التصرفات التي تمت معايرتها مع البيانات الشهرية المقاسة عند محطات الديم والجويسي والحواته والخرطوم والتي أعطت قيم ونتائج معقولة وذلك بناء علي عوامل الكفاءة (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency) و (Coefficient of Determination). وقد أظهرت النتائج بشكل فعال أن التصرفات المحاكاة معقولة وذلك عند إستخدام كفاءة ناش ستكلف (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency – r2) ومعامل التحديد (Coefficient of Determination - d). توصل البحث إلي أن هناك طلبات مياه لمشاريع الموارد المائية بحوض نهر النيل الأزرق لم يتم الإيفاء بها (بنسبة أكبر من 50 %)، خاصة عند إعتبار أولوية عالية لجميع مشاريع الموارد المائية في الحوض لجميع السيناريوهات المقترحة. يوصي البحث بإستخدام بيانات هطول الأمطار من الأقمار الصناعية بعد معايرتها لتمثل بيانات محطات هطول الأمطار الأرضية، وكذلك إستخدام عوامل التبخر المعدلة في المناطق النادرة من البيانات كما هو الحال في حوض النيل الأزرق بدلا من الإنتظار لتوقيع بروتوكول حول تبادل البيانات والذي قد يستغرق وقتا طويلا إذا تم. لتحديد مسارات إدارة المياه بصورة مستدامة ومثلي بين دول حوض النيل الأزرق. يوصي البحث بأن يكون هناك إتفاق تعاون شامل بين دول حوض النيل الأزرق لتحديد ترتيب الأولويات لكل مشروع والإحتياجات المائية الشهرية المطلوبة لضمان الحماية المستدامة لمشروعات الأمن المائية لدول أسفل النهر

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly destructs the rhythm of global modern human civilization but worldwide lockdown radically recovers the health of the total environment. The Himalayan trans-boundary rivers provide huge provisional, regulatory and cultural ecosystem services to millions of people throughout the year but in the recent years the water quality is being deteriorated due to multiple reasons. In the last decade, India-Bangladesh political relationship has been slightly broken down due to water sharing and environmental flow of rivers.The COVID-19 lockdown offered a great scope to execute the comparative study among pre, lockdown and unlock phase. The research attempts to investigate the spatiotemporal water quality of trans-boundary rivers through WAWQI and irrigation water quality indices such as Sodium absorption ratio, Soluble sodium percentage, Potential salinity, Magnesium hazard and Kelly's index considering eighteen water quality parameters (pH, EC, TDS, TSS, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na²⁺, K⁺, Fˉ, Clˉ, NO3−, SO₄²ˉ, PO43ˉ, DO, T, TUR, COD and BOD). The result shows the strong positive correlation between EC and TDS during three phases. Significant reduction of BOD, COD and TUR has been noticed almost 70% stations during lockdown compared with prelockdown while augmentation of DO has been recorded around 40% stations. WQI of most of the stations shows around 80% improvement of water quality during lockdown period. Moreover, worst kind of WQI was found in the Mathabhanga-Churni river followed by Mahananda. During lockdown, the striking results show that SAR and MH were significantly amplified in most of the stations due to agricultural run-off., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

IOSC 2017 Abstract: 2017-269 Abstract The picture today is one of intense oil and gas activity across West, Central and Southern Africa. This is illustrated by the significant increases in crude oil exports over the past fifteen years. This high level of activity has also coincided with, and contributed to, a large increase in the level of shipping in the region. Such level of oil exploration, production, and transportation, means that there exists a threat of oil spills occurring. In response to this risk, the Global Initiative for West, Central, and Southern Africa (GI WACAF) was launched in 2006, with the objective of raising standards of oil spill preparedness and response capability across the region. This paper will describe how the GI WACAF Project cooperates with local stakeholders in order to develop trans-boundary cooperation, and will detail what are the challenges lying ahead in order to make cross-border cooperation fully operational. The analysis of the trans-boundary exercises organised under the umbrella of the GI WACAF Project between Cameroon and Nigeria (2015) on the one hand, and between Gabon and Congo (2015) on the other hand, emphasises the needs in terms of international cooperation, improved communications, integration of response capabilities at the national and regional levels, and the development of effective incident management structures. This paper will show that significant steps have been taken to develop National Oil Spill Contingency Plans across the GI WACAF region and that advances in this area have meant countries are now looking beyond their borders and seeking to integrate national contingency plans with their closest neighbours. Information will be presented concerning the 2015 exercises, the key lessons learned and potential developments of trans-boundary cooperation in the future.

The mountainous hydrological process usually shows high variation to climate change and human action. In the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR), Southwestern China and Southeast Asian, the transboundary runoff variations are much more sensitive and complex under the interaction of climate change, “corridor-barrier” functions in LRGR, and dams building. In this paper, based on the long hydrological records (1956-2013) from three mainstream hydrological stations in Nu River, Lancang River, and Red River, the region runoff variations were analyzed. The results show out: i) the regional runoff changes were strongly influenced by the “Corridor-Barrier” functions in LRGR from west to east, the variability extent of annual runoff increased, but tended to decrease after 2009 and the reduced extents also increased; ii) the annual runoff change in the three rivers had high concentration degrees; iii) there were periodicities of 33 years of runoff change in Nu River and Lancang River, and 30 years in Red River, and the lower flow period would continue for 8-9 years in Nu River and Lancang River but only for 4 years in Red River; iv) since 2010, as the two mega dams of Xiaowan and Nuozhadu built in Lancang River mainstream, their variations of annual runoff were quite different. The research results could offer a scientific base for sustainable utilization, conservation, and management of the regional water resources

In the present study, the WRF-CHEM model is used to evaluate the contributions of trans-boundary transport to the air quality in Beijing during a persistent air pollution episode from 5 to 14 July 2015 in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China. Generally, the predicted temporal variations and spatial distributions of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter), O3 (ozone), and NO2 are in good agreement with observations in BTH. The WRF-CHEM model also reproduces reasonably well the temporal variations of aerosol species compared to measurements in Beijing. The factor separation approach is employed to evaluate the contributions of trans-boundary transport of non-Beijing emissions to the PM2.5 and O3 levels in Beijing. On average, in the afternoon during the simulation episode, the local emissions contribute 22.4 % to the O3 level in Beijing, less than 36.6 % from non-Beijing emissions. The O3 concentrations in Beijing are decreased by 5.1 % in the afternoon due to interactions between local and non-Beijing emissions. The non-Beijing emissions play a dominant role in the PM2.5 level in Beijing, with a contribution of 61.5 %, much higher than 13.7 %, from Beijing local emissions. The emission interactions between local and non-Beijing emissions enhance the PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing, with a contribution of 5.9 %. Therefore, the air quality in Beijing is generally determined by the trans-boundary transport of non-Beijing emissions during summertime, showing that the cooperation with neighboring provinces to mitigate pollutant emissions is key for Beijing to improve air quality.

Understanding the trans-boundary deforestation history and patterns in protected areas along the Belize-Guatemala border is of regional and global importance. To assess deforestation history and patterns in our study area along a section of the Belize-Guatemala border, we incorporated multi-temporal deforestation rate analysis and spatial metrics with survey results. This multi-faceted approach provides spatial analysis with relevant insights from local stakeholders to better understand historic deforestation dynamics, spatial characteristics and human perspectives regarding the underlying causes thereof. During the study period 1991–2014, forest cover declined in Belize's protected areas: Vaca Forest Reserve 97.88%–87.62%, Chiquibul National Park 99.36%–92.12%, Caracol Archeological Reserve 99.47%–78.10% and Colombia River Forest Reserve 89.22%–78.38% respectively. A comparison of deforestation rates and spatial metrics indices indicated that between time periods 1991–1995 and 2012–2014 deforestation and fragmentation increased in protected areas. The major underlying causes, drivers, impacts, and barriers to bi-national collaboration and solutions of deforestation along the Belize-Guatemala border were identified by community leaders and stakeholders. The Mann-Whitney U test identified significant differences between leaders and stakeholders regarding the ranking of challenges faced by management organizations in the Maya Mountain Massif, except for the lack of assessment and quantification of deforestation (LD, SH: 18.67, 23.25, U = 148, p > 0.05). The survey results indicated that failure to integrate buffer communities, coordinate among managing organizations and establish strong bi-national collaboration has resulted in continued ecological and environmental degradation. The information provided by this research should aid managing organizations in their continued aim to implement effective deforestation mitigation strategies.

The paper presents the research which takes into consideration the direction of socio-economic development accepted by the EU and Commonwealth of Independent States. It shows the necessity to form and ensure an efficient functioning of the systemic mechanisms of the cross-border and trans boundary development of Polish regions (taking Bialystok province as an example) and neighbouring countries situated in the East. The article presents the author concept of the multifunctional development of the cross-border and trans boundary regions which, opposed to the present approach, it suggest implementation of new branches and kinds of activities in a given environment (truism, entrepreneurship, goods processing and others).

Water is a strategic resource for life and the development of all nations, thus water security governance has been an issue of vital importance to countries, especially those which do not have guaranteed sources of potable water. The Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC) mechanism, which focuses on water resources cooperation along the Lancang-Mekong River, serves as a good example. The current features of water security governance in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin indicate the necessity and importance of the LMC mechanism. Against the background of climate change and deficiency in governance capacity, all the Lancang-Mekong countries should concentrate on water security governance in the region. China, in particular, should continue to practice the Asian Security Concept in order to serve its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its vision to build a community of shared future with neighboring countries.

Metal pollution in sediments from the Shima River, a typical transboundary watercourse in the Pearl River Delta area, was investigated. Sediment cores were collected at eight sites from the upper to the lower reaches crossing Shenzhen, Dongguan and Huizhou cities. Sediment physicochemical properties and the total concentrations of trace metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) were determined. The results showed that riverine sediment was significantly polluted by Cr (content range: 13.8-469mgkg-1), Ni (14.1-257mgkg-1), Cu (10.8-630mgkg-1), Zn (50.2-1700mgkg-1) and Cd (0.172-2.26mgkg-1). The geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) of trace metals decreased in the order Cd>Zn>Ni>Cu>Co>Cr>Pb>As>V. The pollution load indices and potential ecological risk indices (RI) at the sampling sites were similar, with more severe pollution and greater risk presenting in the upper and middle reaches (S1-S6) compared with the lower reaches (S7 and S8). Cd contributed significantly (77.2-87.6%) to the RI. Source identification based on multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis (CA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HACA), was performed to differentiate the origins of trace metals. PCA and CA yielded similar results, indicating that As and V originated from natural sources (e.g., parent materials) and that the other metals were related to anthropogenic activities. HACA based on the Igeo showed that Cd was associated mainly with fertilizers, and the origins of Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn were probably industrial effluents, whereas Co and Pb were related to traffic activities. HACA of sediment cores suggested that Dongguan and Shenzhen cities contribute large quantities of metals to the riverine sediment, whereas few metals were discharged from Huizhou City.