Author: "Tran K.B." - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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1. Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018.

Author: Kinyoki D., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Bhattacharjee N.V., Schaeffer L.E., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lu D., Ewald S.B., Donkers K.M., Letourneau I.D., Collison M., Schipp M.F., Abajobir A., Abbasi S., Abbasi N., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abraham B., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adeyinka D.A., Adham D., Advani S.M., Agasthi P., Aghaali M., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour M.T.E., Aji B., Akinyemi O.O., Aklilu A., Akunna C.J., Al-Aly Z., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemu B.W., Alemu A., Alhassan R.K., Alif S.M., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Amiri F., Amugsi D.A., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anegago M.T., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anteneh Z.A., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Artaman A., Arzani A., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Asemahagn M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashebir M.M., Ataro Z., Athari S.M., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Ayza M.A., Azadmehr A., B D., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Banik P.C., Baraki A.G., Barboza M.A., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bazmandegan G., Bedi N., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Berhe A.K., Berhie K.A., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas R.K., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi N.L., Braithwaite D., Brunoni A.R., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Camera L.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie W.F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin K.L., Chowdhury M.A.K., Cook A.J., Costa V.M., Cromwell E.A., Dachew B.A., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das J.K., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Earl L., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny Y.M., El Tantawi M., Endalew D.A., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faris P.S., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi A.O., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Feleke B.E., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt N.A., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gayesa R.T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B.G., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Geramo Y.C.D., Gesesew H.A., Gessner B.D., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Godinho M.A., Gona P.N., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasan S.S., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Hegazy M.I., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Holla R., Hon J., Hong S.H., Hoogar P., Hosseini S.N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Househ M., Huda T.M., Huluko D.H.H., Hussain S.A., Hwang B.-F., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jahani M.A., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Janodia M.D., Javaheri T., Jha R.P., John O., Johnson K.B., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joseph N., Joshi A., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahlon T., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karimi S.E., Kasa A.S., Kasahun G.G., Kassa Z.Y., Kassa G.G., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keflie T.S., Keiyoro P.N., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema D.B., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M.N., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khoja A.T., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad D.P., Lal D.K., Lami F.H., Landires I., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Laurens M.B., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., LeGrand K.E., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez J.C.F., Machado D.B., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad D.R., Mahasha P.W., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D.D., Marrugo Arnedo C.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mehari M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Meitei W.B., Mekonnen T., Meles G.G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Metekiya W.M., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Mini G.K., Mir S.A., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed H.M., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Mokdad A.H., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu G.B.B., Munir M., Muriithi M.K., Murthy G.V.S., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Naqvi A.A., Nascimento B.R., Nayak S., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Netsere H.B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikpoor A.R., Nnaji C.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nyanhanda T., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okello D.M., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Padubidri J.R., Pakhare A.P., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pangaribuan H.U., Pasupula D.K., Patel S.K., Patel U.K., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Toroudi H.P., Pereira J., Pescarini J.M., Pham H.Q., Pickering B.V., Pirouzpanah S., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pottoo F.H., Pourchamani H., Pourjafar H., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rai R.K., Rajesh A., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rao S., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L.D., Reiner R.C., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Rezahosseini O., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Roba H.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Rostamian M., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salam N., Salem M.R., Kafil H.S., Santos I.S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shahbaz M., Shahid I., Shaikh M.A., Shaka M.F., Shalash A.S., Shamali M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi A., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty A., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Malleshappa S.K.S., Siddiqi T.J., Sidemo N.B., Singh B.B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sobhiyeh M.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tadesse E.G., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle M.G., Teklehaimanot B.F., Temsah M.-H., Tesema G.A., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune A.B., Titova M.V., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathi R., Tripathy J.P., Truong P.N., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo C.D., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S.V., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante F.S., Vo B., Wado Y.D., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wiysonge C.S., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y.G., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Young M.F., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yousuf A.Y., Yu C., Yu Y., Zafar S., Zaidi S.S., Zaidi Z., Zakzuk J., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandifar A., Zangeneh A., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zewdie D.T., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Kassebaum N.J., Hay S.I., Kinyoki D., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Bhattacharjee N.V., Schaeffer L.E., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lu D., Ewald S.B., Donkers K.M., Letourneau I.D., Collison M., Schipp M.F., Abajobir A., Abbasi S., Abbasi N., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abraham B., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adeyinka D.A., Adham D., Advani S.M., Agasthi P., Aghaali M., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour M.T.E., Aji B., Akinyemi O.O., Aklilu A., Akunna C.J., Al-Aly Z., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemu B.W., Alemu A., Alhassan R.K., Alif S.M., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Amiri F., Amugsi D.A., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anegago M.T., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anteneh Z.A., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Artaman A., Arzani A., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Asemahagn M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashebir M.M., Ataro Z., Athari S.M., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Ayza M.A., Azadmehr A., B D., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Banik P.C., Baraki A.G., Barboza M.A., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bazmandegan G., Bedi N., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Berhe A.K., Berhie K.A., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas R.K., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi N.L., Braithwaite D., Brunoni A.R., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Camera L.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie W.F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin K.L., Chowdhury M.A.K., Cook A.J., Costa V.M., Cromwell E.A., Dachew B.A., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das J.K., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Earl L., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny Y.M., El Tantawi M., Endalew D.A., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faris P.S., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi A.O., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Feleke B.E., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt N.A., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gayesa R.T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B.G., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Geramo Y.C.D., Gesesew H.A., Gessner B.D., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Godinho M.A., Gona P.N., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasan S.S., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Hegazy M.I., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Holla R., Hon J., Hong S.H., Hoogar P., Hosseini S.N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Househ M., Huda T.M., Huluko D.H.H., Hussain S.A., Hwang B.-F., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jahani M.A., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Janodia M.D., Javaheri T., Jha R.P., John O., Johnson K.B., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joseph N., Joshi A., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahlon T., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karimi S.E., Kasa A.S., Kasahun G.G., Kassa Z.Y., Kassa G.G., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keflie T.S., Keiyoro P.N., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema D.B., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M.N., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khoja A.T., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad D.P., Lal D.K., Lami F.H., Landires I., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Laurens M.B., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., LeGrand K.E., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez J.C.F., Machado D.B., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad D.R., Mahasha P.W., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D.D., Marrugo Arnedo C.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mehari M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Meitei W.B., Mekonnen T., Meles G.G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Metekiya W.M., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Mini G.K., Mir S.A., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed H.M., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Mokdad A.H., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu G.B.B., Munir M., Muriithi M.K., Murthy G.V.S., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Naqvi A.A., Nascimento B.R., Nayak S., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Netsere H.B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri 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T.J., Sidemo N.B., Singh B.B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sobhiyeh M.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tadesse E.G., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle M.G., Teklehaimanot B.F., Temsah M.-H., Tesema G.A., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune A.B., Titova M.V., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathi R., Tripathy J.P., Truong P.N., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo C.D., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S.V., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante F.S., Vo B., Wado Y.D., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wiysonge C.S., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y.G., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Young M.F., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yousuf A.Y., Yu C., Yu Y., Zafar S., Zaidi S.S., Zaidi Z., Zakzuk J., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandifar A., Zangeneh A., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zewdie D.T., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Kassebaum N.J., and Hay S.I.
Abstract: Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000-2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Copyright © 2021, The Author(s).
Published: 2022

2. Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018.

Author: Kinyoki D., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Bhattacharjee N.V., Schaeffer L.E., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lu D., Ewald S.B., Donkers K.M., Letourneau I.D., Collison M., Schipp M.F., Abajobir A., Abbasi S., Abbasi N., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abraham B., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adeyinka D.A., Adham D., Advani S.M., Agasthi P., Aghaali M., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour M.T.E., Aji B., Akinyemi O.O., Aklilu A., Akunna C.J., Al-Aly Z., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemu B.W., Alemu A., Alhassan R.K., Alif S.M., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Amiri F., Amugsi D.A., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anegago M.T., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anteneh Z.A., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Artaman A., Arzani A., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Asemahagn M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashebir M.M., Ataro Z., Athari S.M., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Ayza M.A., Azadmehr A., B D., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Banik P.C., Baraki A.G., Barboza M.A., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bazmandegan G., Bedi N., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Berhe A.K., Berhie K.A., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas R.K., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi N.L., Braithwaite D., Brunoni A.R., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Camera L.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie W.F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin K.L., Chowdhury M.A.K., Cook A.J., Costa V.M., Cromwell E.A., Dachew B.A., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das J.K., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Earl L., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny Y.M., El Tantawi M., Endalew D.A., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faris P.S., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi A.O., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Feleke B.E., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt N.A., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gayesa R.T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B.G., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Geramo Y.C.D., Gesesew H.A., Gessner B.D., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Godinho M.A., Gona P.N., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasan S.S., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Hegazy M.I., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Holla R., Hon J., Hong S.H., Hoogar P., Hosseini S.N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Househ M., Huda T.M., Huluko D.H.H., Hussain S.A., Hwang B.-F., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jahani M.A., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Janodia M.D., Javaheri T., Jha R.P., John O., Johnson K.B., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joseph N., Joshi A., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahlon T., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karimi S.E., Kasa A.S., Kasahun G.G., Kassa Z.Y., Kassa G.G., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keflie T.S., Keiyoro P.N., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema D.B., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M.N., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khoja A.T., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad D.P., Lal D.K., Lami F.H., Landires I., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Laurens M.B., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., LeGrand K.E., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez J.C.F., Machado D.B., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad D.R., Mahasha P.W., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D.D., Marrugo Arnedo C.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mehari M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Meitei W.B., Mekonnen T., Meles G.G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Metekiya W.M., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Mini G.K., Mir S.A., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed H.M., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Mokdad A.H., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu G.B.B., Munir M., Muriithi M.K., Murthy G.V.S., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Naqvi A.A., Nascimento B.R., Nayak S., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Netsere H.B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikpoor A.R., Nnaji C.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nyanhanda T., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okello D.M., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Padubidri J.R., Pakhare A.P., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pangaribuan H.U., Pasupula D.K., Patel S.K., Patel U.K., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Toroudi H.P., Pereira J., Pescarini J.M., Pham H.Q., Pickering B.V., Pirouzpanah S., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pottoo F.H., Pourchamani H., Pourjafar H., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rai R.K., Rajesh A., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rao S., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L.D., Reiner R.C., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Rezahosseini O., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Roba H.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Rostamian M., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salam N., Salem M.R., Kafil H.S., Santos I.S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shahbaz M., Shahid I., Shaikh M.A., Shaka M.F., Shalash A.S., Shamali M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi A., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty A., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Malleshappa S.K.S., Siddiqi T.J., Sidemo N.B., Singh B.B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sobhiyeh M.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tadesse E.G., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle M.G., Teklehaimanot B.F., Temsah M.-H., Tesema G.A., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune A.B., Titova M.V., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathi R., Tripathy J.P., Truong P.N., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo C.D., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S.V., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante F.S., Vo B., Wado Y.D., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wiysonge C.S., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y.G., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Young M.F., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yousuf A.Y., Yu C., Yu Y., 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Abstract: Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000-2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Copyright © 2021, The Author(s).
Published: 2021

3. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author: James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., S Roberts N.L., Sylte D.O., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed R., Ahmed M.B., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alamene G.M., Alanezi F.M., Alebel A., Alema N.M., Alghnam S.A., Al-Hajj S., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alikhani M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Amini S., Loreche Amit A.M., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Asghari B., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azari S., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bagli E., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T.T., Belete H., Benjet C., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M.S., Borges G., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Briko N.I., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chanie W.F., Chattu S.K., Chattu V.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Chu D.-T., Colquhoun S.M., Constantin M.-M., Costa V.M., Damiani G., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Derakhshani A., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., da Silva D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Sayed Zaki M.E., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Emamian M.H., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., 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Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kebede H.K., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kelkay B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khammarnia M., Khan E.A., Khan M., Khanna T., Khazaie H., Shadmani F.K., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Komaki H., M Kondlahalli S.K., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., G Kraemer M.U., Krishan K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumaresh G., Kurmi O.P., Kuti O., Vecchia C., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lang J.J., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Lenjebo T.L., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Madadin M., El Razek M.M.A., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J.N., Maled V., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., March L.M., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Meles G.G., Melese A., Melketsedik Z.A., N Memiah P.T., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K.A., Darwesh A.M., Gholi Mezerji N.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morisaki N., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh 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Sartorius B., and Vos T.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. METHOD(S): We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). FINDINGS: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100000. In 1990, there were 354064302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338174876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). INTERPRETATION: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2021

4. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study 2017

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Bayati, M. Baye, B.A. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Bekuma, T.T. Belete, H. Benjet, C. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Sayeed, M.S.B. Borges, G. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Briko, N.I. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, S.K. Chattu, V.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Chu, D.-T. Colquhoun, S.M. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Damiani, G. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Derakhshani, A. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Dias da Silva, D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Eftekhari, A. Ehsani-Chimeh, E. El Sayed Zaki, M. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. Emamian, M.H. Endalew, D.A. Eskandarieh, S. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. 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Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. John-Akinola, Y.O. Jonas, J.B. Joseph, N. Joukar, F. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, A. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalankesh, L.R. Kalhor, R. Kamil, T.A. Kanchan, T. Kapoor, N. Karami, M. Kasaeian, A. Kassaye, H.G. Kavetskyy, T. Kebede, H.K. Keiyoro, P.N. Kelbore, A.G. Kelkay, B. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khalilov, R. Khammarnia, M. Khan, E.A. Khan, M. Khanna, T. Khazaie, H. Shadmani, F.K. Khundkar, R. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, D. Kim, Y.J. Kisa, A. Kisa, S. Komaki, H. Kondlahalli, S.K.M. Korshunov, V.A. Koyanagi, A. Kraemer, M.U.G. Krishan, K. Bicer, B.K. Kugbey, N. Kumar, V. Kumar, N. Anil Kumar, G. Kumar, M. Kumaresh, G. Kurmi, O.P. Kuti, O. Vecchia, C.L. Lami, F.H. Lamichhane, P. Lang, J.J. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Lasrado, S. Latifi, A. Lauriola, P. Leasher, J.L. Lee, S.W.H. Lenjebo, T.L. Levi, M. Li, S. Linn, S. Liu, X. Lopez, A.D. Lotufo, P.A. Lunevicius, R. Lyons, R.A. Madadin, M. El Razek, M.M.A. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majeed, A. Malagon-Rojas, J.N. Maled, V. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Manafi, N. Manafi, A. Manda, A.-L. Manjunatha, N. Mansour-Ghanaei, F. Mansouri, B. Mansournia, M.A. Maravilla, J.C. March, L.M. Mason-Jones, A.J. Masoumi, S.Z. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Meles, G.G. Melese, A. Melketsedik, Z.A. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Menezes, R.G. Mengesha, M.B. Mengesha, M.M. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Merie, H.E. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. Mithra, P. Moazen, B. Moghadaszadeh, M. Mohamadi, E. Mohammad, Y. Mohammad, K.A. Darwesh, A.M. Mezerji, N.M.G. Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M. Mohammadpourhodki, R. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, J.A. Mohebi, F. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradpour, F. Morawska, L. Velásquez, I.M. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Mossie, T.B. Muluneh, A.G. Murthy, S. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Nagarajan, A.J. Naik, G. Naimzada, M.D. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Naserbakht, M. Nayak, V. Ndwandwe, D.E. Negoi, I. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nikbakhsh, R. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nnaji, C.A. Nyasulu, P.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oghenetega, O.B. Oh, I.-H. Okunga, E.W. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Bali, A.O. Onwujekwe, O.E. Asante, K.O. Orpana, H.M. Ota, E. Otstavnov, N. Otstavnov, S.S. Mahesh, P.A. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakshir, K. Panda-Jonas, S. Park, E.-K. Patel, S.K. Pathak, A. Pati, S. Patton, G.C. Paulos, K. Peden, A.E. Pepito, V.C.F. Pereira, J. Pham, H.Q. Phillips, M.R. Pinheiro, M. Polibin, R.V. Polinder, S. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Pribadi, D.R.A. Puri, P. Syed, Z.Q. Rabiee, M. Rabiee, N. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiee, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, S. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M.A. Rajabpour-Sanati, A. Rajati, F. Rakovac, I. Ranganathan, K. Rao, S.J. Rashedi, V. Rastogi, P. Rathi, P. Rawaf, S. Rawal, L. Rawassizadeh, R. Renjith, V. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezapour, A. Ribeiro, A.I. Rickard, J. González, C.M.R. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Saad, A.M. Sabde, Y.D. Sabour, S. Saddik, B. Safari, S. Safari-Faramani, R. Safarpour, H. Safdarian, M. Mohammad Sajadi, S. Salamati, P. Salehi, F. Zahabi, S.S. Rashad Salem, M.R. Salem, H. Salman, O. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Riera, L.S. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sarker, A.R. Sarveazad, A. Sathian, B. Sawhney, M. Sawyer, S.M. Saxena, S. Sayyah, M. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Senthilkumaran, S. Sepanlou, S.G. Seyedmousavi, S. Sha, F. Shaahmadi, F. Shahabi, S. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharifi, H. Sheikh, A. Shigematsu, M. Shin, J.I. Shiri, R. Siabani, S. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Singh, P.K. Singh, J.A. Sinha, D.N. Smarandache, C.-G. Smith, E.U.R. Soheili, A. Soleymani, B. Soltanian, A.R. Soriano, J.B. Sorrie, M.B. Soyiri, I.N. Stein, D.J. Stokes, M.A. Mu'awiyyah, B.S. Suleria, H.A.R. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Taddele, B.W. Tadesse, D.B. Tamiru, A.T. Tarigan, I.U. Tefera, Y.M. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekle, M.G. Tekulu, G.H. Tesema, A.K. Tesfay, B.E. Thapar, R. Tilahune, A.B. Tlaye, K.G. Tohidinik, H.R. Topor-Madry, R. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tripathy, J.P. Tsai, A.C. Car, L.T. Ullah, S. Ullah, I. Umar, M. Unnikrishnan, B. Upadhyay, E. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Waheed, Y. Weldesamuel, G.T. Werdecker, A. Wiangkham, T. Wolde, H.F. Woldeyes, D.H. Wondafrash, D.Z. Wondmeneh, T.G. Wondmieneh, A.B. Wu, A.-M. Yadav, R. Yadollahpour, A. Yano, Y. Yaya, S. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Youm, Y. Younis, M.Z. Yousefi, Z. Yu, Y. Yu, C. Yusefzadeh, H. Moghadam, T.Z. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zamanian, M. Zandian, H. Zarei, A. Zare, F. Zhang, Z.-J. Zhang, Y. Zodpey, S. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Degenhardt, L. Dharmaratne, S.D. Hay, S.I. Mokdad, A.H. Reiner, R.C., Jr. Sartorius, B. Vos, T.
Abstract: Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

5. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Author: James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Bertolacci, G.J. Cunningham, M. Henry, N.J. Legrand, K.E. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abedi, A. Abegaz, K.H. Abosetugn, A.E. Abushouk, A.I. Adebayo, O.M. Adsuar, J.C. Advani, S.M. Agudelo-Botero, M. Ahmad, T. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, R. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alanezi, F.M. Alema, N.M. Alemu, B.W. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Ali, S. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Almasri, N.A. Altirkawi, K. Amer, Y.S.A. Andrei, C.L. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Antonio, C.A.T. Anvari, D. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Arora, A. Asaad, M. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayano, G. Ayanore, M.A. Azarian, G. Badawi, A. Badiye, A.D. Baig, A.A. Bairwa, M. Bakhtiari, A. Balachandran, A. Banach, M. Banerjee, S.K. Banik, P.C. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barzegar, A. Bayati, M. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Belete, H. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhagavathula, A.S. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bhutta, Z.A. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Boloor, A. Borges, G. Borschmann, R. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Braithwaite, D. Briko, N.I. Brugha, T. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chapman, J.R. Chattu, V.K. Chattu, S.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Cicuttini, F.M. Coelho, J.M. Costa, V.M. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. De Leo, D. Demeke, F.M. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Da Silva, D.D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Do, H.T. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. El Sayedzaki, M. Eskandarieh, S. Eyawo, O. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Ferrara, P. Fischer, F. Folayan, M.O. Fomenkov, A.A. Foroutan, M. Francis, J.M. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Geberemariyam, B.S. Gebremariam, H. Gebremedhin, K.B. Gebremeskel, L.G. Gebremeskel, G.G. Gebremichael, B. Gedefaw, G.A. Geta, B. Getenet, A.B. Ghafourifard, M. Ghamari, F. Gheshlagh, R.G. Gholamian, A. Gilani, S.A. Gill, T.K. Goudarzian, A.H. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Grivna, M. Guimarães, R.A. Guo, Y. Gupta, G. Haagsma, J.A. Hall, B.J. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handiso, D.W. Haro, J.M. Hasanzadeh, A. Hassan, S. Hassanipour, S. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hendrie, D. Heydarpour, F. Híjar, M. Ho, H.C. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Holla, R. Hossain, N. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, S. Hu, G. Ibitoye, S.E. Ilesanmi, O.S. Inbaraj, L.R. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, M.M. Islam, S.M.S. Ivers, R.Q. Jahani, M.A. Jakovljevic, M. Jalilian, F. Jayaraman, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. John-Akinola, Y.O. Jonas, J.B. Jones, K.M. Joseph, N. Joukar, F. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, A. Kahsay, A. Kalankesh, L.R. Kalhor, R. Kamil, T.A. Kanchan, T. Kapoor, N. Karami, M. Kasaeian, A. Kassaye, H.G. Kavetskyy, T. Kayode, G.A. Keiyoro, P.N. Kelbore, A.G. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khalilov, R. Khan, M. Khan, E.A. Khan, J. Khanna, T. Khazaei, S. Khazaie, H. Khundkar, R. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kim, D. Kisa, S. Kisa, A. Komaki, H. Kondlahalli, S.K.M. Koolivand, A. Korshunov, V.A. Koyanagi, A. Kraemer, M.U.G. Krishan, K. Defo, B.K. Bicer, B.K. Kugbey, N. Kumar, N. Kumar, M. Kumar, V. Kumar, N. Kumaresh, G. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Lasrado, S. Latifi, A. Lauriola, P. Vecchia, C.L. Leasher, J.L. Lee, S.W.H. Li, S. Liu, X. Lopez, A.D. Lotufo, P.A. Lyons, R.A. Machado, D.B. Madadin, M. Abd El Razek, M.M. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majeed, A. Maled, V. Malta, D.C. Manafi, N. Manafi, A. Manda, A.-L. Manjunatha, N. Mansour-Ghanaei, F. Mansournia, M.A. Maravilla, J.C. Mason-Jones, A.J. Masoumi, S.Z. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Mehndiratta, M.M. Melketsedik, Z.A. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Menezes, R.G. Mengesha, M.M. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Merie, H.E. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. Mithra, P. Moazen, B. Moghadaszadeh, M. Mohamadi, E. Mohammad, Y. Darwesh, A.M. Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. Mohammadpourhodki, R. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, J.A. Mohebi, F. Bandpei, M.A.M. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moradi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradzadeh, R. Morawska, L. Velásquez, I.M. Morrison, S.D. Mossie, T.B. Muluneh, A.G. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Naderi, M. Nagarajan, A.J. Naik, G. Naimzada, M.D. Najaf, F. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Naserbakht, M. Nayak, V. Nazari, J. Ndwandwe, D.E. Negoi, I. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, T.H. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, D.N. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nikbakhsh, R. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nnaji, C.A. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oghenetega, O.B. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Bali, A.O. Onwujekwe, O.E. Orpana, H.M. Ota, E. Otstavnov, N. Otstavnov, S.S. Mahesh, A.P. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakshir, K. Panda-Jonas, S. Park, E.-K. Patel, S.K. Pathak, A. Pati, S. Paulos, K. Peden, A.E. Pepito, V.C.F. Pereira, J. Phillips, M.R. Polibin, R.V. Polinder, S. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Pribadi, D.R.A. Puri, P. Syed, Z.Q. Rabiee, N. Rabiee, M. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafee, A. Rafei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, S. Rahman, M.A. Rajabpour-Sanati, A. Rajati, F. Rakovac, I. Rao, S.J. Rashedi, V. Rastogi, P. Rathi, P. Rawaf, S. Rawal, L. Rawassizadeh, R. Renjith, V. Resnikoff, S. Rezapour, A. Ribeiro, A.I. Rickard, J. González, C.M.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Saddik, B. Safarpour, H. Safdarian, M. Sajadi, S.M. Salamati, P. Salem, M.R.R. Salem, H. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Riera, L.S. Milicevic, M.M.S. Sarker, A.R. Sarveazad, A. Sathian, B. Sawhney, M. Sayyah, M. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Senthilkumaran, S. Seyedmousavi, S. Sha, F. Shaahmadi, F. Shahabi, S. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Sheikh, A. Shigematsu, M. Shin, J.I. Shiri, R. Siabani, S. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Singh, J.A. Singh, P.K. Sinha, D.N. Soheili, A. Soriano, J.B. Sorrie, M.B. Soyiri, I.N. Stokes, M.A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Taddele, B.W. Tefera, Y.M. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekulu, G.H. Tesema, A.K.T. Tesfay, B.E. Thapar, R. Titova, M.V. Tlaye, K.G. Tohidinik, H.R. Topor-Madry, R. Tran, K.B. Tran, B.X. Tripathy, J.P. Tsai, A.C. Tsatsakis, A. Car, L.T. Ullah, I. Ullah, S. Unnikrishnan, B. Upadhyay, E. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Veisani, Y. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wiangkham, T. Wolde, H.F. Woldeyes, D.H. Wondmeneh, T.G. Wondmieneh, A.B. Wu, A.-M. Wyper, G.M.A. Yadav, R. Yadollahpour, A. Yano, Y. Yaya, S. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. Ye, P. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Youm, Y. Younis, M.Z. Yousef, Z. Yu, C. Yu, Y. Moghadam, T.Z. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zarei, F. Zhang, Z.-J. Zhang, Y. Ziapour, A. Zodpey, S. Dandona, R. Dharmaratne, S.D. Hay, S.I. Mokdad, A.H. Pigott, D.M. Reiner, R.C. Vos, T.
Abstract: Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

6. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000-18: a geospatial analysis.

Author: Hole M.K., Ilic M.D., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jha R.P., Ji J.S., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karimi S., Kasaeian A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kayode G.A., Kelbore A.G., Khafaie M.A., Khalilov R., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khodayari M., Kim Y.J., King J.D., Kinyoki D.K., Kianipour N., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Levine A.J., Li S., Maleki S., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Meitei W.B., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Munro S.B., Mupfasoni D., Muthupandian S., mwingira U.J., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Olagunju A.T., Omar Bali A., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Pasupula D., Pigott D.M., Shirude S., Hill E., Donkers K.M., Pirsaheb M., Pourjafar H., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Reta M.A., Ribeiro A.I., Rostami A., Sabesan S., Sadeghi E., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Schaeffer L.E., Shaikh M.A., Sharafi K., Soltani S., Sharifi H., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Soheili A., Spotin A., Stolk W.A., Tesfay B.E., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Vasseghian Y., Violante F.S., Vinkeles Melchers N.V.S., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zangeneh A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Deshpande A., Miller-Petrie M.K., Johnson K.B., Abdoli A., Abrigo M.R.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adinarayanan S., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed M.B., Akalu T.Y., Alanezi T.M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Amit A.M.L., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andualem Z., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Anvari D., Appiah S., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Badirzadeh A., Baig A.A., Banach M., Baraki A.G., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bockarie M.J., Bisanzio D., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Cano J., Carvalho F., Chattu V.K., Chavshin C., Cormier N.M., Cromwell E.A., Schmidt C.A., Kwong K.T., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Dash A.P., Deribe K., Dessu B., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Do H.T., Earl L., El Tantawi M., Faraj A., Fattahi N., Fernandes E., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Guo Y., Hailu G.B., Hasaballah A.I., Hassankhani H., Herteliu C., de Hidru H.D., Hon J., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Humayun A., Ilesanmi O.S., Hole M.K., Ilic M.D., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jha R.P., Ji J.S., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karimi S., Kasaeian A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kayode G.A., Kelbore A.G., Khafaie M.A., Khalilov R., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khodayari M., Kim Y.J., King J.D., Kinyoki D.K., Kianipour N., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Levine A.J., Li S., Maleki S., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Meitei W.B., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Munro S.B., Mupfasoni D., Muthupandian S., mwingira U.J., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Olagunju A.T., Omar Bali A., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Pasupula D., Pigott D.M., Shirude S., Hill E., Donkers K.M., Pirsaheb M., Pourjafar H., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Reta M.A., Ribeiro A.I., Rostami A., Sabesan S., Sadeghi E., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Schaeffer L.E., Shaikh M.A., Sharafi K., Soltani S., Sharifi H., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Soheili A., Spotin A., Stolk W.A., Tesfay B.E., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Vasseghian Y., Violante F.S., Vinkeles Melchers N.V.S., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zangeneh A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Deshpande A., Miller-Petrie M.K., Johnson K.B., Abdoli A., Abrigo M.R.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adinarayanan S., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed M.B., Akalu T.Y., Alanezi T.M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Amit A.M.L., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andualem Z., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Anvari D., Appiah S., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Badirzadeh A., Baig A.A., Banach M., Baraki A.G., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bockarie M.J., Bisanzio D., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Cano J., Carvalho F., Chattu V.K., Chavshin C., Cormier N.M., Cromwell E.A., Schmidt C.A., Kwong K.T., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Dash A.P., Deribe K., Dessu B., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Do H.T., Earl L., El Tantawi M., Faraj A., Fattahi N., Fernandes E., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Guo Y., Hailu G.B., Hasaballah A.I., Hassankhani H., Herteliu C., de Hidru H.D., Hon J., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Humayun A., and Ilesanmi O.S.
Abstract: Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Method(s): A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000-18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000-18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Finding(s): We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174-234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3.1 million (1.6-5.7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91-134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43-63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation(s): Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low
Published: 2020

7. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries.

Author: Faro A., Renzaho A.M.N., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ross J.M., Rostami A., Sadat N., Safari Y., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Levy T.S., Shamsi M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shil A., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soofi M., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaezghasemi M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Vanderheide J., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Vu L.G., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangia E.N., Werdecker A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhang Y., Kassebaum N.J., Hay S.I., Hamidi S., Kinyoki D.K., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Pickering B.V., Schaeffer L.E., Marczak L.B., Lazzar-Atwood A., Collison M.L., Henry N.J., Abebe Z., Adamu A.A., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Ajumobi O., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amini S., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Barnighausen T.W., Bassat Q., Baye K., Bedi N., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bikbov B., Briko A.N., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chipeta M.G., Chu D.-T., Cork M.A., Cromwell E.A., Cuevas-Nasu L., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Gupta R.D., Weaver N.D., Leo D.D., Neve J.-W.D., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Fareed M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fukumoto T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Gill P.S., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall J.B., Henok A., Prado B.H., Herrero M., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kahsay A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Lodha R., El Razek H.M.A., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Melku M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Moodley Y., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nie J., Nnaji C.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov S.S., P. A M., Pana A., Pandey A., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Piwoz E.G., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Quintana H., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawat R., Remuzzi G., Faro A., Renzaho A.M.N., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ross J.M., Rostami A., Sadat N., Safari Y., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Levy T.S., Shamsi M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shil A., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soofi M., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaezghasemi M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Vanderheide J., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Vu L.G., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangia E.N., Werdecker A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhang Y., Kassebaum N.J., Hay S.I., Hamidi S., Kinyoki D.K., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Pickering B.V., Schaeffer L.E., Marczak L.B., Lazzar-Atwood A., Collison M.L., Henry N.J., Abebe Z., Adamu A.A., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Ajumobi O., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amini S., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Barnighausen T.W., Bassat Q., Baye K., Bedi N., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bikbov B., Briko A.N., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chipeta M.G., Chu D.-T., Cork M.A., Cromwell E.A., Cuevas-Nasu L., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Gupta R.D., Weaver N.D., Leo D.D., Neve J.-W.D., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Fareed M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fukumoto T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Gill P.S., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall J.B., Henok A., Prado B.H., Herrero M., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kahsay A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Lodha R., El Razek H.M.A., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Melku M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Moodley Y., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nie J., Nnaji C.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov S.S., P. A M., Pana A., Pandey A., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Piwoz E.G., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Quintana H., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawat R., and Remuzzi G.
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0-59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3-5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization's median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas e
Published: 2020

8. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17.

Author: Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zepro N.B., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Zuniga Y.M.H., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Singh A., Wiens K.E., Lindstedt P.A., Blacker B.F., Johnson K.B., Baumann M.M., Schaeffer L.E., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abegaz K.H., Abejie A.N., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Adabi M., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Afarideh M., Ahmad S., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Akalu T.Y., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alam S., Alamene G.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Ali B.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Anoushiravani A., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Antony B., Antriyandarti E., Arabloo J., Aref H.M.A., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atalay H.T., Athari S.S., Athari S.M., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., Babaee E., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Balakrishnan S., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bay V.D., Bayati M., Baye E., Bedi N., Beheshti M., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birihane B.M., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Boufous S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Britton G.B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cano J., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gayesa R.T., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Ghimire P.R., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gomes N.G., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile D.H., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haririan H., Hariyani N., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hidru H.D.D., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Homaie Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hoseini M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Hussen M.M., Ibitoye S.E., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Izadi N., Jaca A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karim M.A., Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki H., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kasahun Y.C., Kasaye H.K., Kassa G.G., Kassa G.M., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kebede M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Ketema D.B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khan M.S., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissoon N., Shivakumar K.M., Kochhar S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Leili M., Lenjebo T.L., Leshargie C.T., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Liu S., Lodha R., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha P.W., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.L., Manohar N.D.D., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Martinez G., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Mekonnen T.C., Meles G.G., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mereta S.T., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moore C.E., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morales L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mozaffor M., Muchie K.F., Mulaw G.F., Munro S.B., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naidoo K.S., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Netsere H.B., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu D., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nouraei Motlagh S., Oancea B., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulos K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pescarini J.M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Prasad N., Preotescu L., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Ross J.M., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarkar K., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shallo S.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Shehata H.S., Sheikh A., Shetty B.S.K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shifti D.M., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sisay M.M., Skiadaresi E., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultana M., Sunguya B.F., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadesse D.B., Tarigan I.U., Tasew A.A., Tefera Y.M., Tekle M.G., Temsah M., Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zepro N.B., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Zuniga Y.M.H., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Singh A., Wiens K.E., Lindstedt P.A., Blacker B.F., Johnson K.B., Baumann M.M., Schaeffer L.E., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abegaz K.H., Abejie A.N., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Adabi M., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Afarideh M., Ahmad S., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Akalu T.Y., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alam S., Alamene G.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Ali B.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Anoushiravani A., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Antony B., Antriyandarti E., Arabloo J., Aref H.M.A., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atalay H.T., Athari S.S., Athari S.M., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., Babaee E., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Balakrishnan S., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bay V.D., Bayati M., Baye E., Bedi N., Beheshti M., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birihane B.M., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Boufous S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Britton G.B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cano J., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gayesa R.T., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Ghimire P.R., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gomes N.G., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile D.H., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haririan H., Hariyani N., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hidru H.D.D., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Homaie Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hoseini M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Hussen M.M., Ibitoye S.E., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Izadi N., Jaca A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karim M.A., Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki H., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kasahun Y.C., Kasaye H.K., Kassa G.G., Kassa G.M., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kebede M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Ketema D.B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khan M.S., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissoon N., Shivakumar K.M., Kochhar S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Leili M., Lenjebo T.L., Leshargie C.T., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Liu S., Lodha R., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha P.W., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.L., Manohar N.D.D., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Martinez G., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Mekonnen T.C., Meles G.G., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mereta S.T., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moore C.E., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morales L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mozaffor M., Muchie K.F., Mulaw G.F., Munro S.B., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naidoo K.S., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Netsere H.B., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu D., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nouraei Motlagh S., Oancea B., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulos K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pescarini J.M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Prasad N., Preotescu L., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Ross J.M., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarkar K., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shallo S.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Shehata H.S., Sheikh A., Shetty B.S.K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shifti D.M., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sisay M.M., Skiadaresi E., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultana M., Sunguya B.F., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadesse D.B., Tarigan I.U., Tasew A.A., Tefera Y.M., Tekle M.G., and Temsah M.
Abstract: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Method(s): We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Finding(s): While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62.6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT co
Published: 2020

9. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study.

Author: Sarveazad A., Ullah I., Ullah S., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wiangkham T., Wolde H.F., Woldeyes D.H., Wondmeneh T.G., Wondmieneh A.B., Wu A.-M., Wyper G.M.A., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Ye P., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Youm Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yu Y., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zarei F., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Dandona R., Dharmaratne S.D., Hay S.I., Mokdad A.H., Pigott D.M., Reiner R.C., Vos T., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Bertolacci G.J., Cunningham M., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abegaz K.H., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Adsuar J.C., Advani S.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alanezi F.M., Alema N.M., Alemu B.W., Alghnam S.A., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Belete H., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Boloor A., Borges G., Borschmann R., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Braithwaite D., Briko N.I., Brugha T., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chapman J.R., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Choi J.-Y.J., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cicuttini F.M., Coelho J.M., Costa V.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Leo D., Demeke F.M., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., Silva D.D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Do H.T., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Zaki M.E.S., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebremariam H., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel L.G., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Getenet A.B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Gheshlagh R.G., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Goudarzian A.H., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haro J.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassan S., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Inbaraj L.R., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Mofizul Islam M., Shariful Islam S.M., Ivers R.Q., Jahani M.A., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Jones K.M., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khanna T., Khazaei S., Khazaie H., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kim D., Kisa S., Kisa A., Komaki H., Kondlahalli S.K.M., Koolivand A., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar M., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumaresh G., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Vecchia C., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Li S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lyons R.A., Machado D.B., Madadin M., Abd El Razek M.M., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Maled V., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Melketsedik Z.A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Darwesh A.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh A.G., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D.N., Nnaji C.A., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Orpana H.M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Patel S.K., Pathak A., Pati S., Paulos K., Peden A.E., Filipino Pepito V.C., Pereira J., Phillips M.R., Polibin R.V., Polinder S., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D.R., Puri P., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saddik B., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Mohammad Sajadi S., Salamati P., Rashad Salem M.R., Salem H., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Riera L.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarker A.R., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sayyah M., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Sinha D.N., Soheili A., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taddele B.W., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekulu G.H., Tesema Tesema A.K., Tesfay B.E., Thapar R., Titova M.V., Tlaye K.G., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathy J.P., Tsai A.C., Tsatsakis A., Car L.T., Sarveazad A., Ullah I., Ullah S., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wiangkham T., Wolde H.F., Woldeyes D.H., Wondmeneh T.G., Wondmieneh A.B., Wu A.-M., Wyper G.M.A., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Ye P., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Youm Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yu Y., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zarei F., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Dandona R., Dharmaratne S.D., Hay S.I., Mokdad A.H., Pigott D.M., Reiner R.C., Vos T., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Bertolacci G.J., Cunningham M., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abegaz K.H., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Adsuar J.C., Advani S.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alanezi F.M., Alema N.M., Alemu B.W., Alghnam S.A., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Belete H., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Boloor A., Borges G., Borschmann R., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Braithwaite D., Briko N.I., Brugha T., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chapman J.R., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Choi J.-Y.J., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cicuttini F.M., Coelho J.M., Costa V.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Leo D., Demeke F.M., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., Silva D.D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Do H.T., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Zaki M.E.S., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebremariam H., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel L.G., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Getenet A.B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Gheshlagh R.G., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Goudarzian A.H., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haro J.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassan S., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Inbaraj L.R., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Mofizul Islam M., Shariful Islam S.M., Ivers R.Q., Jahani M.A., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Jones K.M., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khanna T., Khazaei S., Khazaie H., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kim D., Kisa S., Kisa A., Komaki H., Kondlahalli S.K.M., Koolivand A., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar M., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumaresh G., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Vecchia C., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Li S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lyons R.A., Machado D.B., Madadin M., Abd El Razek M.M., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Maled V., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Melketsedik Z.A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Darwesh A.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh A.G., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D.N., Nnaji C.A., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Orpana H.M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Patel S.K., Pathak A., Pati S., Paulos K., Peden A.E., Filipino Pepito V.C., Pereira J., Phillips M.R., Polibin R.V., Polinder S., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D.R., Puri P., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saddik B., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Mohammad Sajadi S., Salamati P., Rashad Salem M.R., Salem H., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Riera L.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarker A.R., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sayyah M., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Sinha D.N., Soheili A., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taddele B.W., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekulu G.H., Tesema Tesema A.K., Tesfay B.E., Thapar R., Titova M.V., Tlaye K.G., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathy J.P., Tsai A.C., Tsatsakis A., and Car L.T.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. METHOD(S): In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. RESULT(S): GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. CONCLUSION(S): GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

10. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), and Hay, S.I. (Simon)
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas e
Published: 2020
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11. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Author: Fitzmaurice, C. Abate, D. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdelalim, A. Abdoli, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulle, A.S.M. Abebe, N.D. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abualhasan, A. Adedeji, I.A. Advani, S.M. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Aghaali, M. Agius, D. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadian, E. Ahmadpour, E. Ahmed, M.B. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Al-Aly, Z. Alabdulkader, A.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, T. Alamene, G.M. Alemnew, B.T.T. Alene, K.A. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Bakeshei, F.A. Almadi, M.A.H. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Alsharif, U. Alsowaidi, S. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amini, E. Amini, S. Amoako, Y.A. Anbari, Z. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, F. Ansariadi, A. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arab-Zozani, M. Arabloo, J. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Artaman, A. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ashagre, A.F. Assadi, R. Ataeinia, B. Atalay, H.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Awoke, N. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayanore, M.A. Ayele, H.T. Babaee, E. Bacha, U. Badawi, A. Bagherzadeh, M. Bagli, E. Balakrishnan, S. Balouchi, A. Barnighausen, T.W. Battista, R.J. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belay, Y.B. Belayneh, Y.M. Berfield, K.K.S. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Beuran, M. Bhakta, N. Bhattacharyya, K. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birungi, C. Bisignano, C. Bitew, H. Bjorge, T. Bleyer, A. Bogale, K.A. Bojia, H.A. Borzi, A.M. Bosetti, C. Bou-Orm, I.R. Brenner, H. Brewer, J.D. Briko, A.N. Briko, N.I. Bustamante-Teixeira, M.T. Butt, Z.A. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castro, C. Castro, F. Catala-Lopez, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, V.K. Chaturvedi, P. Chauhan, N.S. Chehrazi, M. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chichiabellu, T.Y. Chido-Amajuoyi, O.G. Chimed-Ochir, O. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Crocetti, E. Crowe, C.S. Curado, M.P. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Damiani, G. Darwish, A.H. Daryani, A. Das Neves, J. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demissie, B.W. Demoz, G.T. Denova-Gutierrez, E. Derakhshani, A. Deribe, K.S. Desai, R. Desalegn, B.B. Desta, M. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Diaz, D. Dinberu, M.T.T. Djalalinia, S. Doku, D.T. Drake, T.M. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Ebrahimi, H. Effiong, A. Eftekhari, A. El Sayed, I. Zaki, M.E.S. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Elemineh, D.A. Elkout, H. Ellenbogen, R.G. Elsharkawy, A. Emamian, M.H. Endalew, D.A. Endries, A.Y. Eshrati, B. Fadhil, I. Fallah, V. Faramarzi, M. Farhangi, M.A. Farioli, A. Farzadfar, F. Fentahun, N. Fernandes, E. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Fisher, J.L. Force, L.M. Foroutan, M. Freitas, M. Fukumoto, T. Futran, N.D. Gallus, S. Gankpe, F.G. Gayesa, R.T. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremeskel, G.G. Gedefaw, G.A. Gelaw, B.K. Geta, B. Getachew, S. Gezae, K.E. Ghafourifard, M. Ghajar, A. Ghashghaee, A. Gholamian, A. Gill, P.S. Ginindza, T.T.G. Girmay, A. Gizaw, M. Gomez, R.S. Gopalani, S.V. Gorini, G. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Ribeiro Guerra, M. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Hadkhale, K. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Hanfore, L.K. Haro, J.M. Hasankhani, M. Hasanzadeh, A. Hassen, H.Y. Hay, R.J. Hay, S.I. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. Hidru, H.D. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Hoogar, P. Horita, N. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Househ, M. Hussen, M.M. Ileanu, B. Ilic, M.D. Innos, K. Irvani, S.S.N. Iseh, K.R. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jafari Balalami, N. Jafarinia, M. Jahangiry, L. Jahani, M.A. Jahanmehr, N. Jakovljevic, M. James, S.L. Javanbakht, M. Jayaraman, S. Jee, S.H. Jenabi, E. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Jonnagaddala, J. Joo, T. Jungari, S.B. Jurisson, M. Kabir, A. Kamangar, F. Karch, A. Karimi, N. Karimian, A. Kasaeian, A. Kasahun, G.G. Kassa, B. Kassa, T.D. Kassaw, M.W. Kaul, A. Keiyoro, P.N. Kelbore, A.G. Kerbo, A.A. Khader, Y.S. Khalilarjmandi, M. Khan, E.A. Khan, G. Khang, Y.-H. Khatab, K. Khater, A. Khayamzadeh, M. Khazaee-Pool, M. Khazaei, S. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kianipour, N. Kim, D. Kim, Y.J. Kisa, A. Kisa, S. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Komaki, H. Koyanagi, A. Krohn, K.J. Bicer, B.K. Kugbey, N. Kumar, V. Kuupiel, D. La Vecchia, C. Lad, D.P. Lake, E.A. Lakew, A.M. Lal, D.K. Lami, F.H. Lan, Q. Lasrado, S. Lauriola, P. Lazarus, J.V. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Liao, Y. Limenih, M.A. Listl, S. Lopez, A.D. Lopukhov, P.D. Lunevicius, R. Madadin, M. Magdeldin, S. El Razek, H.M.A. Majeed, A. Maleki, A. Malekzadeh, R. Manafi, A. Manafi, N. Manamo, W.A. Mansourian, M. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Maroufizadeh, S. Martini, S.M.S. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Maswabi, M.T. Mathur, M.R. McAlinden, C. McKee, M. Meheretu, H.A.A. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, V. Meier, T. Melaku, Y.A. Meles, G.G. Meles, H.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Menezes, R.G. Merat, S. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Mihretie, K.M.M. Miller, T.R. Mills, E.J. Mir, S.M. Mirzaei, H. Mirzaei, H.R. Mishra, R. Moazen, B. Mohammad, D.K. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammad, Y. Darwesh, A.M. Mohammadbeigi, A. Mohammadi, H. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadian, M. Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M. Mohammadpourhodki, R. Mohammed, A.S. Mohammed, J.A. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moossavi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Joo, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradpour, F. Morawska, L. Morgado-Da-costa, J. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muhammed, O.S.S. Musa, J. Nabhan, A.R. Naderi, M. Nagarajan, A.J. Nagel, G. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nasiri, N. Nazari, J. Negoi, I. Neupane, S. Newcomb, P.A. Nggada, H.A. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, C.T. Nikniaz, L. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nixon, M.R. Nnaji, C.A. Nojomi, M. Nosratnejad, S. Shiadeh, M.N. Obsa, M.S. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Oluwasanu, M.M. Omonisi, A.E. Onwujekwe, O.E. Oommen, A.M. Oren, E. Ortega-Altamirano, D.D.V. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Owolabi, M.O. P A, M. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakpour, A.H. Pana, A. Park, E.-K. Parsian, H. Pashaei, T. Patel, S. Patil, S.T. Pennini, A. Pereira, D.M. Piccinelli, C. Pillay, J.D. Pirestani, M. Pishgar, F. Postma, M.J. Pourjafar, H. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Qorbani, M. Rabiee, M. Rabiee, N. Radfar, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, M. Rahman, M.A. Rajati, F. Rana, S.M. Raoofi, S. Rath, G.K. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reiner, R.C. Renzaho, A.M.N. Rezaei, N. Rezapour, A. Ribeiro, A.I. Ribeiro, D. Ronfani, L. Roro, E.M. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Saad, R.S. Sabbagh, P. Sabour, S. Saddik, B. Safiri, S. Sahebkar, A. Salahshoor, M.R. Salehi, F. Salem, H. Salem, M.R. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sartorius, B. Sarveazad, A. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawhney, M. Sayyah, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Schottker, B. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Sepehrimanesh, M. Seyedmousavi, S. Shaahmadi, F. Shabaninejad, H. Shahbaz, M. Shaikh, M.A. Shamshirian, A. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, Z. Sharif, M. Sharifi, A. Sharifi, H. Sharma, R. Sheikh, A. Shirkoohi, R. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Silva, D.A.S. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, A. Singh, J.A. Sisay, S. Sitas, F. Sobngwi, E. Soofi, M. Soriano, J.B. Stathopoulou, V. Sufiyan, M.B. Tabares-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Takahashi, K. Tamtaji, O.R. Tarawneh, M.R. Tassew, S.G. Taymoori, P. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Tesfay, B.E. Tesfay, F.H. Teshale, M.Y. Tessema, G.A. Thapa, S. Tlaye, K.G. Topor-Madry, R. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Traini, E. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tsadik, A.G. Ullah, I. Uthman, O.A. Vacante, M. Vaezi, M. Varona Perez, P. Veisani, Y. Vidale, S. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vu, G.T. Vujcic, I.S. Wabinga, H. Wachamo, T.M. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Weldegebreal, F. Weldesamuel, G.T. Wijeratne, T. Wondafrash, D.Z. Wonde, T.E. Wondmieneh, A.B. Workie, H.M. Yadav, R. Yadegar, A. Yadollahpour, A. Yaseri, M. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. Yeshaneh, A. Yimam, M.A. Yimer, E.M. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Younis, M.Z. Yousefi, B. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zabeh, E. Zadnik, V. Moghadam, T.Z. Zaidi, Z. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zangeneh, A. Zaki, L. Zendehdel, K. Zenebe, Z.M. Zewale, T.A. Ziapour, A. Zodpey, S. Murray, C.J.L. Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration
Abstract: Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Published: 2019

12. Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))

Author: Stanaway, J.D. Afshin, A. Gakidou, E. Lim, S.S. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adane, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, A. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, S. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Ali, K. Ali, S.M. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antó, J.M. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Ataro, Z. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Ball, K. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barac, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Bekru, E.T. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bjørge, T. Blacker, B.F. Bleyer, A. Borschmann, R. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brauer, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briko, A.N. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Buchbinder, R. Burnett, R.T. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahill, L.E. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Cárdenas, R. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castillo Rivas, J. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Causey, K. Cercy, K.M. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chang, K.-L. Charlson, F.J. Chattopadhyay, A. Chattu, V.K. Chee, M.L. Cheng, C.-Y. Chew, A. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chimed-Ochir, O. Chin, K.L. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Cirillo, M. Cohen, A.J. Collado-Mateo, D. Cooper, C. Cooper, O.R. Coresh, J. Cornaby, L. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cousin, E. Criqui, M.H. Cromwell, E.A. Cundiff, D.K. Daba, A.K. Dachew, B.A. Dadi, A.F. Damasceno, A.A.M. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Darby, S.C. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das Gupta, R. Das Neves, J. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. De la Cruz-Góngora, V. De La Hoz, F.P. De Leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Degenhardt, L. Deiparine, S. Dellavalle, R.P. Demoz, G.T. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Deshpande, A. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Deveber, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Dinberu, M.T. Ding, E.L. Diro, H.D. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebert, N. Ebrahimi, H. Ebrahimpour, S. Edvardsson, D. Effiong, A. Eggen, A.E. El Bcheraoui, C. El-Khatib, Z. Elyazar, I.R. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Er, B. Erskine, H.E. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Estep, K. Fakhim, H. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farid, T.A. Sá Farinha, C.S.E. Farioli, A. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzaei, M.H. Fatima, B. Fay, K.A. Fazaeli, A.A. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Ferrara, G. Ferrari, A.J. Ferreira, M.L. Filip, I. Finger, J.D. Fischer, F. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. 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Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lucas, T.C.D. Lunevicius, R. Ma, S. Macarayan, E.R.K. Machado, Í.E. Madotto, F. Mai, H.T. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manda, A.-L. Manguerra, H. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marks, A. Martin, R.V. Martins, S.C.O. Martins-Melo, F.R. März, W. Marzan, M.B. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Mathur, P. Matsushita, K. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Meier, T. Mekonnen, F.A. Melaku, Y.A. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mensah, G.A. Mensink, G.B.M. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Mini, G.K. Mirarefin, M. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitiku, H. Moazen, B. Mohajer, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Momeniha, F. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Mozaffarian, D. Mruts, K.B. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Naik, N. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Neal, B. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, N.B. Nichols, E. Nie, J. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nishi, N. Nixon, M.R. Nojomi, M. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Obermeyer, C.M. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. 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Abstract: Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2019

13. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017

Author: Frank, T.D. Carter, A. Jahagirdar, D. Biehl, M.H. Douwes-Schultz, D. Larson, S.L. Arora, M. Dwyer-Lindgren, L. Steuben, K.M. Abbastabar, H. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abyu, D.M. Adabi, M. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, K. Ahmadian, E. Ahmadpour, E. Ahmed, M.B. Akal, C.G. Alahdab, F. Alam, N. Albertson, S.B. Alemnew, B.T.T. Alene, K.A. Alipour, V. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amini, S. Anbari, Z. Anber, N.H. Anjomshoa, M. Antonio, C.A.T. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Asfaw, E.T. Ashagre, A.F. Asmelash, D. Asrat, A.A. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Awoke, N. Ayanore, M.A. Azari, S. Badawi, A. Bagherzadeh, M. Banach, M. Barac, A. Bärnighausen, T.W. Basu, S. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.B. Belayneh, Y.M.M. Berhane, A. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, M. Bitew, H. Blinov, A. Bogale, K.A. Bojia, H.A. Burugina Nagaraja, S.B.N. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Carvalho, F. Chattu, V.K. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Crider, R. Dahiru, T. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Daryani, A. Das Neves, J. De Neve, J.-W. Degenhardt, L. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B.B. Demissie, D.B. Demoz, G.T. Deribe, K. Des Jarlais, D. Dhungana, G.P. Diaz, D. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Doan, L.P. Duber, H. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duko Adema, B. Effiong, A. Eftekhari, A. El Sayed Zaki, M. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Elsharkawy, A. Endries, A.Y. Eskandarieh, S. Eyawo, O. Farzadfar, F. Fatima, B. Fentahun, N. Fernandes, E. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Folayan, M.O. Foroutan, M. Fukumoto, T. Fullman, N. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Gayesa, R.T. Gebremedhin, K.B. Gebremeskel, G.G. Gebreyohannes, K.K. Gedefaw, G.A. Gelaw, B.K. Gesesew, H.A. Geta, B. Gezae, K.E. Ghadiri, K. Ghashghaee, A. Ginindza, T.T.G. Gugnani, H.C. Guimarães, R.A. Haile, M.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamidi, S. Handanagic, S. Handiso, D.W. Hanfore, L.K. Hasanzadeh, A. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Hay, S.I. Henok, A. Hoang, C.L. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hsairi, M. Ibitoye, S.E. Idrisov, B. Ikuta, K.S. Ilesanmi, O.S. Irvani, S.S.N. Iwu, C.J. Jacobsen, K.H. James, S.L. Jenabi, E. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. Kabir, A. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, B. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kayode, G.A. Kebede, M.M. Kefale, A.T. Kengne, A.P. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khan, E.A. Khan, G. Khan, J. Khang, Y.-H. Khatab, K. Khazaei, S. Khoja, A.T. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kim, Y.J. Kisa, A. Kisa, S. Kochhar, S. Komaki, H. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kuate Defo, B. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kuupiel, D. Lal, D.K. Lee, J.J.-H. Lenjebo, T.L. Leshargie, C.T. Macarayan, E.R.K. Maddison, E.R. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magis-Rodriguez, C. Mahasha, P.W. Majdan, M. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Manafi, N. Mapoma, C.C. Martins-Melo, F.R. Masaka, A. Mayenga, E.N.L. Mehta, V. Meles, G.G. Meles, H.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mena, A.T. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Miller, T.R. Moazen, B. Mohajer, B. Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammad, Y. Mohammad Darwesh, A. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadibakhsh, R. Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M. Mohammed, J.A. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Moodley, Y. Moossavi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moschos, M.M. Mossie, T.B. Mousavi, S.M. Muchie, K.F. Muluneh, A.G. Muriithi, M.K. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nagarajan, A.J. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Nazari, J. Ndwandwe, D.E. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, S.H. Nguyen, T.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nixon, M.R. Nnaji, C.A. Noroozi, M. Noubiap, J.J. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Obsa, M.S. Odame, E.A. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olum, S. Oppong Asante, K. Oren, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Mahesh, P.A. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakpour, A.H. Patel, S.K. Paulos, K. Pepito, V.C.F. Peprah, E.K. Piroozi, B. Pourshams, A. Qorbani, M. Rabiee, M. Rabiee, N. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, S.U. Ranabhat, C.L. Rawaf, S. Reis, C. Renjith, V. Reta, M.A. Rezai, M.S. Rios González, C.M. Merdassa Roro, E.E.M. Rostami, A. Rubino, S. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, S. Sagar, R. Sahraian, M.A. Salem, M.R.R. Salimi, Y. Salomon, J.A. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sartorius, B. Satpathy, M. Sawhney, M. Sayyah, M. Schutte, A.E. Sepanlou, S.G. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shallo, S.A. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharifi, H. Shibuya, K. Shin, J.I. Shirkoohi, R. Silva, D.A.S. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, J.A. Sisay, M.M.M. Sisay, M. Sisay, S. Smith, A.E. Sokhan, A. Somayaji, R. Soshnikov, S. Stein, D.J. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Sykes, B.L. Tadesse, B.T. Tadesse, D.B. Tamirat, K.S. Taveira, N. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Temesgen, H.D. Tesfay, F.H. Teshale, M.Y. Thapa, S. Tlaye, K.G. Topp, S.M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Ullah, I. Unnikrishnan, B. Uthman, O.A. Veisani, Y. Vladimirov, S.K. Wada, F.W. Waheed, Y. Weldegwergs, K.G. Weldesamuel, G.T.T. Westerman, R. Wijeratne, T. Wolde, H.F. Wondafrash, D.Z. Wonde, T.E. Wondmagegn, B.Y. Yeshanew, A.G. Yilma, M.T. Yimer, E.M. Yonemoto, N. Yotebieng, M. Youm, Y. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zarghi, A. Zenebe, Z.M. Zewale, T.A. Ziapour, A. Zodpey, S. Naghavi, M. Vollset, S.E. Wang, H. Lim, S.S. Kyu, H.H. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 HIV collaborators
Abstract: Background Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980-2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package - a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce agesex- specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87-2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91-1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79-3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63-2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8-39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact. © 2019 The Author(s).
Published: 2019

14. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: Associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Haagsma, J.A. James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Lucchesi, L.R. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Adebayo, O.M. Ahmadi, A. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alghnam, S.A. Aljunid, S.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Anjomshoa, M. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Arora, A. Asayesh, H. Assadi, R. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Balalla, S. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Benjet, C. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Bijani, A. Borges, G. Borschmann, R. Bose, D. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Catalá-López, F. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Crowe, C.S. Dalal, K. Daryani, A. Davitoiu, D.V. Degenhardt, L. De Leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Deribe, K. Dessie, G.A. Deveber, G.A. Dharmaratne, S.D. Doan, L.P. Dolan, K.A. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. El Sayed Zaki, M. Endries, A.Y. Eskandarieh, S. Faro, A. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Gezae, K.E. Gill, T.K. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Guo, Y. Gupta, R. Haghparast Bidgoli, H. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Haro, J.M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Híjar, M. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hossain, N. Hostiuc, S. Hu, G. Igumbor, E.U. Ilesanmi, O.S. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, S.M.S. Ivers, R.Q. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahanmehr, N. Jakovljevic, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. Jozwiak, J.J. Jürisson, M. Kabir, A. Kalani, R. Kasaeian, A. Kelbore, A.G. Kengne, A.P. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khan, E.A. Khoja, A.T. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, D. Kisa, A. Koyanagi, A. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, M. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Leasher, J.L. Li, S. Linn, S. Lunevicius, R. MacHado, F.R. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Malta, D.C. Manda, A.-L. Mansournia, M.A. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Meheretu, H.A.A. Mehndiratta, M.M. Melese, A. Mendoza, W. Mengesha, M.M. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Moazen, B. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N. Mohammadibakhsh, R. Mohammed, S. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Mondello, S. Montero-Zamora, P.A. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Morawska, L. Velásquez, I.M. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Murthy, S. Musa, K.I. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Ndwandwe, D.E. Negoi, I. Nguyen, T.H. Nguyen, S.H. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, H.L.T. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Orpana, H.M. Otstavnov, S.S. Mahesh, P.A. Pakhale, S. Park, E.-K. Patton, G.C. Pesudovs, K. Phillips, M.R. Polinder, S. Prakash, S. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahimi, S. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M.A. Rai, R.K. Ramezanzadeh, K. Rawaf, S. Rawaf, D.L. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaeian, S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Sabde, Y.D. Saddik, B. Salamati, P. Salimi, Y. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez Riera, L. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Satpathy, M. Sawhney, M. Sawyer, S.M. Saxena, S. Saylan, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Sepanlou, S.G. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sheikh, A. Shen, J. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shiue, I. Silva, J.P. Singh, J.A. Sinha, D.N. Soares Filho, A.M. Soriano, J.B. Soshnikov, S. Soyiri, I.N. Starodubov, V.I. Stein, D.J. Stokes, M.A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunshine, J.E. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tessema, G.A. Thakur, J.S. Tran, K.B. Tran, B.X. Tudor Car, L. Uthman, O.A. Uzochukwu, B.S.C. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Yadav, P. Yano, Y. Yenesew, M.A. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Younis, M.Z. Yu, C. Zafar, S. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zhao, Y. Zodpey, S. Hay, S.I. Lopez, A.D. Mokdad, A.H. Vos, T.
Abstract: Background: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. © 2020 Author(s).
Published: 2019

15. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: James, S.L. Bannick, M.S. Montjoy-Venning, W.C. Lucchesi, L.R. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Hawley, C. Hay, S.I. Jakovljevic, M. Khalil, I. Krohn, K.J. Mokdad, A.H. Naghavi, M. Nichols, E. Reiner, R.C. Smith, M. Feigin, V.L. Vos, T. Murray, C.J.L. Sunshine, J.E. Yost, M.G. Ellenbogen, R.G. Kalani, R. Morrison, S.D. Crowe, C.S. Massenburg, B.B. Theadom, A. Te Ao, B.J. Balalla, S. Jones, K.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Li, S. Sobhani, S. Hosseini, S.M. Mansournia, M.A. Yaseri, M. Anjomshoa, M. Mousavi, S.M. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Malekzadeh, R. Poustchi, H. Roshandel, G. Sepanlou, S.G. Afarideh, M. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Ganji, M. Kasaeian, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Eskandarieh, S. Sahraian, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Abbasi, N. Farzadfar, F. Irvani, S.N. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Salamati, P. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Mate, K.K.V. Abdulkader, R. Abraha, H.N. Kassa, T.D. Nirayo, Y.L. Weldegwergs, K.G. Gezae, K.E. Zenebe, Z.M. Degefa, M.G. Kahsay, A. Asgedom, S.W. Gebre, A.K. Yimer, E.M. Belachew, A.B. Meles, H. Adsuar, J.C. Zodpey, S. Agrawal, S. Awasthi, A. Kumar, G.A. Ahmadi, A. Najafi, F. Rajati, F. Khazaie, H. Farzaei, M.H. Moradi, M. Rezaei, S. Soofi, M. Siabani, S. Rezaeian, S. Ahmed, M.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Feyissa, G.T. Hussen, M.A. Aichour, A. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Owolabi, M.O. Akseer, N. Bhutta, Z.A. Badawi, A. Alahdab, F. Kassa, G.M. Alebel, A. Wagnew, F.W.S. Belay, Y.A. Leshargie, C.T. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Alsharif, U. Temsah, M.-H. Altirkawi, K. Davitoiu, D.V. Hostiuc, S. Beuran, M. Negoi, I. Andrei, C.L. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Levi, M. Ariani, F. Biffino, M. Asefa, N.G. Atique, S. Rahman, M.A. Wijeratne, T. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Rafiei, A. Badali, H. Mohammadi, M. Moosazadeh, M. Daryani, A. Banstola, A. Tran, K.B. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Bedi, N. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Shabaninejad, H. Behzadifar, Ma. Kabir, A. Yousefifard, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Behzadifar, Me. Bekele, B. Hassen, H.Y. Henok, A. Biadgo, B. Bennett, D.A. Goulart, A.C. Bensenor, I.M. Lotufo, P.A. Wang, Y.P. Yisma, E. Berhane, A. Deribe, K. Yasin, Y.J. Demoz, G.T. Bhalla, A. Bhaumik, S. Bijani, A. Zamani, M. Bililign, N. Kumar, M. Birungi, C. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Brown, A.W. Car, M. Majeed, A. Rawaf, S. Rawaf, D.L. Shoman, H. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. El-Khatib, Z. Roy, N. Carvalho, F. Santos, J.V. Fernandes, E. Silva, J.P. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Hoffman, H.J. Catalá-López, F. Chaiah, Y. Temsah, O. Champs, A.P. Chang, J.-C. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Cooper, C. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Nguyen, T.H. Doku, D.T. Drake, T.M. Sheikh, A. Soyiri, I.N. Dubey, M. Santric Milicevic, M.M.M. Dubljanin, E. Faro, A. Filip, I. Radfar, A. Fischer, F. Fukumoto, T. Gankpe, F.G. Gopalkrishna, G. Haagsma, J.A. Polinder, S. Khoja, A.T. Pinilla-Monsalve, G.D. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Haro, J.M. Hassankhani, H. Havmoeller, R. Hegazy, M.I. Hendrie, D. Miller, T.R. Hibstu, D.T. Kassa, Z.Y. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hu, G. Ilesanmi, O.S. Jayaraman, S. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Moazen, B. Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. Jozwiak, J.J. Jürisson, M. Kahssay, M. Liben, M.L. Karch, A. Kengne, A.P. Khader, Y.S. Safari, H. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Usman, M.S. Siddiqi, T.J. Khang, Y.-H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kim, D. Kim, Y.-E. Yoon, S.-J. Kisa, A. Winkler, A.S. Koyanagi, A. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Lalloo, R. Moradinazar, M. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Latifi, A. Safiri, S. Lunevicius, R. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Manda, A.-L. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehta, V. Melese, A. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, G. Shiferaw, M.S. Tekle, M.G. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Szoeke, C.E.I. Mestrovich, T. Miazgowski, T. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Molokhia, M. Monast, L. Ronfani, L. Mondello, S. Moradi, G. Moschos, M.M. Murthy, S. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Naik, G. Schwebel, D.C. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nyasulu, P.S. Renzaho, A.M.N. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Otstavnov, S.S. Dnb, M.P.A. Pakhale, S. Pandey, A.R. Pesudovs, K. Prakash, S. Qorbani, M. Rafay, A. Rahman, M. Stokes, M.A. Shariful Islam, S.M. Rai, R.K. Ram, U. Reis, C. Resnikoff, S. Roever, L. Sunguy, B.F. Ruhago, G.M. Saddik, B. Saldanha, R.D.F. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sartorius, B. Satpathy, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Shaikh, M.A.A. Sharif, M. She, J. Shen, J. Sheth, K.N. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shiue, I. Silveira, D.A. Soares Filho, A.M. Sinha, D.N. Soriano, J.B. Stein, D.J. Sufiyan, M.B. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Topor-Madry, R. Tran, B.X. Tudor Car, L. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Waheed, Y. Werdecker, A. Wyper, G.M.A. Yano, Y. Ye, P. Yip, P. Yonemoto, N. Younis, M.Z. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators
Abstract: Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used causespecific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings In 2016, there were 27.08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.30-30.30 million) new cases of TBI and 0.93 million (0.78-1.16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55.50 million (53.40-57.62 million) and of SCI was 27.04 million (24.98-30.15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the agestandardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8.4% (95% UI 7.7 to 9.2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0.2% [-2.1 to 2.7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3.6% (1.8 to 5.5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3.6% [-7.4 to 4.0]). TBI caused 8.1 million (95% UI 6.0-10.4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9.5 million (6.7-12.4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. Interpretation TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. © 2018 The Author(s).
Published: 2019

16. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Feigin, V.L. Nichols, E. Alam, T. Bannick, M.S. Beghi, E. Blake, N. Culpepper, W.J. Dorsey, E.R. Elbaz, A. Ellenbogen, R.G. Fisher, J.L. Fitzmaurice, C. Giussani, G. Glennie, L. James, S.L. Johnson, C.O. Kassebaum, N.J. Logroscino, G. Marin, B. Mountjoy-Venning, W.C. Nguyen, M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Patel, A.P. Piccininni, M. Roth, G.A. Steiner, T.J. Stovner, L.J. Szoeke, C.E.I. Theadom, A. Vollset, S.E. Wallin, M.T. Wright, C. Zunt, J.R. Abbasi, N. Abd-Allah, F. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Acharya, D. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adeoye, A.M. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Akseer, N. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Shahi Salman, R. Alahdab, F. Alene, K.A. Aljunid, S.M. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Anber, N.H. Antonio, C.A.T. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Asayesh, H. Asghar, R.J. Atalay, H.T. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayuk, T.B. Badawi, A. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Baune, B.T. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhane, A. Beuran, M. Bhattacharyya, K. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Blazes, C.K. Brayne, C. Butt, Z.A. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Cantu-Brito, C. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chang, J.-C. Chatziralli, I. Chiang, P.P.-C. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Cooper, C. Cortesi, P.A. Costa, V.M. Criqui, M.H. Crowe, C.S. Damasceno, A.A.M. Daryani, A. De la Cruz-Góngora, V. De La Hoz, F.P. De Leo, D. Degefa, M.G. Demoz, G.T. Deribe, K. Dharmaratne, S.D. Diaz, D. Dinberu, M.T. Djalalinia, S. Doku, D.T. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Edvardsson, D. El-Khatib, Z. Endres, M. Endries, A.Y. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Farhadi, F. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Fatima, B. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Fukumoto, T. Ganji, M. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gebre, A.K. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelaw, B.K. Geleijnse, J.M. Geremew, D. Gezae, K.E. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Gidey, M.Y. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Guo, Y. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Haagsma, J.A. Hagos, T.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Hankey, G.J. Hao, Y. Haro, J.M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, S.I. Hegazy, M.I. Heidari, B. Henok, A. Heydarpour, F. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hosseini, S.M. Hu, G. Igumbor, E.U. Ilesanmi, O.S. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, S.M.S. Jakovljevic, M. Javanbakht, M. Jha, R.P. Jobanputra, Y.B. Jonas, J.B. Józwiak, J.J. Jürisson, M. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Kalkonde, Y. Kamil, T.A. Kanchan, T. Karami, M. Karch, A. Karimi, N. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kaul, A. Kefale, A.T. Keiyoro, P.N. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khazaie, H. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, A.S. Kim, D. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kisa, A. Kokubo, Y. Koyanagi, A. Krishnamurthi, R.V. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, M. Lacey, B. Lafranconi, A. Lansingh, V.C. Latifi, A. Leshargie, C.T. Li, S. Liao, Y. Linn, S. Lo, W.D. Lopez, J.C.F. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lucas, R.M. Lunevicius, R. Mackay, M.T. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Manafi, N. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. März, W. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Mate, K.K.V. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. Mehta, V. Meier, T. Meles, H.G. Melese, A. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Moazen, B. Mohajer, B. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M. Mohammadibakhsh, R. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Monasta, L. Mondello, S. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Moreno Velásquez, I. Morrison, S.D. Mousavi, S.M. Muhammed, O.S. Muruet, W. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Naderi, M. Nagel, G. Naheed, A. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Newton, C.R.J. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, L.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nixon, M.R. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nyasulu, P.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Onwujekwe, O.E. Oren, E. Owolabi, M.O. A, M.P. Pakpour, A.H. Pan, W.-H. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandian, J.D. Patel, S.K. Pereira, D.M. Petzold, M. Pillay, J.D. Piradov, M.A. Polanczyk, G.V. Polinder, S. Postma, M.J. Poulton, R. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Prakash, V. Qorbani, M. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rajati, F. Ram, U. Ranta, A. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reinig, N. Reis, C. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Rios González, C.M. Roberts, N.L.S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roro, E.M. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Sabbagh, P. Sacco, R.L. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Safari, H. Safari-Faramani, R. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahathevan, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Salamati, P. Salehi Zahabi, S. Salimi, Y. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Santos, I.S. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Sepanlou, S.G. Shabaninejad, H. Shafieesabet, A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. She, J. Sheikh, A. Sheth, K.N. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silberberg, D.H. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, J.A. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Smith, M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Stein, D.J. Stein, M.B. Stokes, M.A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Te Ao, B.J. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Thakur, J.S. Thrift, A.G. Topor-Madry, R. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Truelsen, T.C. Tsadik, A.G. Tudor Car, L. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Vasanthan, R. Veisani, Y. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Vosoughi, K. Vu, G.T. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weiss, J. Whiteford, H.A. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Xu, G. Yadollahpour, A. Yamada, T. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yatsuya, H. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zare, Z. Zhang, Y. Zodpey, S. Naghavi, M. Murray, C.J.L. Vos, T. GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2019

17. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Orpana, H.M. Marczak, L.B. Arora, M. Abbasi, N. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, Z. Abraha, H.N. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Ahmadi, A. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akseer, N. Al‐raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alkerwi, A. Allebeck, P. Alvis‐guzman, N. Anber, N.H. Anjomshoa, M. Antonio, C.A.T. Arora, A. Aryal, K.K. Asgedom, S.W. Awasthi, A. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Badali, H. Barker‐collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Bazargan‐hejazi, S. Benjet, C. Bensenor, I.M. Berfeld, N. Beuran, M. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bililign, N. Borges, G. Borschmann, R. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brugha, T. Butt, Z.A. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Malta, D.C. Castañeda‐orjuela, C.A. Catalá‐lópez, F. Ciobanu, L.G. Dachew, B.A. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. Degenhardt, L. Demoz, G.T. Jarlais, D.C.D. Dharmaratne, S.D. Djalalinia, S. Doan, L. Doku, D.T. Dubey, M. El‐khatib, Z. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fekadu, W. Fernandes, E. Ferrari, A.J. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Foreman, K.J. Fukumoto, T. Gebre, A.K. Grosso, G. Gupta, R. Haagsma, J.A. Bidgoli, H.H. Haj‐mirzaian, A. Hamidi, S. Hankey, G.J. Haro, J.M. Hassen, H.Y. Hay, S.I. Heidari, B. Hendrie, D. Rad, E.H. Hosseini, S.M. Hostiuc, S. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, S.M.S. Jakovljevic, M. James, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Jozwiak, J.J. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, G.M. Kawakami, N. Kefale, A.T. Kemp, G.R. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.A. Khan, M.S. Khang, Y.-H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kieling, C. Kim, Y.-E. Kisa, A. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kokubo, Y. Koyanagi, A. Krish, V.S. Defo, B.K. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Lamichhane, P. Lang, J.J. Latifi, A. Lee, P.H. Leung, J. Lim, L.-L. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lunevicius, R. Mahesh, P.A. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Malekzadeh, R. Manda, A.-L. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Maravilla, J.C. Martinez‐raga, J. Mathur, M.R. Maulik, P.K. McGrath, J.J. Mehrotra, R. Mekonen, T. Mendoza, W. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Mitchell, P.B. Moazen, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammed, S. Mokdad, A.H. Monasta, L. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi‐lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Velásquez, I.M. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Mustafa, G. Nagel, G. Naheed, A. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nixon, M.R. Ofori‐asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Øverland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Panda‐jonas, S. Parry, C.D.H. Pati, S. Patten, S.B. Patton, G.C. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Plana‐ripoll, O. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Qorbani, M. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi‐movaghar, A. Rahimi‐movaghar, V. Rahman, M.A. Rai, R.K. Rezaeian, S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Sachdev, P.S. Safari, H. Safiri, S. Salamati, P. Salimi, Y. Salomon, J.A. Samy, A.M. Santos, I.S. Santric‐milicevic, M.M. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Satpathy, M. Sawhney, M. Schwebel, D.C. Sepanlou, S.G. Shaikh, M.A. Sharif, M. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shiue, I. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Silva, J.P. Singh, J.A. Filho, A.M.S. Sobhani, S. Stein, D.J. Stein, M.B. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Tabarés‐seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Tavakkoli, M. Tehrani‐banihashemi, A. Temsah, M.-H. Topor‐madry, R. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Ullah, I. Unutzer, J. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, C. Vlassov, V. Vos, T. Vujcic, I.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Wyper, G.M.A. Yaseri, M. Yimer, E.M. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zamani, M. Murray, C.J.L. Naghavi, M.
Abstract: Objectives To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Design Systematic analysis. Main outcome measures Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). Results The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7% (95% uncertainty interval 0.4% to 15.6%) globally over the 27 year study period to 817 000 (762 000 to 884 000) deaths in 2016. However, the age standardised mortality rate for suicide decreased by 32.7% (27.2% to 36.6%) worldwide between 1990 and 2016, similar to the decline in the global age standardised mortality rate of 30.6%. Suicide was the leading cause of age standardised years of life lost in the Global Burden of Disease region of high income Asia Pacific and was among the top 10 leading causes in eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, central Asia, Australasia, southern Latin America, and high income North America. Rates for men were higher than for women across regions, countries, and age groups, except for the 15 to 19 age group. There was variation in the female to male ratio, with higher ratios at lower levels of Socio-demographic index. Women experienced greater decreases in mortality rates (49.0%, 95% uncertainty interval 42.6% to 54.6%) than men (23.8%, 15.6% to 32.7%). Conclusions Age standardised mortality rates for suicide have greatly reduced since 1990, but suicide remains an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Suicide mortality was variable across locations, between sexes, and between age groups. Suicide prevention strategies can be targeted towards vulnerable populations if they are informed by variations in mortality rates. © Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited.
Published: 2019

18. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Author: Grosso G., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Reis C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Ricci S., Roberts N.L.S., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Roshandel G., Sabbagh P., Safari H., Safari S., Safiri S., Sahebkar A., Salehi Zahabi S., Samy A.M., Santalucia P., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Sawant A.R., Schutte A.E., Sepanlou S.G., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Sheikh A., Sheth K.N., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Shin M.-J., Shiue I., Siabani S., Sobaih B.H., Sposato L.A., Sutradhar I., Sylaja P.A., Szoeke C.E.I., Te Ao B.J., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Thrift A.G., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Truelsen T.C., Tsadik A.G., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaduganathan M., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Vasanthan R., Venketasubramanian N., Vosoughi K., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Weiderpass E., Weldegwergs K.G., Westerman R., Wolfe C.D.A., Wondafrash D.Z., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yimer E.M., Yonemoto N., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zamani M., Zarghi A., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Feigin V.L., Vos T., Murray C.J.L., Johnson C.O., Nguyen M., Roth G.A., Nichols E., Alam T., Abate D., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abraha H.N., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Adebayo O.M., Adeoye A.M., Agarwal G., Agrawal S., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Alahdab F., Ali R., Alvis-Guzman N., Anber N.H., Anjomshoa M., Arabloo J., Arauz A., Arnlov J., Arora A., Awasthi A., Banach M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Basu S., Belachew A.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Bhattacharyya K., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bin Sayeed M.S., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Chaiah Y., Chiang P.P.-C., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Chu D.-T., Cortinovis M., Damasceno A.A.M., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daryani A., Davletov K., De Courten B., De la Cruz-Gongora V., Degefa M.G., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Dubey M., Duken E.E., Edessa D., Endres M., Faraon E.J.A., Farzadfar F., Fernandes E., Fischer F., Flor L.S., Ganji M., Gebre A.K., Gebremichael T.G., Geta B., Gezae K.E., Gill P.S., Gnedovskaya E.V., Gomez-Dantes H., Goulart A.C., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamidi S., Hankey G.J., Hassen H.Y., Hay S.I., Hegazy M.I., Heidari B., Herial N.A., Hosseini M.A., Hostiuc S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jahanmehr N., Javanbakht M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kalkonde Y., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Karch A., Karimi N., Karimi-Sari H., Kasaeian A., Kassa T.D., Kazemeini H., Kefale A.T., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khubchandani J., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kivimaki M., Koyanagi A., Krishnamurthi R.K., Anil Kumar G., Lafranconi A., Lewington S., Li S., Lo W.D., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Mackay M.T., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta V., Mengistu G., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohajer B., Mohammad Y., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Mokhayeri Y., Moradi G., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mousavi S.M., Muhammed O.S.S., Muruet W., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Naik G., Nascimento B.R., Negoi R.I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen L.H., Nirayo Y.L., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Owolabi M.O., Pandian J.D., Patel S., Perico N., Piradov M.A., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Poustchi H., Prakash V., Qorbani M., Grosso G., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Reis C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Ricci S., Roberts N.L.S., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Roshandel G., Sabbagh P., Safari H., Safari S., Safiri S., Sahebkar A., Salehi Zahabi S., Samy A.M., Santalucia P., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Sawant A.R., Schutte A.E., Sepanlou S.G., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Sheikh A., Sheth K.N., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Shin M.-J., Shiue I., Siabani S., Sobaih B.H., Sposato L.A., Sutradhar I., Sylaja P.A., Szoeke C.E.I., Te Ao B.J., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Thrift A.G., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Truelsen T.C., Tsadik A.G., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaduganathan M., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Vasanthan R., Venketasubramanian N., Vosoughi K., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Weiderpass E., Weldegwergs K.G., Westerman R., Wolfe C.D.A., Wondafrash D.Z., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yimer E.M., Yonemoto N., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zamani M., Zarghi A., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Feigin V.L., Vos T., Murray C.J.L., Johnson C.O., Nguyen M., Roth G.A., Nichols E., Alam T., Abate D., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abraha H.N., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Adebayo O.M., Adeoye A.M., Agarwal G., Agrawal S., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Alahdab F., Ali R., Alvis-Guzman N., Anber N.H., Anjomshoa M., Arabloo J., Arauz A., Arnlov J., Arora A., Awasthi A., Banach M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Basu S., Belachew A.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Bhattacharyya K., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bin Sayeed M.S., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Chaiah Y., Chiang P.P.-C., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Chu D.-T., Cortinovis M., Damasceno A.A.M., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daryani A., Davletov K., De Courten B., De la Cruz-Gongora V., Degefa M.G., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Dubey M., Duken E.E., Edessa D., Endres M., Faraon E.J.A., Farzadfar F., Fernandes E., Fischer F., Flor L.S., Ganji M., Gebre A.K., Gebremichael T.G., Geta B., Gezae K.E., Gill P.S., Gnedovskaya E.V., Gomez-Dantes H., Goulart A.C., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamidi S., Hankey G.J., Hassen H.Y., Hay S.I., Hegazy M.I., Heidari B., Herial N.A., Hosseini M.A., Hostiuc S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jahanmehr N., Javanbakht M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kalkonde Y., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Karch A., Karimi N., Karimi-Sari H., Kasaeian A., Kassa T.D., Kazemeini H., Kefale A.T., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khubchandani J., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kivimaki M., Koyanagi A., Krishnamurthi R.K., Anil Kumar G., Lafranconi A., Lewington S., Li S., Lo W.D., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Mackay M.T., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta V., Mengistu G., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohajer B., Mohammad Y., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Mokhayeri Y., Moradi G., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mousavi S.M., Muhammed O.S.S., Muruet W., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Naik G., Nascimento B.R., Negoi R.I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen L.H., Nirayo Y.L., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Owolabi M.O., Pandian J.D., Patel S., Perico N., Piradov M.A., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Poustchi H., Prakash V., and Qorbani M.
Abstract: Background: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide and the economic costs of treatment and post-stroke care are substantial. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic, comparable method of quantifying health loss by disease, age, sex, year, and location to provide information to health systems and policy makers on more than 300 causes of disease and injury, including stroke. The results presented here are the estimates of burden due to overall stroke and ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke from GBD 2016. Method(s): We report estimates and corresponding uncertainty intervals (UIs), from 1990 to 2016, for incidence, prevalence, deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). DALYs were generated by summing YLLs and YLDs. Cause-specific mortality was estimated using an ensemble modelling process with vital registration and verbal autopsy data as inputs. Non-fatal estimates were generated using Bayesian meta-regression incorporating data from registries, scientific literature, administrative records, and surveys. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator generated using educational attainment, lagged distributed income, and total fertility rate, was used to group countries into quintiles. Finding(s): In 2016, there were 5.5 million (95% UI 5.3 to 5.7) deaths and 116.4 million (111.4 to 121.4) DALYs due to stroke. The global age-standardised mortality rate decreased by 36.2% (-39.3 to -33.6) from 1990 to 2016, with decreases in all SDI quintiles. Over the same period, the global age-standardised DALY rate declined by 34.2% (-37.2 to -31.5), also with decreases in all SDI quintiles. There were 13.7 million (12.7 to 14.7) new stroke cases in 2016. Global age-standardised incidence declined by 8.1% (-10.7 to -5.5) from 1990 to 2016 and decreased in all SDI quintiles except the middle SDI group. There were 80.1 million (74.1
Published: 2019

19. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: Associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Haagsma, J.A. (Juanita), James, S.L. (Spencer L.), Castle, C.D. (Chris D.), Dingels, Z.V. (Zachary V.), Fox, J.T. (Jack T.), Hamilton, E.B. (Erin B.), Liu, Z. (Zichen), Lucchesi, L.R. (Lydia R.), Roberts, N.L.S. (Nicholas L.S.), Sylte, D.O. (Dillon O.), Adebayo, O.M. (Oladimeji M.), Ahmadi, A. (Alireza), Ahmed, M.B. (Muktar Beshir), Aichour, M.T.E. (Miloud Taki Eddine), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alghnam, S.A. (Suliman A.), Aljunid, S.M. (Syed Mohamed), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alsharif, U. (Ubai), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Appiah, S.C.Y. (Seth Christopher Yaw), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Arora, A. (Amit), Asayesh, H. (Hamid), Assadi, R. (Reza), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. (Beatriz Paulina), Balalla, S. (Shivanthi), Banstola, A. (Amrit), Barker-Collo, S.L. (Suzanne Lyn), Bärnighausen, T.W. (Till Winfried), Bazargan-Hejazi, S. (Shahrzad), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Benjet, C. (Corina), Bennett, D. (Derrick), Bensenor, I.M. (Isabela M.), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Bijani, A. (Ali), Borges, G. (Guilherme), Borschmann, R. (Rohan), Bose, D. (Dipan), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brazinova, A. (Alexandra), Campuzano Rincon, J.C. (Julio Cesar), Cárdenas, R. (Rosario), Carrero, J.J. (Juan J.), Carvalho, F. (Félix), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Catalá-López, F. (Ferrán), Choi, J.-Y.J. (Jee-Young J.), Christopher, D.J. (Devasahayam J.), Crowe, C.S. (Christopher Stephen), Dalal, K. (Koustuv), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Davitoiu, D.V. (Dragos Virgil), Degenhardt, F., Leo, D. (Diego) de, De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Dessie, G.A. (Getenet Ayalew), Deveber, G.A. (Gabrielle Aline), Dharmaratne, S.D. (Samath D), Doan, L.P. (Linh Phuong), Dolan, K.A. (Kate A.), Driscoll, T.R. (Tim Robert), Dubey, M. (Manisha), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Ellingsen, C.L. (Christian Lycke), El Sayed Zaki, M. (Maysaa), Endries, A.Y. (Aman Yesuf), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Franklin, R. (Richard), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Gill, T.K. (Tiffany K.), Goulart, A.C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Haghparast Bidgoli, H. (Hassan), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R.R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Haro, J.M. (Josep Maria), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H.Y. (Hamid Yimam), Havmoeller, R. (Rasmus), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Hijar, M. (Martha), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Homaie Rad, E. (Enayatollah), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Igumbor, E.U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O.S. (Olayinka Stephen), Irvani, S.S.N. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R.Q. (Rebecca Q.), Jacobsen, K.H. (Kathryn H), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jayatilleke, A.U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B., Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. (Zahra), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Jürisson, M. (Mikk), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kalani, R. (Rizwan), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kelbore, A.G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A.P. (Andre Pascal), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M.A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khoja, A.T. (Abdullah T.), Kiadaliri, A.A. (Aliasghar A.), Kim, Y.-E. (Young-Eun), Kim, D. (Daniel), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kuate Defo, B. (Barthelemy), Kucuk Bicer, B. (Burcu), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lalloo, R. (Ratilal), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V.C. (Van C.), Leasher, J.L. (Janet L.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lunevicius, R. (Raimundas), MacHado, F.R. (Flavia R.), Magdy Abd El Razek, H. (Hassan), Magdy Abd El Razek, M. (Muhammed), Mahotra, N.B. (Narayan Bahadur), Majdan, M. (Marek), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malik, M.A. (Manzoor Ahmad), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Manda, A.-L. (Ana-Laura), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Maulik, P.K. (Pallab K.), Meheretu, H.A.A. (Hailemariam Abiy Alemu), Mehndiratta, M.M. (Man Mohan), Melese, A. (Addisu), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mengesha, M.M. (Melkamu Merid), Meretoja, T.J. (Tuomo J.), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N. (Naser), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Mondello, S. (Stefania), Montero-Zamora, P.A. (Pablo A.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moosazadeh, M. (Mahmood), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Morawska, L. (Lidia), Velásquez, I.M. (Ilais Moreno), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Moschos, M.M. (Marilita M.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Murthy, S. (Srinivas), Musa, K.I. (Kamarul Imran), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nascimento, J., Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Nguyen, T.H. (Trang Huyen), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Ningrum, D.N.A. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nirayo, Y.L. (Yirga Legesse), Ofori-Asenso, R. (Richard), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Oladimeji, O. (Olanrewaju), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T.O. (Tinuke O.), Olivares, P.R. (Pedro), Orpana, H.M. (Heather M.), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), Mahesh, P.A. (P. A.), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Phillips, M.R. (Michael R.), Polinder, S. (Suzanne), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafay, A. (Anwar), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M.A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Ramezanzadeh, K. (Kiana), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M.N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Rezaeian, S. (Shahab), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roshandel, G. (Gholamreza), Sabde, Y.D. (Yogesh Damodar), Saddik, B. (Basema), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salz, I. (Inbal), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Sanchez Riera, L. (Lidia), Santric Milicevic, M.M. (Milena M.), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sawyer, S.M. (Susan M.), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Saylan, M. (Mete), Schneider, I.J.C. (Ione J.C.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Seedat, S. (Soraya), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Sharif-Alhoseini, M. (Mahdi), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shen, J. (Jiabin), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shiue, I. (Ivy), Silva, J.P. (Joaõ Pedro), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soares Filho, A.M. (Adauto Martins), Soriano, J.B. (Joan B.), Soshnikov, S. (Sergey), Soyiri, I.N. (Ireneous N.), Starodubov, V.I. (Vladimir I.), Stein, D.J. (Dan J.), Stokes, M.A. (Mark A.), Sufiyan, M.B. (Mu'Awiyyah Babale), Sunshine, J.E. (Jacob E.), Sykes, B.L. (Bryan L.), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabb, K.M. (Karen M), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tessema, G.A. (Gizachew Assefa), Thakur, J.S. (Jarnail Singh), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tudor Car, L. (Lorainne), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B.S.C. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Varavikova, E. (Elena), Vasconcelos, A.M.N. (Ana Maria Nogales), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V.V. (Vasiliy Victorovich), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Winkler, A.S. (Andrea Sylvia), Yadav, P. (Priyanka), Yano, Y. (Yuichiro), Yenesew, M.A. (Muluken Azage), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zafar, S. (Shamsa), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhao, Y. (Yong), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Lopez, A.D. (Alan D), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Vos, T. (Theo), Haagsma, J.A. (Juanita), James, S.L. (Spencer L.), Castle, C.D. (Chris D.), Dingels, Z.V. (Zachary V.), Fox, J.T. (Jack T.), Hamilton, E.B. (Erin B.), Liu, Z. (Zichen), Lucchesi, L.R. (Lydia R.), Roberts, N.L.S. (Nicholas L.S.), Sylte, D.O. (Dillon O.), Adebayo, O.M. (Oladimeji M.), Ahmadi, A. (Alireza), Ahmed, M.B. (Muktar Beshir), Aichour, M.T.E. (Miloud Taki Eddine), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alghnam, S.A. (Suliman A.), Aljunid, S.M. (Syed Mohamed), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alsharif, U. (Ubai), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Appiah, S.C.Y. (Seth Christopher Yaw), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Arora, A. (Amit), Asayesh, H. (Hamid), Assadi, R. (Reza), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. (Beatriz Paulina), Balalla, S. (Shivanthi), Banstola, A. (Amrit), Barker-Collo, S.L. (Suzanne Lyn), Bärnighausen, T.W. (Till Winfried), Bazargan-Hejazi, S. (Shahrzad), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Benjet, C. (Corina), Bennett, D. (Derrick), Bensenor, I.M. (Isabela M.), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Bijani, A. (Ali), Borges, G. (Guilherme), Borschmann, R. (Rohan), Bose, D. (Dipan), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brazinova, A. (Alexandra), Campuzano Rincon, J.C. (Julio Cesar), Cárdenas, R. (Rosario), Carrero, J.J. (Juan J.), Carvalho, F. (Félix), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Catalá-López, F. (Ferrán), Choi, J.-Y.J. (Jee-Young J.), Christopher, D.J. (Devasahayam J.), Crowe, C.S. (Christopher Stephen), Dalal, K. (Koustuv), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Davitoiu, D.V. (Dragos Virgil), Degenhardt, F., Leo, D. (Diego) de, De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Dessie, G.A. (Getenet Ayalew), Deveber, G.A. (Gabrielle Aline), Dharmaratne, S.D. (Samath D), Doan, L.P. (Linh Phuong), Dolan, K.A. (Kate A.), Driscoll, T.R. (Tim Robert), Dubey, M. (Manisha), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Ellingsen, C.L. (Christian Lycke), El Sayed Zaki, M. (Maysaa), Endries, A.Y. (Aman Yesuf), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Franklin, R. (Richard), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Gill, T.K. (Tiffany K.), Goulart, A.C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Haghparast Bidgoli, H. (Hassan), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R.R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Haro, J.M. (Josep Maria), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H.Y. (Hamid Yimam), Havmoeller, R. (Rasmus), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Hijar, M. (Martha), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Homaie Rad, E. (Enayatollah), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Igumbor, E.U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O.S. (Olayinka Stephen), Irvani, S.S.N. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R.Q. (Rebecca Q.), Jacobsen, K.H. (Kathryn H), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jayatilleke, A.U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B., Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. (Zahra), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Jürisson, M. (Mikk), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kalani, R. (Rizwan), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kelbore, A.G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A.P. (Andre Pascal), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M.A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khoja, A.T. (Abdullah T.), Kiadaliri, A.A. (Aliasghar A.), Kim, Y.-E. (Young-Eun), Kim, D. (Daniel), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kuate Defo, B. (Barthelemy), Kucuk Bicer, B. (Burcu), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lalloo, R. (Ratilal), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V.C. (Van C.), Leasher, J.L. (Janet L.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lunevicius, R. (Raimundas), MacHado, F.R. (Flavia R.), Magdy Abd El Razek, H. (Hassan), Magdy Abd El Razek, M. (Muhammed), Mahotra, N.B. (Narayan Bahadur), Majdan, M. (Marek), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malik, M.A. (Manzoor Ahmad), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Manda, A.-L. (Ana-Laura), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Maulik, P.K. (Pallab K.), Meheretu, H.A.A. (Hailemariam Abiy Alemu), Mehndiratta, M.M. (Man Mohan), Melese, A. (Addisu), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mengesha, M.M. (Melkamu Merid), Meretoja, T.J. (Tuomo J.), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N. (Naser), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Mondello, S. (Stefania), Montero-Zamora, P.A. (Pablo A.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moosazadeh, M. (Mahmood), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Morawska, L. (Lidia), Velásquez, I.M. (Ilais Moreno), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Moschos, M.M. (Marilita M.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Murthy, S. (Srinivas), Musa, K.I. (Kamarul Imran), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nascimento, J., Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Nguyen, T.H. (Trang Huyen), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Ningrum, D.N.A. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nirayo, Y.L. (Yirga Legesse), Ofori-Asenso, R. (Richard), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Oladimeji, O. (Olanrewaju), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T.O. (Tinuke O.), Olivares, P.R. (Pedro), Orpana, H.M. (Heather M.), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), Mahesh, P.A. (P. A.), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Phillips, M.R. (Michael R.), Polinder, S. (Suzanne), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafay, A. (Anwar), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M.A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Ramezanzadeh, K. (Kiana), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M.N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Rezaeian, S. (Shahab), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roshandel, G. (Gholamreza), Sabde, Y.D. (Yogesh Damodar), Saddik, B. (Basema), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salz, I. (Inbal), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Sanchez Riera, L. (Lidia), Santric Milicevic, M.M. (Milena M.), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sawyer, S.M. (Susan M.), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Saylan, M. (Mete), Schneider, I.J.C. (Ione J.C.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Seedat, S. (Soraya), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Sharif-Alhoseini, M. (Mahdi), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shen, J. (Jiabin), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shiue, I. (Ivy), Silva, J.P. (Joaõ Pedro), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soares Filho, A.M. (Adauto Martins), Soriano, J.B. (Joan B.), Soshnikov, S. (Sergey), Soyiri, I.N. (Ireneous N.), Starodubov, V.I. (Vladimir I.), Stein, D.J. (Dan J.), Stokes, M.A. (Mark A.), Sufiyan, M.B. (Mu'Awiyyah Babale), Sunshine, J.E. (Jacob E.), Sykes, B.L. (Bryan L.), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabb, K.M. (Karen M), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tessema, G.A. (Gizachew Assefa), Thakur, J.S. (Jarnail Singh), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tudor Car, L. (Lorainne), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B.S.C. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Varavikova, E. (Elena), Vasconcelos, A.M.N. (Ana Maria Nogales), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V.V. (Vasiliy Victorovich), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Winkler, A.S. (Andrea Sylvia), Yadav, P. (Priyanka), Yano, Y. (Yuichiro), Yenesew, M.A. (Muluken Azage), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zafar, S. (Shamsa), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhao, Y. (Yong), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Lopez, A.D. (Alan D), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), and Vos, T. (Theo)
Abstract: Background: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.
Published: 2019
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20. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050

Author: Chang, A.Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A.E., Chapin, A., Chen, C.S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., Zhao, Y., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Ahmed, A.E, Alam, K., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almalki, M.J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ammar, W., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Belay, Y.B., Belay, Y.A., Belete, H., Berbada, D.A., Berman, A.E., Beuran, M., Bijani, A., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.A., Catalá-López, F., Chauhan, B.G., Constantin, M-M, Crowe, C.S., Cucu, A., Dalal, K., De Neve, J-W, Deiparine, S., Demeke, F.M., Do, H.P., Dubey, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeili, R., Fakhar, M., Fazaeli, A.A., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Galan, A., Gamkrelidze, A., Gezae, K.E., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Goginashvili, K., Haakenstad, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hassen, H.Y., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hoang, C.L., Hole, M.K., Homaie Rad, E., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., James, S.L., Jonas, J.B., Jürisson, M., Kadel, R., Karami Matin, B., Kasaeian, A., Kasaye, H.K., Kassaw, M.W., Kazemi Karyani, A., Khabiri, R., Khan, J., Khan, M.N., Khang, Y-H, Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kohler, S., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K.J., Leung, R., Lim, L-L, Lorkowski, S., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansourian, M., Mantovani, L.G., Massenburg, B.B., McKee, M., Mehta, V., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mousavi, S.M., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Nangia, V., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nguyen, S.H., Nosratnejad, S., Oladimeji, O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Pana, A., Pereira, D.M., Piroozi, B., Prada, S.I., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranta, A., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rezaei, S., Roro, E.M., Rostami, A., Rubino, S., Salahshoor, M., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Sepanlou, S.G., Sepehrimanesh, M., Sheikh, A., Shrime, M.G, Sisay, S., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Srinivasan, V., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Torre, A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tran, K.B., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vargas, V., Veisani, Y., Violante, F.S., Vladimirov, S.K., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Vu, G.T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yousefifard, M., Zaman, S.B., Zangeneh, A., Zegeye, El.A., Ziapour, A., Chew, A., Murray, C.J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Chang, A.Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A.E., Chapin, A., Chen, C.S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., Zhao, Y., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Ahmed, A.E, Alam, K., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almalki, M.J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ammar, W., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Belay, Y.B., Belay, Y.A., Belete, H., Berbada, D.A., Berman, A.E., Beuran, M., Bijani, A., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.A., Catalá-López, F., Chauhan, B.G., Constantin, M-M, Crowe, C.S., Cucu, A., Dalal, K., De Neve, J-W, Deiparine, S., Demeke, F.M., Do, H.P., Dubey, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeili, R., Fakhar, M., Fazaeli, A.A., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Galan, A., Gamkrelidze, A., Gezae, K.E., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Goginashvili, K., Haakenstad, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hassen, H.Y., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hoang, C.L., Hole, M.K., Homaie Rad, E., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., James, S.L., Jonas, J.B., Jürisson, M., Kadel, R., Karami Matin, B., Kasaeian, A., Kasaye, H.K., Kassaw, M.W., Kazemi Karyani, A., Khabiri, R., Khan, J., Khan, M.N., Khang, Y-H, Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kohler, S., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K.J., Leung, R., Lim, L-L, Lorkowski, S., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansourian, M., Mantovani, L.G., Massenburg, B.B., McKee, M., Mehta, V., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mousavi, S.M., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Nangia, V., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nguyen, S.H., Nosratnejad, S., Oladimeji, O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Pana, A., Pereira, D.M., Piroozi, B., Prada, S.I., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranta, A., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rezaei, S., Roro, E.M., Rostami, A., Rubino, S., Salahshoor, M., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Sepanlou, S.G., Sepehrimanesh, M., Sheikh, A., Shrime, M.G, Sisay, S., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Srinivasan, V., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Torre, A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tran, K.B., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vargas, V., Veisani, Y., Violante, F.S., Vladimirov, S.K., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Vu, G.T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yousefifard, M., Zaman, S.B., Zangeneh, A., Zegeye, El.A., Ziapour, A., Chew, A., Murray, C.J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.
Abstract: Background Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories—government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending—and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resour
Published: 2019

21. Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))

Author: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators Roth, G.A. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Aremu, O. Arnlov, J. Arora, A. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Bacha, U. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Banach, M. Banerjee, K. Bannick, M.S. Banoub, J.A.M. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Barnighausen, T.W. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Bassat, Q. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bejot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Blacker, B.F. Basara, B.B. Borschmann, R. Bosetti, C. Bozorgmehr, K. Brady, O.J. Brant, L.C. Brayne, C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Callender, C.S.K.H. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cano, J. Car, M. Cardenas, R. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carter, A. Carvalho, F. Castaneda-Orjuela, C.A. Castillo Rivas, J. Castle, C.D. Castro, C. Castro, F. Catala-Lopez, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chang, J.-C. Charlson, F.J. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chimed-Ochir, O. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Cohen, A.J. Cooper, L.T. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Cousin, E. Cowie, B.C. Criqui, M.H. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Crump, J.A. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dadi, A.F. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dang, A.K. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das, S.K. Gupta, R.D. Neves, J.D. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis, A.C. Davis Weaver, N. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. De La Hoz, F.P. De Neve, J.-W. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B.B. Denova-Gutierrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dicker, D. Dinberu, M.T. Ding, E.L. Dirac, M.A. Djalalinia, S. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Donnelly, C.A. Dorsey, E.R. Doshi, P.P. Douwes-Schultz, D. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimi, H. Ebrahimpour, S. Edessa, D. Edvardsson, D. Eggen, A.E. El Bcheraoui, C. El Sayed Zaki, M. El-Khatib, Z. Elkout, H. Ellingsen, C.L. Endres, M. Endries, A.Y. Er, B. Erskine, H.E. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esmaeili, R. Esteghamati, A. Fakhar, M. Fakhim, H. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farinha, C.S.E. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Ferrari, A.J. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Fischer, F. Fitzmaurice, C. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fornari, C. Frank, T.D. Fukumoto, T. Fuller, J.E. Fullman, N. Furst, T. Furtado, J.M. Futran, N.D. Gallus, S. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gardner, W.M. Gebre, A.K. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gebremichael, B. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelano, T.F. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Geramo, Y.C.D. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghasemi Falavarjani, K. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghimire, M. Gibney, K.B. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Gillum, R.F. Ginawi, I.A. Giroud, M. Giussani, G. Goenka, S. Goldberg, E.M. Goli, S. Gomez-Dantes, H. Gona, P.N. Gopalani, S.V. Gorman, T.M. Goto, A. Goulart, A.C. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Gutierrez, R.A. Gyawali, B. Haagsma, J.A. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Hagos, T.B. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, R.J. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, M. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, F. Heydarpour, P. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Hoek, H.W. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Husseini, A. Hussen, M.M. Hutfless, S. Idrisov, B. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Irvine, C.M.S. Islam, N. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Jalu, M.T. James, S.L. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jenkins, K.J. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Johnson, C.O. Johnson, S.C. Jonas, J.B. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jurisson, M. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi-Sari, H. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassebaum, N.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kazemi, Z. Kazemi Karyani, A. Kazi, D.S. Kefale, A.T. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kesavachandran, C.N. Khader, Y.S. Khafaei, B. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khater, M.M. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kibret, G.D. Kidanemariam, Z.T. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, D. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kivimaki, M. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kocarnik, J.M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kutz, M.J. Kuzin, I. Kyu, H.H. Lad, D.P. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lallukka, T. Lam, J.O. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Latifi, A. Lau, K.M.-M. Lazarus, J.V. Lebedev, G. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leili, M. Leshargie, C.T. Li, S. Li, Y. Liang, J. Lim, L.-L. Lim, S.S. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Lonsdale, C. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lunevicius, R. Ma, S. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. MacLachlan, J.H. Maddison, E.R. Madotto, F. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Maghavani, D.P. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Manda, A.-L. Mandarano-Filho, L.G. Manguerra, H. Mansournia, M.A. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marczak, L. Marks, A. Marks, G.B. Martinez, G. Martins-Melo, F.R. Martopullo, I. Marz, W. Marzan, M.B. Masci, J.R. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Mathur, P. Matzopoulos, R. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. McMahon, B.J. Mehata, S. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonnen, T.C. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Mini, G.K. Mirabi, P. Mirarefin, M. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitiku, H. Moazen, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mohan, V. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Velasquez, I.M. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Mumford, J.E. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Nair, S. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Natarajan, G. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, T.H. Nichols, E. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Shiadeh, M.N. Nowroozi, M.R. 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Abstract: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Published: 2018

22. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Dicker, D. Nguyen, G. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abdurahman, A.A. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.L.C.B. Ahmed, S. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. 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Horino, M. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, S. Hostiuc, M. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsairi, M. Htet, A.S. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Husseini, A. Hussen, M.M. Hutfless, S. Iburg, K.M. Igumbor, E.U. Ikeda, C.T. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Isehunwa, O.O. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, R. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. James, S.L. Javanbakht, M. Jayaraman, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jee, S.H. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Johnson, S.C. Jonas, J.B. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. JÃ¼risson, M. Madhanraj, K. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kahssay, M. Kalani, R. Kapil, U. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi, N. Karimi, S.M. Karimi-Sari, H. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kassebaum, N.J. Katibeh, M. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemeini, H. Kazemi, Z. Kazemi Karyani, A. Prakash, K.C. Kebede, S. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kereselidze, M. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, G. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kibret, G.D.D. Kim, C.-I. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kissoon, N. KivimÃ¤ki, M. Kleber, M.E. Knibbs, L.D. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krishnaswami, S. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kudom, A.A. Kuipers, E.J. Kulikoff, X.R. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kumsa, F.A. Kutz, M.J. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lan, Q. Langan, S.M. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Lavados, P.M. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Lebedev, G. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Leta, S. Levi, M. Li, S. Li, Y. Li, X. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Lim, S.S. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Logroscino, G. Lonsdale, C. Lorch, S.A. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lucas, T.C.D. Lunevicius, R. Lyons, R.A. Ma, S. Mabika, C. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Maddison, E.R. Maddison, R. Madotto, F. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Maghavani, D.P. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manamo, W.A. Manda, A.-L. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marina, S. Martinez-Raga, J. Martins, S.C.O. Martins-Melo, F.R. MÃ¤rz, W. Marzan, M.B. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Masiye, F. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. Mehata, S. Mehendale, S.M. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonen, T. Mekonnen, T.C. Meles, H.G. Meles, K.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miangotar, Y. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Moazen, B. Moges, N.A. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, M.A. Mohan, V. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Moreno VelÃ¡squez, I. Morgado-Da-costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Mullany, E.C. Muller, K. Murhekar, M. Murphy, T.B. Murthy, G.V.S. Murthy, S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Nair, S. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Ncama, B.P. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, T.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, S.K. Opio, J.N. Oren, E. Ortiz, J.R. Ortiz, A. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Ã˜verland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Oyekale, A.S. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandey, A.R. Pandian, J.D. Parisi, A. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Patle, A. Patten, S.B. Patton, G.C. Paudel, D. Pearce, N. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, A. Pereira, D.M. Perez, K.M. Perico, N. Pervaiz, A. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Pishgar, F. Plass, D. Polinder, S. Pond, C.D. Popova, S. Postma, M.J. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, V. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Qorbani, M. Quistberg, D.A. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Ur Rahman, S. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Raju, S.B. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Ranta, A. Rasella, D. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Ray, S.E. Razo-GarcÃa, C. Rego, M.A.S. Rehm, J. Reiner, R.C. Reinig, N. Reis, C. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Riojas, H. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Robinson, S.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Roshchin, D.O. Rostami, A. Rothenbacher, D. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Saadat, S. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salahshoor, M. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saldanha, R.F. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-NiÃ±o, M.D. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Sayyah, M. Scaria, V. Schaeffner, E. Schelonka, K. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. SchÃ¶ttker, B. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. ServÃ¡n-Mori, E. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Sheth, K.N. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shifa, G.T. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shrime, M.G. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silpakit, N. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, V. Sinha, A.P. Sinha, D.N. Sitas, F. Skirbekk, V. Sliwa, K. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Srivastava, R.K. Starodubov, V.I. Stathopoulou, V. Steel, N. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Stewart, L.G. Stokes, M.A. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Takahashi, K. Tandon, N. Tassew, A.A. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Tawye, N.Y. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Teshale, M.Y. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thakur, J.S. Thankappan, K.R. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, L.A. Thomas, N. Thrift, A.G. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tobe-Gai, R. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Topouzis, F. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-GirbÃ©s, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tripathi, S. Tripathy, S.P. Truelsen, T.C. Truong, N.T. Tsadik, A.G. Tsilimparis, N. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Tyrovolas, S. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Uzun, S.B. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Vaidya, G. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Vidavalur, R. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagner, G.R. Wagnew, F.W.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wassie, M.M. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weiss, J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wondemagegn, S.A. Wu, S. Wyper, G.M.A. Xu, G. Yadav, R. Yakob, B. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yearwood, J.A. YentÃ¼r, G.K. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. York, H.W. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zachariah, G. Zadnik, V. Zafar, S. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeeb, H. Zeleke, M.M. Zenebe, Z.M. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, K. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J.J. Lopez, A.D. Gakidou, E. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. © 2018 The Author(s).
Published: 2018

23. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Lozano, R. Fullman, N. Abate, D. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, N.D. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. Abyu, G.Y. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aghayan, S.A. Agius, D. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Akalu, T.Y. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alam, T. Albujeer, A. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Alhabib, S. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Almasi, A. Al-Maskari, F. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Amenu, K. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansariadi, A. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, M. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Asghar, R.J. Assadi, R. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayele, H.T. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azarpazhooh, M.R. Azzopardi, P.S. Azzopardi-Muscat, N. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banerjee, A. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Barthelemy, C.M. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Basu, S. Battista, R.J. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Benzian, H. Berhane, A. Berhe, A.K. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhalla, A. Bhansali, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Sayeed, M.S.B. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bitew, H. Bizuneh, H. Bjertness, E. Bobasa, E.M. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Bozorgmehr, K. Bragazzi, N.L. Brainin, M. Brant, L.C. Brauer, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Bukhman, G. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Rincon, J.C.C. Cano, J. Car, J. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carter, A. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Rivas, J.C. Castro, F. Causey, K. Çavlin, A. Cercy, K.M. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chalek, J. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chattopadhyay, A. Chattu, V.K. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chin, K.L. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Claro, R.M. Claßen, T.K.D. Cohen, A.J. Collado-Mateo, D. Cooper, C. Cooper, L.T. Cornaby, L. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cousin, E. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dadi, A.F. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dang, A.K. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das, S.K. Das Gupta, R. Das Neves, J. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis, A.C. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. Dayama, A. De Courten, B. De Leo, D. Neve, J.W.D. De Steur, H. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Dellavalle, R.P. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Dessie, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Dicker, D. Dinberu, M.T. Ding, E.L. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Douwes-Schultz, D. Driscoll, T.R. Duan, L. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimpour, S. Edvardsson, D. El Bcheraoui, C. Eldrenkamp, E. El-Khatib, Z. Elyazar, I.R.F. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Estep, K. Fakhar, M. Fakhim, H. Fanzo, J. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farid, T.A. Farinha, C.S.E.S. Farioli, A. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Farzam, H. Fazaeli, A.A. Fazeli, M.S. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Fekadu, W. Feldman, R. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Feyissa, G.T. Fijabi, D.O. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Finger, J.D. Fischer, F. Fitzmaurice, C. Flor, L.S. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Frank, T.D. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Fukutaki, K. Fuller, J.E. Fürst, T. Furtado, J.M. Gakidou, E. Gallus, S. Gankpe, F.G. Gansevoort, R.T. Garcia, A.C. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gardner, W.M. Gebre, A.K. Gebre, T. Gebregergs, G.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gebremichael, B. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelano, T.F. Geleijnse, J.M. Geramo, Y.C.D. Getachew, S. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghadiri, K. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghiasvand, H. Ghimire, M. Ghoshal, A.G. Giampaoli, S. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goldberg, E.M. Goli, S. Gona, P.N. Goodridge, A. Gopalani, S.V. Gorman, T.M. Goto, A. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Griswold, M.G. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C.C. Guillemin, F. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Ha, G.H. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Bidgoli, H.H. Hagos, T.B. Haile, M.T. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Hankey, G.J. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haririan, H. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hawley, C.N. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, B. Heidari, M. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Heredia-Pi, I. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, B. Heydarpour, F. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Híjar, M. Hoek, H.W. Hoffman, D.J. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Horita, N. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsairi, M. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Hughes, C. Huynh, C.K. Igumbor, E.U. Ikeda, C.T. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Irvine, C.M.S. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Ivers, R.Q. Izadi, N. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Jalu, M.T. Jamal, A.A. James, S.L. Jassal, S.K. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Johnson, C.O. Johnson, S.C. Jonas, J.B. Jonnagaddala, J. Shushtari, Z.J. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Madhanraj, K. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kahssay, M. Kalani, R. Kapil, U. Karami, M. Matin, B.K. Karanikolos, M. Karimi, N. Karimi, S.M. Karimi-Sari, H. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kassebaum, N.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemi, Z. Karyani, A.K. Kazi, D.S. Prakash, K.C. Kebede, S. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemmer, L. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kesavachandran, C.N. Khader, Y.S. Khafaei, B. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaeipour, Z. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kiarie, H.W. Kibret, G.D. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kissoon, N. Kivimäki, M. Kocarnik, J.M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krohn, K.J. Defo, B.K. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kudom, A.A. Kulikoff, X.R. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kutz, M.J. Kyu, H.H. Lachat, C. Lad, D.P. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lagat, A.K. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lamichhane, P. Lan, Q. Lang, J.J. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Larsson, A.O. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Lau, K.M.-M. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Leasher, J.L. Lebedev, G. Ledesma, J.R. Lee, J.B. Lee, P.H. Leever, A.T. Leigh, J. Leinsalu, M. Leshargie, C.T. Leung, J. Lewycka, S. Li, S. Li, X. Li, Y. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Logroscino, G. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lucchesi, L.R. Lyons, R.A. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Maddison, E.R. Madotto, F. Maghavani, D.P. Magis-Rodriguez, C. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manda, A.-L. Mandarano-Filho, L.G. Mangalam, S. Manguerra, H. Mansournia, M.A. Mapoma, C.C. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marks, A. Martin, R.V. Martins, S.C.O. Martins-Melo, F.R. Martopullo, I. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. McMahon, B.J. Mehata, S. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mejia-Rodriguez, F. Mekonen, T. Mekonnen, T.C.C. Meles, H.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mensink, G.B.M. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Milne, G.J. Mini, G.K. Minnig, S.P. Mirabi, P. Mirarefin, M. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitchell, P.B. Moazen, B. Moghadamnia, A.A. Mohajer, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mohan, M.B.V. Mohan, V. Mohebi, F. Moitra, M. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Montañez, J.C. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Morgado-da-Costa, J. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mountjoy-Venning, W.C. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Mullany, E.C. Muller, K. Mumford, J.E. Murhekar, M. Murthy, G.V.S. Murthy, S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nabhan, A.F. Nachega, J.B. Nagarajan, A.J. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naidoo, K. Naik, G. Naik, N. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, M. Nichols, E. Nigatu, S.G. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, M. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Shiadeh, M.N. Nowroozi, M.R. Nyasulu, P.S. Obermeyer, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, K.E. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olsen, H.E. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, K.L. Ong, S.K. Oommen, A.M. Opio, J.N. Oren, E. Oros, A. Ortega-Altamirano, D.D.V. Ortiz, A. Ortiz, J.R. Ortiz-Panozo, E. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Owolabi, M.O. Mahesh, P.A. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pan, W.-H. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandian, J.D. Papantoniou, N. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paudel, D. Paulson, K.R. Pearce, N. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pervaiz, A. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Pletcher, M. Pond, C.D. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Pyakurel, M. Qorbani, M. Quansah, R. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.S. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, S.U. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Ram, U. Rana, S.M. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rasella, D. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Razo-García, C. Reddy, K.S. Reiner, R.C. Reis, C. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Reynales-Shigematsu, L.M. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Roberts, N.L.S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Roth, G.A. Roy, A. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. De Freitas Saldanha, R. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Santos, I.S. Milicevic, M.M.S. Jose, B.P.S. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Saylan, M. Sayyah, M. Schaeffner, E. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Seedat, S. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M.B. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. Sharma, S.K. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shey, M.S. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shields, C. Shifa, G.T. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shirude, S. Shishani, K. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shoman, H. Shrime, M.G. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Sibai, A.M. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Silpakit, N. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Da Silva, N.T. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, O.P. Singh, P.K. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Sliwa, K. Smith, A.E. Smith, M. Filho, A.M.S. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soljak, M. Soofi, M. Soosaraei, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soriano, J.B. Soshnikov, S. Soyiri, I.N. Spinelli, A. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, R.G. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Starodubov, V.I. Stathopoulou, V. Steckling, N. Stein, D.J. Stewart, L.G. Stockfelt, L. Stokes, M.A. Straif, K. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. 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Vujcic, I.S. Wagner, G.R. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wassie, M.M. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Werkneh, A.A. West, T.E. Westerman, R. Whisnant, J.L. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Wilner, L.B. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolde, H.F. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wu, S. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Xu, R. Yadollahpour, A. Jabbari, S.H.Y. Yakob, B. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yearwood, J.A. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yirsaw, B.D. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yonga, G. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zavala-Arciniega, L. Zegeye, D.T. Zegeye, E.A. Zeleke, A.J. Zendehdel, K. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, A.L. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Zoeckler, L. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J.J. Lim, S.S. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2018

24. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Murray, C.J.L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Kulikoff, X.R. Srinivasan, V. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdoli, N. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Abejie, A.N. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abreu, D.M.X. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Almasi, A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Arian, N. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Assadi, R. Atey, T.M.M. Atique, S. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basaleem, H. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, E. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Biswas, T. Bizuneh, H. Bleyer, A. Basara, B.B. Bosetti, C. Boufous, S. Brady, O.J. Bragazzi, N.L. Brainin, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Brewer, J.D. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Burstein, R. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cano, J. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Rivas, J.C. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Çavlin, A. Cerin, E. Chalek, J. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chattopadhyay, A. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chin, K.L. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christopher, D.J. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Claro, R.M. Collado-Mateo, D. Constantin, M.-M. Conti, S. Cooper, C. Cooper, L.T. Cornaby, L. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Cukelj, P. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dachew, B.A. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Gupta, R.D. Neves, J.D. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis Weaver, N. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. De Leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Dicker, D. Ding, E.L. Dinsa, G.D. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Dolan, K.A. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimpour, S. Edvardsson, D. El Bcheraoui, C. El-Khatib, Z. Elyazar, I.R. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Ermakov, S.P. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esmaeili, R. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Estep, K. Fakhim, H. Farag, T. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. SáFarinha, C.S.E. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Fay, K.A. Fazeli, M.S. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Feizy, F. Fenny, A.P. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Fischer, F. Flor, L.S. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fornari, C. Fürst, T. Fukumoto, T. Fuller, J.E. Fullman, N. Gakidou, E. Gallus, S. Gamkrelidze, A. Ganji, M. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia, G.M. Garcia-Gordillo, M.Á. Gebre, A.K. Gebre, T. Gebregergs, G.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gelano, T.F. Gelaw, Y.A. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Gething, P. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghadiri, K. Falavarjani, K.G. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghiasvand, H. Ghimire, M. Ghoshal, A.G. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goli, S. Gomez, R.S. Gómez-Dantés, H. Gona, P.N. Goodridge, A. Gopalani, S.V. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C.C. Guo, J. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Hagos, T.B. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Hao, Y. Harb, H.L. Haririan, H. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, B. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, F. Hibstu, D.T. Hole, M.K. Rad, E.H. Hoogar, P. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseini Chavoshi, M.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hsairi, M. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Iburg, K.M. Igumbor, E.U. Ikeda, C.T. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irenso, A.A. Irvani, S.S.N. Isehunwa, O.O. Islam, S.M.S. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Jalu, M.T. James, S.L. Jassal, S.K. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Jonas, J.B. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Kapil, U. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi, S.M. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kassebaum, N.J. Kastor, A. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemi Karyani, A. Kebede, S. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kereselidze, M. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaeipour, Z. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Kibret, G.D. Kidanemariam, Z.T. Kiirithio, D.N. Kilgore, P.E. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kivimäki, M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Krishan, K. Krishnaswami, S. Krohn, K.J. Defo, B.K. Bicer, B.K. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kumsa, F.A. Kutz, M.J. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lang, J.J. Lansky, S. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Lee, J.B. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Leta, S. Levi, M. Li, S. Li, X. Li, Y. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lunevicius, R. Mabika, C.M. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Madotto, F. Mahmood, T.A.E. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Mamun, A.A. Manamo, W.A. Manda, A.-L. Mangalam, S. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marina, S. Martins-Melo, F.R. März, W. Marzan, M.B. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Masiye, F. Mason-Jones, A.J. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McGrath, J.J. Mehata, S. Mehendale, S.M. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehrzadi, S. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonnen, T.C. Meles, H.G. Meles, K.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengesha, M.M. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miangotar, Y. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Mini, G.K. Mirabi, P. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Moazen, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mokdad, A.H. Mola, G.D. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Montañez, J.C. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Mori, R. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Murphy, T.B. Muller, K. Murthy, G.V.S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Naik, P. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Ncama, B.P. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, T.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nomura, S. Noroozi, M. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nyandwi, A. Nyasulu, P.S. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, S.K. Ortiz, A. Osgood-Zimmerman, A. Ota, E. Otieno, B.A. Otstavnov, S.S. Owolabi, M.O. Oyekale, A.S. Mahesh, P.A. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandey, A.R. Park, E.-K. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Patil, S.T. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paudel, D. Pedroso, M.M. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Pierce, M. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Polanczyk, G.V. Postma, M.J. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Purwar, M.B. Qorbani, M. Quansah, R. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.S. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Ur Rahman, S. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Ray, S.E. Razo-García, C. Reiner, R.C. Reis, C. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Roberts, N.L.S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Moghaddam, S.S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salahshoor, M. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saldanha, R.D.F. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Santos, I.S. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarmiento-Suárez, R. Saroshe, S. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Schaeffner, E. Schelonka, K. Schneider, I.J.C. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Seedat, S. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. 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Tsegay, A. Tsilimparis, N. Car, L.T. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Uzun, S.B. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Vaidya, G. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wu, S. Wyper, G.M.A. Xu, G. Yamada, T. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yentür, G.K. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeleke, M.M. Zenebe, Z.M. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, X. Zhao, X.-J. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Zoeckler, L. Lopez, A.D. Lim, S.S. GBD 2017 Population Fertility Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2018

25. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Kyu, H.H. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Amiresmaili, M. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. 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Skirbekk, V. Sliwa, K. Smith, D.L. Smith, M. Filho, A.M.S. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Starodubov, V.I. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Steiner, T.J. Stokes, M.A. Stovner, L.J. Subart, M.L. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tandon, N. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Taylor, H.R. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Tekle, M.G. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thankappan, K.R. Theis, A. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, N. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Touvier, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Troeger, C.E. Tsadik, A.G. Tsoi, D. Tudor Car, L. Tyrovolas, S. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Undurraga, E.A. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. West, T.E. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Wijeratne, T. Williams, H.C. Wilner, L.B. Wilson, S. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Woolf, A.D. Wyper, G.M.A. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Yadgir, S. Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zar, H.J. Zenebe, Z.M. Zipkin, B. Zhou, M. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 DALYs HALE Collaborators
Abstract: Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the ?ve leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2018

26. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, S.L. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alouani, M.M.L. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Arabloo, J. Arauz, A. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Armoon, B. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, A. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asghar, R.J. Ataro, Z. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Belachew, A.B. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bensenor, I.M. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Blacker, B.F. Blyth, F.M. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brainin, M. Brant, L.C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Briggs, A.M. 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Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Slepak, E.L.N. Sliwa, K. Smith, D.L. Smith, M. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Sobngwi, E. Soneji, S.S. Soofi, M. Soosaraei, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Steiner, T.J. Stokes, M.A. Stovner, L.J. Subart, M.L. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylte, D.O. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tadesse, B.T. Tandon, N. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Taylor, H.R. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Teweldemedhin, M. Thankappan, K.R. Thomas, N. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Topouzis, F. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Touvier, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Troeger, C.E. Truelsen, T.C. Tsilimbaris, M.K. Tsoi, D. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Undurraga, E.A. Unutzer, J. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Valdez, P.R. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Waller, S.G. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. West, T.E. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Wijeratne, T. Wilner, L.B. Wilson, S. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Woolf, A.D. Wu, S. Wu, Y.-C. Wyper, G.M.A. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Yadgir, S. Yadollahpour, A. Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeleke, A.J. Zenebe, Z.M. Zhang, K. Zhao, Z. Zhou, M. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Vos, T. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators
Abstract: Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2018

27. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author: Sartorius B., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagner G.R., Wagnew F.W.S., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wassie M.M., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Weiss J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Widecka K., Wijeratne T., Winkler A.S., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Wondemagegn S.A., Wu S., Wyper G.M.A., Xu G., Yadav R., Yakob B., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Ye P., Yearwood J.A., YentA1/4r G.K., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., York H.W., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zachariah G., Zadnik V., Zafar S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zeeb H., Zeleke M.M., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang K., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zhu J., Zodpey S., Zucker I., Zuhlke L.J.J., Lopez A.D., Gakidou E., Murray C.J.L., de Courten B., Thrift 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Polinder S., Pond C.D., Popova S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash V., Prakash S., Prasad N., Qorbani M., Quistberg D.A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M.A., Ur Rahman S., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rajsic S., Raju S.B., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Ranjan P., Ranta A., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Razo-GarcA-a C., Rego M.A.S., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reis C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezaeian S., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.L.P., Riojas H., Rios-Blancas M.J., Roba K.T., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roshchin D.O., Rostami A., Rothenbacher D., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sabde Y.D., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi H.S., Salahshoor M., Salam N., Salama J.S., Salamati P., Saldanha R.F., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Salz I., Sambala E.Z., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sanchez-NiA+/-o M.D., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Sardana M., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Savic M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Sayyah M., Scaria V., Schaeffner E., Schelonka K., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., SchAttker B., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Scott J.G., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S.G., ServAn-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shackelford K.A., Shafieesabet A., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shakir R.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharma M., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikh A., Sheth K.N., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shifa G.T., Shiferaw M.S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shiue I., Shokraneh F., Shrime M.G., Shukla S.R., Si S., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Sigfusdottir I.D., 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Tortajada-GirbACopyrights M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tripathi S., Tripathy S.P., Truelsen T.C., Truong N.T., Tsadik A.G., Tsilimparis N., Tudor Car L., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Uzun S.B., Vaduganathan M., Vaezi A., Vaidya G., Valdez P.R., Varavikova E., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., and Vasconcelos A.M.N.
Abstract: Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Method(s): The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent comp
Published: 2018

28. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author: Servan-Mori E., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Vaduganathan M., Vaezi A., Vaidya G., Valdez P.R., Van Donkelaar A., Varavikova E., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagner G.R., Wagnew F.S., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wassie M.M., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., Werkneh A.A., West T.E., Westerman R., Whisnant J.L., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Widecka K., Wijeratne T., Wilner L.B., Winkler A.S., Wiyeh A.B., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wolfe C.D.A., Wu S., Xavier D., Xu G., Xu R., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yakob B., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Ye P., Yearwood J.A., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yirsaw B.D., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yonga G., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zavala-Arciniega L., Zegeye D.T., Zegeye E.A., Zeleke A.J., Zendehdel K., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zhu J., Zimsen S.R.M., Zodpey S., Zoeckler L., Zucker I., Zuhlke L.J.J., Lim S.S., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Hughes C., Thrift A.G., Lozano R., Fullman N., Abate D., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdel-Rahman O., Abdi A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abebe N.D., Abebe Z., Abejie A.N., Abera S.F., Abil O.Z., Aboyans V., Abraha H.N., Abrham A.R., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Abyu G.Y., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Acharya P., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Adhikari T.B., Adib M.G., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Afshari M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Aghayan S.A., Agius D., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi M., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed S., Akalu T.Y., Akanda A.S., Akbari M.E., Akibu M., Akinyemi R.O., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam T., Albujeer A., Alebel A., Alene K.A., Al-Eyadhy A., Alhabib S., Ali R., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C.A., Almasi A., Al-Maskari F., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amenu K., Amini E., Ammar W., Anber N.H., Anderson J.A., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Animut M.D., Anjomshoa M., Ansari H., Ansariadi A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Appiah L.T., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Arnlov J., Arora M., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asfaw E.T., Asgedom S.W., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Ataro Z., Atique S., Atre S.R., Atteraya M.S., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayele H.T., Ayele Y., Ayer R., Azarpazhooh M.R., Azzopardi P.S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Babalola T.K., Babazadeh A., Badali H., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banerjee A., Banoub J.A.M., Banstola A., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Barthelemy C.M., Bassat Q., Basu A., Basu S., Battista R.J., Baune B.T., Baynes H.W., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Belachew A.B., Belay A.G., Belay S.A., Belay Y.A., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Benzian H., Berhane A., Berhe A.K., Berman A.E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Bertolacci G.J., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhala N., Bhalla A., Bhansali A., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Biehl M.H., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bililign N., Sayeed M.S.B., Birlik S.M., Birungi C., Bisanzio D., Biswas T., Bitew H., Bizuneh H., Bjertness E., Bobasa E.M., Boufous S., Bourne R., Bozorgmehr K., Bragazzi N.L., Brainin M., Brant L.C., Brauer M., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Briant P.S., Britton G., Brugha T., Bukhman G., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Callender C.S.K.H., Campos-Nonato I.R., Rincon J.C.C., Cano J., Car J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Rivas J.C., Castro F., Causey K., Cavlin A., Cercy K.M., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chalek J., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Chattopadhyay A., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chiang P.P.-C., Chin K.L., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A., Choi J.-Y.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Chung S.-C., Cicuttini F.M., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Claro R.M., Classen T.K.D., Cohen A.J., Collado-Mateo D., Cooper C., Cooper L.T., Cornaby L., Cortinovis M., Costa M., Cousin E., Cromwell E.A., Crowe C.S., Cunningham M., Daba A.K., Dadi A.F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Dargan P.I., Daryani A., Das S.K., Das Gupta R., Das Neves J., Dasa T.T., Dash A.P., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Dayama A., De Leo D., Neve J.W.D., De Steur H., Degefa M.G., Degenhardt L., Degfie T.T., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Demoz G.T., Demtsu B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Dicker D., Dinberu M.T., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Dokova K., Doku D.T., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Duan L., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimpour S., Edvardsson D., El Bcheraoui C., Eldrenkamp E., El-Khatib Z., Elyazar I.R.F., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Estep K., Fakhar M., Fakhim H., Fanzo J., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Farhadi F., Farid T.A., Farinha C.S.E.S., Farioli A., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Farzaei M.H., Farzam H., Fazaeli A.A., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Feigl A.B., Fekadu W., Feldman R., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Fernandes J.C., Feyissa G.T., Fijabi D.O., Filip I., Finegold S., Finger J.D., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Foreman K.J., Frank T.D., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Fukutaki K., Fuller J.E., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Gakidou E., Gallus S., Gankpe F.G., Gansevoort R.T., Garcia A.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Garcia-Gordillo M.A., Gardner W.M., Gebre A.K., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Gebremichael B., Gebremichael T.G., Gelano T.F., Geleijnse J.M., Geramo Y.C.D., Getachew S., Gething P.W., Gezae K.E., Ghadami M.R., Ghadimi R., Ghadiri K., Ghasemi-Kasman M., Ghiasvand H., Ghimire M., Ghoshal A.G., Giampaoli S., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Giussani G., Gnedovskaya E.V., Goldberg E.M., Goli S., Gona P.N., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Gorman T.M., Goto A., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Griswold M.G., Grosso G., Gugnani H.C.C., Guillemin F., Guimaraes A.L.S., Guo Y., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Ha G.H., Haagsma J.A., Hachinski V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Bidgoli H.H., Hagos T.B., Haile M.T., Hailegiyorgis T.T., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hankey G.J., Harb H.L., Harikrishnan S., Haririan H., Haro J.M., Hasan M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hawley C.N., Hay S.I., He Y., Hedayatizadeh-Omran A., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Heidari M., Hendrie D., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Heydarpour B., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hibstu D.T., Hijar M., Hoek H.W., Hoffman D.J., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hoogar P., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini S.M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Hsiao T., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C.K., Igumbor E.U., Ikeda C.T., Ilesanmi O.S., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam S.M.S., Islami F., Ivers R.Q., Izadi N., Jacobsen K.H., Jahangiry L., Jahanmehr N., Jain S.K., Jakovljevic M., Jalu M.T., Jamal A.A., James S.L., Jassal S.K., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Shushtari Z.J., Joshi A., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Madhanraj K., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kahssay M., Kalani R., Kapil U., Karami M., Matin B.K., Karanikolos M., Karimi N., Karimi S.M., Karimi-Sari H., Kasaeian A., Kassa D.H., Kassa G.M., Kassa T.D., Kassa Z.Y., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Kazemi Z., Karyani A.K., Kazi D.S., Prakash K.C., Kebede S., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kemp G.R., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaei B., Khafaie M.A., Khajavi A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan M.S., Khan M.A., Khang Y.-H., Khanna T., Khater M.M., Khatony A., Khazaeipour Z., Khazaie H., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiarie H.W., Kibret G.D., Kiirithio D.N., Kim D., Kim J.Y., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kinra S., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kokubo Y., Kolola T., Kopec J.A., Kosek M.N., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M.A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Defo B.K., Kucuk Bicer B., Kudom A.A., Kulikoff X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kutz M.J., Kyu H.H., Lachat C., Lad D.P., Lad S.D., Lafranconi A., Lagat A.K., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lam H., Lami F.H., 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J.R., Lee J.B., Lee P.H., Leever A.T., Leigh J., Leinsalu M., Leshargie C.T., Leung J., Lewycka S., Li S., Li X., Li Y., Liang J., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim L.-L., Limenih M.A., Linn S., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lucchesi L.R., Lyons R.A., Macarayan E.R.K., Mackay M.T., Maddison E.R., Madotto F., Maghavani D.P., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manda A.-L., Mandarano-Filho L.G., Mangalam S., Manguerra H., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Marcenes W., Marks A., Martin R.V., Martins S.C.O., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGrath J.J., McKee M., McMahon B.J., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Mehta V., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mekonen T., Mekonnen T.C.C., Meles H.G., Melese A., Melku M., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Mensah G.A., Mensink G.B.M., Mereta S.T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Mezgebe H.B., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Millear A.I., Miller T.R., Miller-Petrie M.K., Milne G.J., Mini G.K., Minnig S.P., Mirabi P., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A.T., Mitchell P.B., Moazen B., Moghadamnia A.A., Mohajer B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed M.A., Mohammed S., Mohan M.B.V., Mohan V., Mohebi F., Moitra M., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez J.C., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morgado-da-Costa J., Morisaki N., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Moschos M.M., Mountjoy-Venning W.C., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Muche A.A., Muchie K.F., Mueller U.O., Muhammed O.S.S., Mukhopadhyay S., Mullany E.C., Muller K., Mumford J.E., Murhekar M., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa J., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Nachega J.B., Nagarajan A.J., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nahvijou A., Naidoo K., Naik G., Naik N., Najafi F., Naldi L., Nam H.S., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nawaz H., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Newton C.R.J., Ngalesoni F.N., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen A., Nguyen G., Nguyen H., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen H.T., Nguyen M., Nichols E., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Nisar M.I., Nixon M.R., Nolutshungu N., Nomura M., Norheim O.F., Noroozi M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Nouri H.R., Shiadeh M.N., Nowroozi M.R., Nyasulu P.S., Obermeyer C.M., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji K.E., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K.L., Ong S.K., Oommen A.M., Opio J.N., Oren E., Oros A., Ortega-Altamirano D.D.V., Ortiz A., Ortiz J.R., Ortiz-Panozo E., Ota E., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Pakhale S., Pakhare A.P., Pan W.-H., Pana A., Panda B.K., Panda-Jonas S., Pandian J.D., Papantoniou N., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Parsian H., Patel S., Pati S., Patle A., Patton G.C., Paturi V.R., Paudel D., Paulson K.R., Pearce N., Peprah E.K., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pirsaheb M., Pletcher M., Pond C.D., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash S., Prasad N., Purcell C.A., Pyakurel M., Qorbani M., Quansah R., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.S., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rajsic S., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Ranjan P., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Razo-Garcia C., Reddy K.S., Reiner R.C., Reis C., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reynales-Shigematsu L.M., Rezaei S., Rezaeian S., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.L.P., Rios-Blancas M.J., Roba K.T., Roberts N.L.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Sabde Y.D., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi H.S., Salam N., Salama J.S., Salamati P., De Freitas Saldanha R., Saleem Z., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Salz I., Sambala E.Z., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santos I.S., Milicevic M.M.S., Jose B.P.S., Sardana M., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Savic M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Sayyah M., Schaeffner E., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S.G., Seyedmousavi S., Shabaninejad H., Shackelford K.A., Shafieesabet A., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharma J., Sharma R., Sharma S.K., She J., Sheikh A., Shey M.S., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shields C., Shifa G.T., Shiferaw M.S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shirude S., Shishani K., Shiue I., Shokraneh F., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Shukla S.R., Si S., Siabani S., Sibai A.M., Siddiqi T.J., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silpakit N., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Da Silva N.T., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Singh V., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Sliwa K., Smith A.E., Smith M., Filho A.M.S., Sobaih B.H., Sobhani S., Soljak M., Soofi M., Soosaraei M., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Soshnikov S., Soyiri I.N., Spinelli A., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan R.G., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Starodubov V.I., Stathopoulou V., Steckling N., Stein D.J., Stewart L.G., Stockfelt L., Stokes M.A., Straif K., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Sutradhar I., Sykes B.L., Sylaja P.N., Sylte D.O., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadakamadla S.K., Tamirat K.S., Tandon N., Tanser F.C., Tassew A.A., Tassew S.G., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tawye N.Y., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalign T.G., Tekle M.G., Temesgen H., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Terkawi A.S., Teshale M.Y., Teshome D.F., Tessema B., Teweldemedhin M., Thakur J.S., Thankappan K.R., Theis A., Thirunavukkarasu S., Thomas L.A., Thomas N., Thomson A.J., Tilahun B., To Q.G., Tobe-Gai R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Torre A.E., Tortajada-Girbes M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tran T.T., Tripathy S.P., Troeger C.E., Truelsen T.C., Tsadik A.G., Car L.T., Tuzcu E.M., Tymeson H.D., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., and Updike R.L.
Abstract: Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of "leaving no one behind", it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Method(s): We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2.5th percentile and 100 as the 97.5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the prob
Published: 2018

29. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author: She J., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tilahun B., To Q.G., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Torre A.E., Tortajada-Girbes M., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Troeger C.E., Truelsen T.C., Tsilimbaris M.K., Tsoi D., Tudor Car L., Tuzcu E.M., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Undurraga E.A., Unutzer J., Updike R.L., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Vaduganathan M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagnew F.S., Waheed Y., Waller S.G., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., West T.E., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Wijeratne T., Wilner L.B., Wilson S., Winkler A.S., Wiyeh A.B., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Woolf A.D., Wu S., Wu Y.-C., Wyper G.M.A., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zadnik V., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zeleke A.J., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang K., Zhao Z., Zhou M., Zodpey S., Zucker I., Vos T., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Fox J., James S.L., Abate D., Abate K.H., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abebe Z., Abera S.F., Abil O.Z., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Acharya P., Ackerman I.N., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adib M.G., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Agesa K.M., Aggarwal R., Aghayan S.A., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi M., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Al-Aly Z., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alam K., Alam T., Alashi A., Alavian S.M., Alene K.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Alouani M.M.L., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Aminde L.N., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Animut M.D., Anjomshoa M., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arabloo J., Arauz A., Aremu O., Ariani F., Armoon B., Arnlov J., Arora A., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Ataro Z., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayer R., Azzopardi P.S., Babazadeh A., Badali H., Badawi A., Bali A.G., Ballesteros K.E., Ballew S.H., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Banstola A., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Belachew A.B., Belay Y.A., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bensenor I.M., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhala N., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M.S., Bisanzio D., Blacker B.F., Blyth F.M., Bou-Orm I.R., Boufous S., Bourne R., Brady O.J., Brainin M., Brant L.C., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Briant P.S., Briggs A.M., Briko A.N., Britton G., Brugha T., Buchbinder R., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cano J., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cercy K.M., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chang A.R., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chattopadhyay A., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chiang P.P.-C., Chin K.L., Chitheer A., Choi J.-Y.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cicuttini F.M., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Claro R.M., Collado-Mateo D., Cooper C., Coresh J., Cortesi P.A., Cortinovis M., Costa M., Cousin E., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Cross M., Crump J.A., Dadi A.F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Daryani A., Das Gupta R., Das Neves J., Dasa T.T., Davey G., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De La Hoz F.P., De Leo D., De Neve J.-W., Degefa M.G., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Demoz G.T., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Des Jarlais D.C., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dinberu M.T., Dirac M.A., Djalalinia S., Doan L., Dokova K., Doku D.T., Dorsey E.R., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi H., Ebrahimpour S., Echko M.M., Edvardsson D., Effiong A., Ehrlich J.R., El Bcheraoui C., El Sayed Zaki M., El-Khatib Z., Elkout H., Elyazar I.R.F., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Er B., Erskine H.E., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Fakhim H., Fallah Omrani V., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Farhadi F., Farid T.A., Farinha C.S.E., Farioli A., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Foigt N.A., Foreman K.J., Frank T.D., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gall S., Ganji M., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gardner W.M., Gebre A.K., Gebremedhin A.T., Gebremichael T.G., Gelano T.F., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Geramo Y.C.D., Gething P.W., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghasemi Falavarjani K., Ghasemi-Kasman M., Ghimire M., Ghosh R., Ghoshal A.G., Giampaoli S., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginawi I.A., Giussani G., Gnedovskaya E.V., Goldberg E.M., Goli S., Gomez-Dantes H., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gorman T.M., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Grams M.E., Grosso G., Gugnani H.C., Guo Y., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gyawali B., Haagsma J.A., Hachinski V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hagos T.B., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hasan M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hawley C.N., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Hedayatizadeh-Omran A., Heibati B., Hendrie D., Henok A., Herteliu C., Heydarpour S., Hibstu D.T., Hoang H.T., Hoek H.W., Hoffman H.J., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hoogar P., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini S.M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C.K., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C.T., Ileanu B., Ilesanmi O.S., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam S., Islami F., Jacobsen K.H., Jahangiry L., Jahanmehr N., Jain S.K., Jakovljevic M., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Johnson C.O., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kanchan T., Karami M., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karema C., Karimi N., Karimi S.M., Kasaeian A., Kassa D.H., Kassa G.M., Kassa T.D., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Kazemi Karyani A., Keighobadi M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kemp G.R., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khafaei B., Khafaie M.A., Khajavi A., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan M.S., Khan M.A., Khang Y.-H., Khazaei M., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiirithio D.N., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim P., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K.S., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kokubo Y., Kolola T., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Kotsakis G.A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M.A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kyu H.H., Lad D.P., Lad S.D., Lafranconi A., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Latifi A., Lau K.M.-M., Lazarus J.V., Leasher J.L., Ledesma J.R., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li S., Li Y., Liao Y., Liben M.L., Lim L.-L., Lim S.S., Liu S., Lodha R., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Low N., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Lucchesi L.R., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Mackay M.T., Madotto F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Maghavani D.P., Mahotra N.B., Mai H.T., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manda A.-L., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mansournia M.A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Marcenes W., Marks A., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Marzan M.B., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Matsushita K., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Mehta V., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mekonen T., Melese A., Melku M., Meltzer M., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Mensah G.A., Mereta S.T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Mezerji N.M.G., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Millear A.I., Miller T.R., Miltz B., Mini G.K., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A.T., Mitchell P.B., Mitiku H., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed M.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Moitra M., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Morgado-Da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Moschos M.M., Mousavi S.M., Mruts K.B., Muche A.A., Muchie K.F., Mueller U.O., Muhammed O.S., Mukhopadhyay S., Muller K., Mumford J.E., Murhekar M., Musa J., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Nagata C., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Naik N., Najafi F., Naldi L., Nam H.S., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Newton C.R.J., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen A.Q., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen H.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen M., Nguyen N.B., Nguyen S.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nixon M.R., Nolutshungu N., Nomura S., Norheim O.F., Noroozi M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Nouri H.R., Nourollahpour Shiadeh M., Nowroozi M.R., Nsoesie E.O., Nyasulu P.S., Odell C.M., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Ong K.L., Ong S.K., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Otstavnov S.S., overland S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R., Pakpour A.H., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Parisi A., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Patel S., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patle A., Patton G.C., Paturi V.R., Paulson K.R., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pham H.Q., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Pishgar F., Plana-Ripoll O., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash S., Prakash V., Purcell C.A., Purwar M.B., Qorbani M., Quistberg D.A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M.A., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Ram U., Ranjan P., Ranta A., Rao P.C., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reddy K.S., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L.P., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi H.S., Salam N., Salama J.S., Salamati P., Saleem K., Saleem Z., Salimi Y., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sang Y., Santomauro D.F., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Sardana M., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Schaeffner E., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Scott J.G., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Seyedmousavi S., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shahbazi M., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharma M., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., 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H.W., Hoffman H.J., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hoogar P., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini S.M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C.K., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C.T., Ileanu B., Ilesanmi O.S., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam S., Islami F., Jacobsen K.H., Jahangiry L., Jahanmehr N., Jain S.K., Jakovljevic M., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Johnson C.O., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kanchan T., Karami M., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karema C., Karimi N., Karimi S.M., Kasaeian A., Kassa D.H., Kassa G.M., Kassa T.D., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Kazemi Karyani A., Keighobadi M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kemp G.R., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khafaei B., Khafaie M.A., Khajavi A., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan M.S., Khan M.A., Khang Y.-H., Khazaei M., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiirithio D.N., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim P., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K.S., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kokubo Y., Kolola T., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Kotsakis G.A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M.A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kyu H.H., Lad D.P., Lad S.D., Lafranconi A., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Latifi A., Lau K.M.-M., Lazarus J.V., Leasher J.L., Ledesma J.R., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li S., Li Y., Liao Y., Liben M.L., Lim L.-L., Lim S.S., Liu S., Lodha R., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Low N., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Lucchesi L.R., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Mackay M.T., Madotto F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Maghavani D.P., Mahotra N.B., Mai H.T., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manda 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P.A., Pacella R., Pakpour A.H., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Parisi A., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Patel S., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patle A., Patton G.C., Paturi V.R., Paulson K.R., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pham H.Q., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Pishgar F., Plana-Ripoll O., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash S., Prakash V., Purcell C.A., Purwar M.B., Qorbani M., Quistberg D.A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M.A., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Ram U., Ranjan P., Ranta A., Rao P.C., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reddy K.S., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L.P., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi H.S., Salam N., Salama J.S., Salamati P., Saleem K., Saleem Z., Salimi Y., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sang Y., Santomauro D.F., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Sardana M., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Schaeffner E., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Scott J.G., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Seyedmousavi S., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shahbazi M., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharma M., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shishani K., Shiue I., Shokraneh F., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Si S., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singam N.S.V., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Slepak E.L.N., Sliwa K., Smith D.L., Smith M., Soares Filho A.M., Sobaih B.H., Sobhani S., Sobngwi E., Soneji S.S., Soofi M., Soosaraei M., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Soyiri I.N., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steiner T.J., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Subart M.L., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Sutradhar I., Sykes B.L., Sylte D.O., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tadesse B.T., Tandon N., Tassew S.G., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalign T.G., Tekelemedhin S.W., Tekle M.G., Temesgen H., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Terkawi A.S., and Teweldemedhin M.
Abstract: Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Method(s): We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we
Published: 2018

30. 412P Effects of statins on melanoma

Author: Tran, K.B., primary, Kolekar, S., additional, Jamieson, S.M.F., additional, Hunter, F.W., additional, Jabed, A., additional, Li, D., additional, Wilson, W.R., additional, Baguley, B.C., additional, Shih, J.H., additional, Buchanan, C.M., additional, and Shepherd, P.R., additional
Published: 2016
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31. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality

Author: Zohreh Arefi, Rasmus Havmoeller, Pietro Ferrara, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Payman Salamati, Agegnehu Bante Getenet, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Alexander C. Tsai, Andrew T Olagunju, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Tim Driscoll, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Taras Kavetskyy, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Richard C. Franklin, Naznin Hossain, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Morteza Naserbakht, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Suzanne Polinder, Ziad El-Khatib, Ashish Pathak, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, David M. Pigott, Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik, Hadi Hassankhani, Nuworza Kugbey, Lal B. Rawal, Masoud Foroutan, Dejana Braithwaite, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Grant M. A. Wyper, Joht Singh Chandan, Akbar Barzegar, Hamid Safarpour, Kate E. LeGrand, Giulio Castelpietra, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Amin Soheili, Azeem Majeed, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Walter Mendoza, Ghulam Mustafa, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Pengpeng Ye, Mahesh P A, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Ahmad Daryani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Masoud Moradi, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Mohammad Rabiee, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Jack T Fox, Diep Ngoc Nguyen, Pallab K. Maulik, Ai-Min Wu, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Fatemeh Rajati, Nathaniel J Henry, David C. Schwebel, Ali H. Mokdad, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Leonardo Roever, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Khalid A Altirkawi, Hayimro Edemealem Merie, Farhad Ghamari, Ramesh Holla, Arash Sarveazad, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Suresh Jungari, Rohan Borschmann, Irfan Ullah, Nitin Joseph, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Ivo Rakovac, Mohammad Zamani, Antonio Maria Borzì, Atif Amin Baig, Mohsen Bayati, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Mehdi Sayyah, Teshome Abegaz Kamil, Fakher Rahim, Dillon O Sylte, Feng Sha, Palash Chandra Banik, Mohan Bairwa, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Yong Yu, Delia Hendrie, Spencer L. James, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Seok Jun Yoon, Siavash Rahimi, Jost B. Jonas, Michael R. Phillips, Diana Silva, Amir Hossein Goudarzian, Samath D Dharmaratne, Roba Khundkar, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Joemer C. Maravilla, Eleonora Dubljanin, Arun Balachandran, Arman Latifi, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Alessandra C. Goulart, Andreea Mirica, Fatemeh Zarei, Habte Belete, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Atte Meretoja, Jasvinder A. Singh, Guilherme Borges, Yasir Waheed, Fahad Alanezi, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Guoqing Hu, Archith Boloor, Luca Ronfani, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Vahid Rashedi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Yousef Khader, Adnan Kisa, Simon I. Hay, Takeshi Fukumoto, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Yuichiro Yano, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Ghasem Azarian, Sezer Kisa, Basema Saddik, Leake Gebremeskel, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Jennifer Rickard, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Priya Rathi, Ali Bijani, Smita Pakhale, Francesco Saverio Violante, Neeraj Bedi, Efat Mohamadi, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Marek Majdan, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Prateek Rastogi, Xuefeng Liu, Monika Sawhney, Ayman Grada, Prasanna Mithra, Shanshan Li, Masood Ali Shaikh, Erin B Hamilton, Hung Chak Ho, Zichen Liu, Irini Chatziralli, Paulo A. Lotufo, Yuming Guo, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Hamidreza Komaki, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Yoosik Youm, Kebreab Paulos, Saqib Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, M. Mofizul Islam, Ahad Bakhtiari, Karen M. Tabb, Davood Anvari, Tomislav Mestrovic, Yunquan Zhang, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Naohiro Yonemoto, Rupak Desai, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Carlo La Vecchia, Amrit Banstola, Niguse Meles Alema, Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli, Soraya Seedat, Filippo Ariani, Chi Linh Hoang, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Erika Ota, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Van C. Lansingh, Mohammed Madadin, Mostafa Dianati Nasab, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Dinh-Toi Chu, Bach Xuan Tran, Till Bärnighausen, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Bereket Duko Adema, In-Hwan Oh, Paul S. F. Yip, Ionut Negoi, Eduarda Fernandes, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Kelly Jones, Mahdi Safdarian, Josep Maria Haro, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Diego De Leo, Khanh Bao Tran, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Yasser S. Amer, Tommi Vasankari, Vasily Vlassov, Jose C. Adsuar, Zoubida Zaidi, Asadollah Gholamian, Theo Vos, Nauman Khalid, Malke Asaad, André Faro, Rushdia Ahmed, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Hoa Thi Do, Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Manasi Kumar, Josip Car, Shoaib Hassan, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Gurudatta Naik, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Mustafa Z. Younis, Farid Najafi, Ester Cerin, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Javad Nazari, Joel M. Francis, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Farahnaz Joukar, Babak Moazen, Kebede Deribe, Nithin Kumar, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Getinet Ayano, Serge Resnikoff, Mark A. Stokes, Alaa Badawi, Narinder Kumar, Habibolah Khazaie, Sojib Bin Zaman, Faris Lami, Jens R. Chapman, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Dhirendra N Sinha, Engida Yisma, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Junaid Khan, Shane D. Morrison, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ata Rafiee, Hadush Gebremariam, Oghenowede Eyawo, Amir Hasanzadeh, Ana Laura Manda, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Narayana Manjunatha, Navid Manafi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Ferrán Catalá-López, Hossein Poustchi, Ghobad Moradi, Suliman Alghnam, Tinuke O Olagunju, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sorin Hostiuc, Jalal Arabloo, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Chris D Castle, Joan B. Soriano, Syed Amir Gilani, Mariam Molokhia, Gaurav Gupta, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Isabela M. Benseñor, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Young Eun Kim, Olatunde Aremu, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Jae Il Shin, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Neha Chaudhary, Juan Sanabria, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Sanni Yaya, Rekha Thapar, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Maciej Banach, Salman Rawaf, Nicholas L S Roberts, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Manoochehr Karami, Derrick A Bennett, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Soheil Hassanipour, Ashish Badiye, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Obinna Onwujekwe, Kewal Krishan, João Coelho, Ahmed Abdelalim, Kerrie E. Doyle, Tomasz Miazgowski, Rahman Shiri, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Navid Rabiee, Nikita Otstavnov, Brian J. Hall, Olalekan A. Uthman, Rohollah Kalhor, Swayam Prakash, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Chuanhua Yu, Pascual R. Valdez, Martha Híjar, Taweewat Wiangkham, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Aidin Abedi, Savita Lasrado, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye, Yousef Veisani, Ayenew Kassie Tesema, Amir Radfar, Pawan Faris, Oladimeji Adebayo, Fares Alahdab, Heather Orpana, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Tripti Khanna, Girikumar Kumaresh, Alireza Rafiei, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Cyrus Alinia, Era Upadhyay, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Ahmed Omar Bali, Farshad Farzadfar, Vivek Kumar, Sanghamitra Pati, Gholamreza Roshandel, Daiane Borges Machado, Yuan-Pang Wang, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Jeevan Pereira, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Soraya Siabani, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Janet L Leasher, Shafiu Mohammed, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Eun-Kee Park, Marwa Rashad Salem, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Paolo Lauriola, Amir Kasaeian, Adam Belay Wondmieneh, Tilahun Belete Mossie, Rovshan Khalilov, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Shailesh Advani, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Nihad A. Almasri, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Salman Khazaei, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Matthew Cunningham, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Hosni Salem, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amy E. Peden, Rajaram Yadav, Srikanta Banerjee, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Ronan A Lyons, Farzad Jalilian, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Soufiane Boufous, Leila R Kalankesh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Getnet Gedefaw, Tauseef Ahmad, Faramarz Shaahmadi, Hamed Zandian, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gregory J. Bertolacci, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Dawit Habte Woldeyes, Robert C. Reiner, Rakhi Dandona, Akram Pourshams, Lorainne Tudor Car, Inbal Salz, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Farnam Mohebi, A. A. Fomenkov, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Yousef Mohammad, Arash Ziapour, Zabihollah Yousefi, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Neeti Kapoor, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Vinod C. Nayak, Yoshan Moodley, Venkatesh Maled, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Saif Ullah, Anwar Rafay, Ali Koolivand, Ibrahim A Khalil, Parul Puri, Lidia Sanchez Riera, Vinay Nangia, Tanuj Kanchan, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Lidia Morawska, Saeed Shahabi, Tiffany K. Gill, Traolach S. Brugha, Michael K. Hole, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Pankaj Singh, Rosario Cárdenas, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Samer Hamidi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Peter Memiah, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Sadia Bibi, Bartosz Miazgowski, Daniel Y. Cho, Keyvan Pakshir, Aziz Rezapour, R V Polibin, Sudha Jayaraman, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Amir Manafi, Berhe Gebremichael, Ali Yadollahpour, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Mohammad A. Mohseni Bandpei, Ali Kabir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Sanofi, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Area, HUS Neurocenter, James, S. L., Castle, C. D., Dingels, Z. V., Fox, J. T., Hamilton, E. B., Liu, Z., Roberts, N. L. S., Sylte, D. O., Bertolacci, G. J., Cunningham, M., Henry, N. J., Legrand, K. E., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K. H., Abosetugn, A. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adebayo, O. M., Adsuar, J. C., Advani, S. M., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahmad, T., Ahmed, M. B., Ahmed, R., Aichour, M. T. E., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F. M., Alema, N. M., Alemu, B. W., Alghnam, S. A., Ali, B. A., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N. A., Altirkawi, K., Amer, Y. S. A., Andrei, C. L., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C. A. T., Anvari, D., Appiah, S. C. Y., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Arefi, Z., Aremu, O., Ariani, F., Arora, A., Asaad, M., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azarian, G., Badawi, A., Badiye, A. D., Baig, A. A., Bairwa, M., Bakhtiari, A., Balachandran, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Banik, P. C., Banstola, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barzegar, A., Bayati, M., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Behzadifar, M., Belete, H., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhe, K., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhat, A. G., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Boloor, A., Borges, G., Borschmann, R., Borzi, A. M., Boufous, S., Braithwaite, D., Briko, N. I., Brugha, T., Budhathoki, S. S., Car, J., Cardenas, R., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Catala-Lopez, F., Cerin, E., Chandan, J. S., Chapman, J. R., Chattu, V. K., Chattu, S. K., Chatziralli, I., Chaudhary, N., Cho, D. Y., Choi, J. -Y. J., Chowdhury, M. A. K., Christopher, D. J., Chu, D. -T., Cicuttini, F. M., Coelho, J. M., Costa, V. M., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Daryani, A., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., De Leo, D., Demeke, F. M., Demoz, G. T., Demsie, D. G., Deribe, K., Desai, R., Nasab, M. D., Da Silva, D. D., Forooshani, Z. S. D., Do, H. T., Doyle, K. E., Driscoll, T. R., Dubljanin, E., Adema, B. D., Eagan, A. W., Elemineh, D. A., El-Jaafary, S. I., El-Khatib, Z., Ellingsen, C. L., El Sayedzaki, M., Eskandarieh, S., Eyawo, O., Faris, P. S., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Folayan, M. O., Fomenkov, A. A., Foroutan, M., Francis, J. M., Franklin, R. C., Fukumoto, T., Geberemariyam, B. S., Gebremariam, H., Gebremedhin, K. B., Gebremeskel, L. G., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gebremichael, B., Gedefaw, G. A., Geta, B., Getenet, A. B., Ghafourifard, M., Ghamari, F., Gheshlagh, R. G., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S. A., Gill, T. K., Goudarzian, A. H., Goulart, A. C., Grada, A., Grivna, M., Guimaraes, R. A., Guo, Y., Gupta, G., Haagsma, J. A., Hall, B. J., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Handiso, D. W., Haro, J. M., Hasanzadeh, A., Hassan, S., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R., Hendrie, D., Heydarpour, F., Hijar, M., Ho, H. C., Hoang, C. L., Hole, M. K., Holla, R., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Hu, G., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilesanmi, O. S., Inbaraj, L. R., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, M. M., Islam, S. M. S., Ivers, R. Q., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalilian, F., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jha, R. P., John-Akinola, Y. O., Jonas, J. B., Jones, K. M., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jungari, S. B., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kahsay, A., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kamil, T. A., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami, M., Kasaeian, A., Kassaye, H. G., Kavetskyy, T., Kayode, G. A., Keiyoro, P. N., Kelbore, A. G., Khader, Y. S., Khafaie, M. A., Khalid, N., Khalil, I. A., Khalilov, R., Khan, M., Khan, E. 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Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S.-J., Youm, Y., Younis, M.Z., Yousef, Z., Yu, C., Yu, Y., Moghadam, T.Z., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zamani, M., Zandian, H., Zarei, F., Zhang, Z.-J., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Dandona, R., Dharmaratne, S.D., Hay, S.I., Mokdad, A.H., Pigott, D.M., Reiner, R.C., Vos, T., Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, James, Spencer L, Castle, Chris D, Dingels, Zachary V, Fox, Jack T, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yisma, Engida, Vos, Theo, and Public Health
Subjects: Male, Populations/contexts, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Global injuries, population, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, contexts, context, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Original Research, Data, populations/contexts, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, methodology, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Female, Public Health, TERRITORIES, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, descriptive epidemiology, Human, Disabilities, 195 COUNTRIES, statistical issue, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, AGE, Life Expectancy, Environmental health, Injury prevention, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, statistical issues, Humans, Mortality, Estimation, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, DISABILITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, populations, Morbidity, Wounds and Injuries, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 1701 Psychology, Quality-adjusted life year, Years of potential life lost, 1701 Psychology, Life expectancy, Estimates, Human medicine, populations/context
Abstract: Background. While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods. In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results. GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions. GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. Seyed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Alaa Badawi acknowledges support by the Public Health Agency of Canada. Till Bärnighausen acknowledges support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Traolach Brugha received support from NatCen Social Research (http://natcen.ac.uk/) via NHS Digital and Department of Health and Social Care London, for the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) programme. Felix Carvalho received support from UID/MULTI/04378/2019 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera M Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Kebede Deribe is supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust [grant number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Tim Driscoll acknowledges that work on occupational risk factors was partially supported by funds from the World Health Organization. Eduarda Fernandes acknowledges support from UID/QUI/50006/2019 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Yuming Guo acknowledges support from Career Development Fellowships of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (numbers APP1107107 and APP1163693). Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges support by the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia through the Grant number OI175014; publication of results was not contingent upon Ministry's censorship or approval. Sudha Jayaraman acknowledges support from: NIH R21: 1R21TW010439-01A1 (PI); Rotary Foundation Global Grant #GG1749568 (PI); NIH P20: 1P20CA210284-01A1 (Co-PI) and DOD grant W81XWH-16-2-0040 (Co-I), during the period of this study. Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from a grant from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [grant number: XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001]. Kewal Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Mansai Kumar acknowledges support from FIC/ NIH K43 1K43MH114320-01. Amanda Mason-Jones acknowledges support by the University of York. Mariam Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’s National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. Ilais Moreno Velasquez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI, Senacyt, Panama). Mukhammad David Naimzada acknowledges support from Government of the Russian Federation (Agreement No – 075-02-2019-967). Duduzile Ndwandwe acknowledges support from Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council. Stanislav S. Otstavnov acknowledges the support from the Government of the Russian Federation (Agreement No – 075-02-2019-967). Ashish Pathak acknowledges support from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India (Grant number 2013-1253). Michael R Phillips acknowledges support in part by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81761128031). Abdallah M. Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena Santric Milicevic acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA. Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Sojib Bin Zaman acknowledges support from an "Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship.
Published: 2020

32. Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019:A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik, JM, Compton, K, Dean, FE, Fu, W, Gaw, BL, Harvey, JD, Henrikson, HJ, Lu, D, Pennini, A, Xu, R, Ababneh, E, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Elsalam, SM, Abdoli, A, Abedi, A, Abidi, H, Abolhassani, H, Adedeji, IA, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, MS, Aghaali, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akalu, GT, Aklilu, A, Akram, T, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Ali, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alkhayyat, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almustanyir, S, Alonso, N, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Anbesu, EW, Ancuceanu, R, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antwi, MH, Anvari, D, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Artaman, A, Arulappan, J, Asemi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Atorkey, P, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awedew, AF, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayenew, T, Azab, MA, Azadnajafabad, S, Azari Jafari, A, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Badiye, AD, Bahadory, S, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Behzadifar, M, Belgaumi, UI, Bezabhe, WMM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, VS, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bisignano, C, Bjørge, T, Bleyer, A, Blyuss, O, Bolarinwa, OA, Bolla, SR, Braithwaite, D, Brar, A, Brenner, H, Bustamante-Teixeira, MT, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano Dos Santos, FL, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Catalá-López, F, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Cernigliaro, A, Chakinala, RC, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, DY, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, MT, Conde, J, Cortés, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Cunha, AR, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwesh, AM, Das Neves, J, De la Hoz, FP, Demis, AB, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, 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M, El-Jaafary, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Etemadi, A, Ezzikouri, S, Faisaluddin, M, Faraon, E, Fares, J, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, A, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, P, Gad, M, Gadanya, M, Gallus, S, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Getachew Obsa, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gilani, S, Ginindza, T, Gizaw, A, Glasbey, J, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomez, R, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Grosso, G, Gubari, M, Guerra, M, Guha, A, Gunasekera, D, Gupta, B, Gupta, V, Gutierrez, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, M, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, R, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harlianto, N, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hassanipour, S, Hay, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Herrera-Serna, B, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, M, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huang, J, Hugo, F, Hussain, R, Hussein, N, Hwang, B, 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Mansournia, M, Martini, S, Masoumi, S, Mathur, P, Mckee, M, Mehrotra, R, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mesregah, M, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammad, K, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moka, N, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, M, Moosavi, M, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mubarik, S, Mwanri, L, Nagarajan, A, Nagaraju, S, Nagata, C, Naimzada, M, Nangia, V, Naqvi, A, Narasimha Swamy, S, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, S, Negoi, I, Negru, S, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Niazi, R, Nnaji, C, Noor, N, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, C, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Odukoya, O, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olakunde, B, Omar, E, Omar Bali, A, Omonisi, A, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, O, Orru, H, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, 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M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, A, Shetty, J, Shetty, P, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, K, Shivarov, V, Siabani, S, Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Sintayehu, Y, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Soeberg, M, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Sotoudeh, H, Steiropoulos, P, Straif, K, Subedi, R, Sufiyan, M, Sultan, I, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taherkhani, A, Takahashi, K, Talaat, I, Tan, K, Tat, V, Tedla, B, Tefera, Y, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Tesfay, F, Tessema, G, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V, Thomas, N, Tohidinik, H, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tran, M, Tripathy, J, Tusa, B, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umapathi, K, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Velazquez, D, Veroux, M, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Ward, P, Wen, Y, Westerman, R, Winkler, A, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yang, L, Yaya, S, Yazie, T, Yeshaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Zare, F, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, J, Zhong, C, Zhou, L, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zimmermann, I, Fitzmaurice, C, Murray, C, Force, L, Kocarnik J.M., Compton K., Dean F.E., Fu W., Gaw B.L., Harvey J.D., Henrikson H.J., Lu D., Pennini A., Xu R., Ababneh E., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abedi A., Abidi H., Abolhassani H., Adedeji I.A., Adnani Q.E.S., Advani S.M., Afzal M.S., Aghaali M., Ahinkorah B.O., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi S., Ahmed Rashid T., Ahmed Salih Y., Akalu G.T., Aklilu A., Akram T., Akunna C.J., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Ali S., Alimohamadi Y., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Alkhayyat M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Al-Maweri S.A.A., Almustanyir S., Alonso N., Alvis-Guzman N., Amu H., Anbesu E.W., Ancuceanu R., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antwi M.H., Anvari D., Anyasodor A.E., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Ariffin H., Aripov T., Arshad M., Artaman A., Arulappan J., Asemi Z., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashraf T., Atorkey P., Aujayeb A., Ausloos M., Awedew A.F., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayenew T., Azab M.A., Azadnajafabad S., Azari Jafari A., Azarian G., Azzam A.Y., Badiye A.D., Bahadory S., Baig A.A., Baker J.L., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Barnighausen T.W., Barone-Adesi F., Barra F., Barrow A., Behzadifar M., Belgaumi U.I., Bezabhe W.M.M., Bezabih Y.M., Bhagat D.S., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhaskar S., Bhattacharyya K., Bhojaraja V.S., Bibi S., Bijani A., Biondi A., Bisignano C., Bjorge T., Bleyer A., Blyuss O., Bolarinwa O.A., Bolla S.R., Braithwaite D., Brar A., Brenner H., Bustamante-Teixeira M.T., Butt N.S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Cao Y., Carreras G., Catala-Lopez F., Cembranel F., Cerin E., Cernigliaro A., Chakinala R.C., Chattu S.K., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chimed-Ochir O., Cho D.Y., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Chung M.T., Conde J., Cortes S., Cortesi P.A., Costa V.M., Cunha A.R., Dadras O., Dagnew A.B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., Darwesh A.M., das Neves J., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Dhamnetiya D., Dhimal M.L., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doaei S., Dorostkar F., dos Santos Figueiredo F.W., Driscoll T.R., Ebrahimi H., Eftekharzadeh S., El Tantawi M., El-Abid H., Elbarazi I., Elhabashy H.R., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S.I., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Etemadi A., Ezzikouri S., Faisaluddin M., Faraon E.J.A., Fares J., Farzadfar F., Feroze A.H., Ferrero S., Ferro Desideri L., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gaal P.A., Gad M.M., Gadanya M.A., Gallus S., Gaspar Fonseca M., Getachew Obsa A., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gholamalizadeh M., Gilani S.A., Ginindza T.G., Gizaw A.T.T., Glasbey J.C., Golechha M., Goleij P., Gomez R.S., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goudarzi H., Grosso G., Gubari M.I.M., Guerra M.R., Guha A., Gunasekera D.S., Gupta B., Gupta V.B., Gupta V.K., Gutierrez R.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haider M.R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Halwani R., Hamadeh R.R., Hameed S., Hamidi S., Hanif A., Haque S., Harlianto N.I., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hassanipour S., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Heidari G., Heidari M., Herrera-Serna B.Y., Herteliu C., Hezam K., Holla R., Hossain M.M., Hossain M.B.H., Hosseini M.-S., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Huang J., Hugo F.N., Hussain R., Hussein N.R., Hwang B.-F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S.E., Ida F., Ikuta K.S., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Irham L.M., Islam J.Y., Islam R.M., Islam S.M.S., Ismail N.E., Isola G., Iwagami M., Jacob L., Jain V., Jakovljevic M.B., Javaheri T., Jayaram S., Jazayeri S.B., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Joo T., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kahrizi D., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kaliyadan F., Kalkonde Y., Kamath A., Kameran Al-Salihi N., Kandel H., Kapoor N., Karch A., Kasa A.S., Katikireddi S.V., Kauppila J.H., Kavetskyy T., Kebede S.A., Keshavarz P., Keykhaei M., Khader Y.S., Khalilov R., Khan G., Khan M., Khan M.N., Khan M.A.B., Khang Y.-H., Khater A.M., Khayamzadeh M., Kim G.R., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kopec J.A., Koteeswaran R., Koul P.A., Koulmane Laxminarayana S.L., Koyanagi A., Kucuk Bicer B., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kurmi O.P., Kutluk T., La Vecchia C., Lami F.H., Landires I., Lauriola P., Lee S.-W., Lee S.W.H., Lee W.-C., Lee Y.H., Leigh J., Leong E., Li J., Li M.-C., Liu X., Loureiro J.A., Lunevicius R., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Majeed A., Makki A., Male S., Malik A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martini S., Masoumi S.Z., Mathur P., McKee M., Mehrotra R., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha E.W., Mesregah M.K., Mestrovic T., Miao Jonasson J., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Miller T.R., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei H.R., Misra S., Mithra P., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammadi M., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Moka N., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moni M.A., Moosavi M.A., Moradi Y., Moraga P., Morgado-Da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mubarik S., Mwanri L., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Nagata C., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Naqvi A.A., Narasimha Swamy S., Ndejjo R., Nduaguba S.O., Negoi I., Negru S.M., Neupane Kandel S., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Niazi R.K., Nnaji C.A., Noor N.M., Nunez-Samudio V., Nzoputam C.I., Oancea B., Ochir C., Odukoya O.O., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olakunde B.O., Omar E., Omar Bali A.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Ong S., Onwujekwe O.E., Orru H., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panagiotakos D., Panda-Jonas S., Pardhan S., Park E.-C., Park E.-K., Pashazadeh Kan F., Patel H.K., Patel J.R., Pati S., Pattanshetty S.M., Paudel U., Pereira D.M., Pereira R.B., Perianayagam A., Pillay J.D., Pirouzpanah S., Pishgar F., Podder I., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Prashant A., Preotescu L., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Radhakrishnan R.A., Radhakrishnan V., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahimzadeh S., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rajai N., Rajesh A., Rakovac I., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat K., Ranasinghe P., Rao C.R., Rao S.J., Rawassizadeh R., Razeghinia M.S., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Roberts T.J., Rodriguez J.A.B., Rohloff P., Romoli M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rwegerera G.M., Manjula S., Sabour S., Saddik B., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Sahoo H., Salehi S., Salem M.R., Salimzadeh H., Samaei M., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sankararaman S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sardiwalla Y., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saylan M., Schneider I.J.J., Sekerija M., Seylani A., Shafaat O., Shaghaghi Z., Shaikh M.A., Shamsoddin E., Shannawaz M., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Sheikhbahaei S., Shetty A., Shetty J.K., Shetty P.H., Shibuya K., Shirkoohi R., Shivakumar K.M., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Siddappa Malleshappa S.K., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Soeberg M.J., Sofi-Mahmudi A., Sotoudeh H., Steiropoulos P., Straif K., Subedi R., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Sultana S., Sur D., Szerencses V., Szocska M., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadbiri H., Taherkhani A., Takahashi K., Talaat I.M., Tan K.-K., Tat V.Y., Tedla B.A.A., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M., Tesfay F.H., Tessema G.A., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Thoguluva Chandrasekar V., Thomas N., Tohidinik H.R., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tran M.T.N., Tripathy J.P., Tusa B.S., Ullah I., Ullah S., Umapathi K.K., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Vacante M., Vaezi M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Velazquez D.Z., Veroux M., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vo B., Volovici V., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wamai R.G., Ward P., Wen Y.F., Westerman R., Winkler A.S., Yadav L., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yang L., Yaya S., Yazie T.S.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yuce D., Yunusa I., Zadnik V., Zare F., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang J., Zhong C., Zhou L., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Zimmermann I.R., Fitzmaurice C., Murray C.J.L., Force L.M., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, Kuwait University (Kuwait), National University of Malaysia (Malasia), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), NIH - National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Jazan University (Arabia Saudí), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education (Brasil), National Heart Foundation of Australia, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), NHS - Research Scotland (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), Scottish Government (Reino Unido), Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University (Bangladesh), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), King College London, National Health Service (Reino Unido), Government of the Russian Federation, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (Estados Unidos), Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), Neurosurgery, Kocarnik, J. 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Subjects: Cancer Research, GBD, 195 COUNTRIES, Global Health, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Global Burden of Disease, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, WORLDWIDE, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, SURVEILLANCE, SUPPORT, Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Prevalence, Online First, cancer, Humans, 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, public health, cancer, burden of diseases, PROGRESS, Original Investigation, Global burden, Science & Technology, CHALLENGES, Research, Incidence, Medisinske Fag: 700::Klinisk medisinske fag: 750::Onkologi: 762 [VDP], COVID-19, 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, mortality, STATISTICS, Oncology, Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019 A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, HEALTH-CARE, TERRITORIES, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Comments
Abstract: Key Points Question What was the burden of cancer globally and across Sociodemographic Index (SDI) groupings in 2019, and how has incidence, morbidity, and mortality changed since 2010? Findings In this systematic analysis, there were 23.6 million new global cancer cases in 2019 (17.2 million when excluding those with nonmelanoma skin cancer), 10.0 million cancer deaths, and an estimated 250 million disability-adjusted life years estimated to be due to cancer; since 2010, these represent increases of 26.3%, 20.9%, and 16.0%, respectively. Absolute cancer burden increased in all SDI quintiles since 2010, but the largest percentage increases occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. Meanings The study results suggest that increased cancer prevention and control efforts are needed to equitably address the evolving and increasing burden of cancer across the SDI spectrum., Importance The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. Objective To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Evidence Review The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. Conclusions and Relevance The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world., The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 examines cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index quintiles from 2010 to 2019.
Published: 2022

33. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Young Eun Kim, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Marilita M Moschos, Diego De Leo, Mark A. Stokes, Faris Lami, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Hamid Asayesh, Dhirendra N Sinha, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Swayam Prakash, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Yuichiro Yano, Olalekan A. Uthman, Amir Radfar, Manasi Kumar, Kamarul Imran Musa, Babak Moazen, Spencer L. James, Ahmad Daryani, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Siavash Rahimi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, Dan J. Stein, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Jiabin Shen, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Ehimario U. Igumbor, Amir Kasaeian, Ali Kabir, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Ziad El-Khatib, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Sorin Hostiuc, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Takeshi Fukumoto, Shai Linn, João Pedro Silva, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Naohiro Yonemoto, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Masood Ali Shaikh, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Azeem Majeed, Alexandra Brazinova, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Juanita A. Haagsma, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Lorainne Tudor Car, Shamsa Zafar, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Khanh Bao Tran, Reza Malekzadeh, Martha Híjar, Addisu Melese, Tinuke O Olagunju, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Olatunde Aremu, Yahya Salimi, Corina Benjet, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Rizwan Kalani, Bach Xuan Tran, Serge Resnikoff, Félix Carvalho, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Basema Saddik, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Chris D Castle, Andre Pascal Kengne, Joan B. Soriano, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Derrick A Bennett, Pedro R. Olivares, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Srinivas Murthy, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Farid Najafi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Vasily Vlassov, Alessandra C. Goulart, Alireza Ahmadi, Theo Vos, Heather Orpana, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Dillon O Sylte, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Susan M Sawyer, Nauman Khalid, Louisa Degenhardt, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Shane D. Morrison, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Naznin Hossain, Zachary V Dingels, Kate Dolan, Florian Fischer, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Manisha Dubey, Michael Phillips, Koustuv Dalal, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Elena Varavikova, Rahul Gupta, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Sergey Soshnikov, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, David C. Schwebel, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Jost B. Jonas, Flávia Ribeiro Machado, Yoshan Moodley, Stefania Mondello, Nicholas L S Roberts, N. Bedi, Amrit Banstola, Yong Zhao, Vladimir I. Starodubov, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Juan Jesus Carrero, Manzoor Ahmad Malik, George C Patton, André Faro, In-Hwan Oh, Anwar Rafay, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Erin B Hamilton, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Suliman Alghnam, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Sojib Bin Zaman, Ratilal Lalloo, Zichen Liu, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Isabela M. Benseñor, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Ivy Shiue, Hilton Lam, Soraya Seedat, Mete Saylan, Eduarda Fernandes, Khalid A Altirkawi, Chuanhua Yu, Jasvinder A. Singh, Pascual R. Valdez, Jan-Walter De Neve, Guilherme Borges, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Linh Phuong Doan, Christopher S. Crowe, Andualem Henok, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Mina Anjomshoa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Paul S. F. Yip, Samath D Dharmaratne, Ayman Grada, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Gurudatta Naik, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Tomislav Mestrovic, Long Hoang Nguyen, Karen M. Tabb, Kebede Deribe, Mustafa Z. Younis, Yuan-Pang Wang, Van C. Lansingh, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Till Bärnighausen, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Rasmus Havmoeller, Konrad Pesudovs, Salman Rawaf, Walter Mendoza, Smita Pakhale, Mahesh P A, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Gabrielle deVeber, Pallab K. Maulik, Ali H. Mokdad, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Dipan Bose, Alireza Rafiei, Payman Salamati, Engida Yisma, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Juan Sanabria, Priyanka Yadav, Andrew T Olagunju, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Irina Filip, Shahab Rezaeian, Ghobad Moradi, Mohammad Zamani, Rosario Cárdenas, Delia Hendrie, Yogesh Sabde, Marek Majdan, Mariam Molokhia, Adnan Kisa, Jacob E. Sunshine, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Sanjay Zodpey, Ashish Awasthi, Rahman Shiri, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Shivanthi Balalla, Samer Hamidi, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu, Raimundas Lunevicius, Suzanne Polinder, Tomasz Miazgowski, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Tim Driscoll, Son Hoang Nguyen, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Josep Maria Haro, Leonardo Roever, Gholamreza Roshandel, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Luca Ronfani, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Daniel Kim, Maheswar Satpathy, Ionut Negoi, Michael K. Hole, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Rohan Borschmann, Ana-Laura Manda, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Lydia R. Lucchesi, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Janet L Leasher, Shafiu Mohammed, Lidia Morawska, Getenet Dessie, Reza Assadi, Tiffany K. Gill, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Oladimeji Adebayo, Mikk Jürisson, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Hadi Hassankhani, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Aziz Sheikh, Benjamin Uzochukwu, Aman Yesuf Endries, Eun-Kee Park, Jack T Fox, Abdallah M. Samy, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Ravi Prakash Jha, Inbal Salz, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Soufiane Boufous, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Pablo Montero-Zamora, Tissa Wijeratne, Abdullah T Khoja, Lidia Sanchez Riera, Vinay Nangia, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Haagsma, Juanita A, James, Spencer L, Castle, Chris D, Dingels, Zachary V, Yisma, Engida, Vos, Theo, Haagsma J.A., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., Lucchesi L.R., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Adebayo O.M., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour M.T.E., Alahdab F., Alghnam S.A., Aljunid S.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C.A.T., Appiah S.C.Y., Aremu O., Arora A., Asayesh H., Assadi R., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Balalla S., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Benjet C., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Borges G., Borschmann R., Bose D., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Campuzano Rincon J.C., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Catala-Lopez F., Choi J.-Y.J., Christopher D.J., Crowe C.S., Dalal K., Daryani A., Davitoiu D.V., Degenhardt L., De Leo D., De Neve J.-W., Deribe K., Dessie G.A., Deveber G.A., Dharmaratne S.D., Doan L.P., Dolan K.A., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., El Sayed Zaki M., Endries A.Y., Eskandarieh S., Faro A., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gezae K.E., Gill T.K., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Haro J.M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hendrie D., Henok A., Hijar M., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hossain N., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Ivers R.Q., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jorjoran Shushtari Z., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kalani R., Kasaeian A., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khan E.A., Khoja A.T., Kiadaliri A.A., Kim Y.-E., Kim D., Kisa A., Koyanagi A., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar M., Lalloo R., Lam H., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Leasher J.L., Li S., Linn S., Lunevicius R., MacHado F.R., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malik M.A., Malta D.C., Manda A.-L., Mansournia M.A., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Meheretu H.A.A., Mehndiratta M.M., Melese A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammed S., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Mondello S., Montero-Zamora P.A., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morrison S.D., Moschos M.M., Mousavi S.M., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen S.H., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen H.L.T., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Orpana H.M., Otstavnov S.S., Mahesh P.A., Pakhale S., Park E.-K., Patton G.C., Pesudovs K., Phillips M.R., Polinder S., Prakash S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahimi S., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.A., Rai R.K., Ramezanzadeh K., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaeian S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Sabde Y.D., Saddik B., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sanchez Riera L., Santric Milicevic M.M., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Sawyer S.M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Schneider I.J.C., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sheikh A., Shen J., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shiue I., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soares Filho A.M., Soriano J.B., Soshnikov S., Soyiri I.N., Starodubov V.I., Stein D.J., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sunshine J.E., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tessema G.A., Thakur J.S., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tudor Car L., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varavikova E., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wijeratne T., Winkler A.S., Yadav P., Yano Y., Yenesew M.A., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zafar S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhao Y., Zodpey S., Hay S.I., Lopez A.D., Mokdad A.H., Vos T., Public Health, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Area, and HUS Neurocenter
Subjects: Epidemiology, burden of disease, descriptive epidemiology, epidemiology, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Poison control, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 1. No poverty, Burden of disease, DALYS, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, ddc, 3. Good health, Descriptive epidemiology, Epidemiological transition, REGISTRATION, Disabled Person, Public Health, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, DEATHS, Adolescent, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, Life Expectancy, Injury prevention, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Disability-adjusted life year, Disease burden, Estimation, burden of disease, descriptive epidemiology, epidemiology, MORTALITY, Public health, EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, TRENDS, EXPECTANCY HALE, 1701 Psychology, Wounds and Injuries, Human medicine, Demography
Abstract: Incluye: Correction: Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev. 2020 Oct;26(Supp 1):i164. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043296corr1. Epub 2020 Sep 28. PMID: 32989004 Background: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. Funding for GBD 2017 was provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Sí
Published: 2020

34. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Kinyoki D, Osgood-Zimmerman A, Pickering B, Schaeffer L, Marczak L, Lazzar-Atwood A, Collison M, Henry N, Abebe Z, Adamu A, Adekanmbi V, Ahmadi K, Ajumobi O, Al-Eyadhy A, Al-Raddadi R, Alahdab F, Alijanzadeh M, Alipour V, Altirkawi K, Amini S, Andrei C, Antonio C, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Atique S, Ausloos M, Avila M, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Azari S, Badawi A, Barnighausen T, Bassat Q, Baye K, Bedi N, Bekele B, Bell M, Bhattacharjee N, Bhattacharyya K, Bhattarai S, Bhutta Z, Biadgo B, Bikbov B, Briko A, Britton G, Burstein R, Butt Z, Car J, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Castro F, Cerin E, Chipeta M, Chu D, Cork M, Cromwell E, Cuevas-Nasu L, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daoud F, Das Gupta R, Weaver N, De Leo D, De Neve J, Deribe K, Desalegn B, Deshpande A, Desta M, Diaz D, Dinberu M, Doku D, Dubey M, Duraes A, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Earl L, Effiong A, Zaki M, El Tantawi M, El-Khatib Z, Eshrati B, Fareed M, Faro A, Fereshtehnejad S, Filip I, Fischer F, Foigt N, Folayan M, Fukumoto T, Gebrehiwot T, Gezae K, Ghajar A, Gill P, Gona P, Gopalani S, Grada A, Guo Y, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall J, Hamidi S, Henok A, Prado B, Herrero M, Herteliu C, Hoang C, Hole M, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Hu G, Islam S, Jakovljevic M, Jha R, Jonas J, Jozwiak J, Kahsay A, Kanchan T, Karami M, Kasaeian A, Khader Y, Khan E, Khater M, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa A, Kochhar S, Kosen S, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Defo B, Kumar G, Kumar M, Lad S, Lami F, Lee P, Levine A, Li S, Linn S, Lodha R, Abd El Razek H, Abd El Razek M, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Mamun A, Mansournia M, Martins-Melo F, Masaka A, Massenburg B, Mayala B, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Melku M, Mendoza W, Mensah G, Miazgowski T, Miller T, Mini G, Mirrakhimov E, Moazen B, Darwesh A, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad A, Moodley Y, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Morrison S, Mosser J, Mousavi S, Mueller U, Murray C, Mustafa G, Naderi M, Naghavi M, Najafi F, Nangia V, Ndwandwe D, Negoi I, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen H, Nguyen L, Nguyen S, Nie J, Nnaji C, Noubiap J, Shiadeh M, Nyasulu P, Ogbo F, Olagunju A, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Ortiz-Panozo E, Otstavnov S, Mahesh P, Pana A, Pandey A, Pati S, Patil S, Patton G, Perico N, Pigott D, Pirsaheb M, Piwoz E, Postma M, Pourshams A, Prakash S, Quintana H, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rai R, Rajati F, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Rawat R, Remuzzi G, Renzaho A, Rios-Gonzalez C, Roever L, Ross J, Rostami A, Sadat N, Safari Y, Safdarian M, Sahebkar A, Salam N, Salamati P, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Samy A, Sartorius B, Sathian B, Schipp M, Schwebel D, Senbeta A, Sepanlou S, Shaikh M, Levy T, Shamsi M, Sharafi K, Sharma R, Sheikh A, Shil A, Silva D, Singh J, Sinha D, Soofi M, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan M, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Tadesse B, Temsah M, Terkawi A, Tessema Z, Thorne-Lyman A, Tovani-Palone M, Tran B, Tran K, Ullah I, Uthman O, Vaezghasemi M, Vaezi A, Valdez P, Vanderheide J, Veisani Y, Violante F, Vlassov V, Vu G, Vu L, Waheed Y, Walson J, Wang Y, Wangia E, Werdecker A, Xu G, Yamada T, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis M, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Bin Zaman S, Zamani M, Zhang Y, Kassebaum N, Hay S, Local Burden Dis Child Growth Fail, Public Health, Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Kinyoki, Damaris K, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron E, Pickering, Brandon V, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Yisma, Engida, Hay, Simon I, Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators, Kinyoki D.K., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Pickering B.V., Schaeffer L.E., Marczak L.B., Lazzar-Atwood A., Collison M.L., Henry N.J., Abebe Z., Adamu A.A., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Ajumobi O., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amini S., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Barnighausen T.W., Bassat Q., Baye K., Bedi N., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bikbov B., Briko A.N., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chipeta M.G., Chu D.-T., Cork M.A., Cromwell E.A., Cuevas-Nasu L., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Gupta R.D., Weaver N.D., Leo D.D., Neve J.-W.D., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Fareed M., Faro A., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fukumoto T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Gill P.S., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall J.B., Hamidi S., Henok A., Prado B.H., Herrero M., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kahsay A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Lodha R., El Razek H.M.A., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Melku M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Moodley Y., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nie J., Nnaji C.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov S.S., P. A M., Pana A., Pandey A., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Piwoz E.G., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Quintana H., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawat R., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ross J.M., Rostami A., Sadat N., Safari Y., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Levy T.S., Shamsi M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shil A., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soofi M., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaezghasemi M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Vanderheide J., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Vu L.G., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangia E.N., Werdecker A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhang Y., Kassebaum N.J., and Hay S.I.
Subjects: Time Factors, Developmental Disabilities, Psychological intervention, Distribution (economics), 0302 clinical medicine, risk factors, 030212 general & internal medicine, Signs and symptoms, Wasting, Children, Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators, 2. Zero hunger, Multidisciplinary, Under-five, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, A900 Others in Medicine and Dentistry, 3. Good health, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Geography, Child, Preschool, Science & Technology - Other Topics, HEALTH, Underweight, medicine.symptom, social sciences, Infants, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, General Science & Technology, RJ, Developing country, Nutritional Status, World Health Organization, Child Nutrition Disorders, Article, Social sciences, Malnutrició, 03 medical and health sciences, AGE, Environmental health, medicine, Mortalitat, Humans, Mortality, Developing Countries, Science & Technology, business.industry, Public health, MORTALITY, Body Weight, Malnutrition, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Child growth failure, medicine.disease, signs and symptoms, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Risk factors, WEIGHT, business, RA, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications., High-resolution subnational mapping of child growth failure indicators for 105 low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 shows that, despite considerable progress, substantial geographical inequalities still exist in some countries.
Published: 2020

35. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Author: Mohsen Bayati, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Nasir Salam, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Davide Rasella, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Ghulam Mustafa, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Fereshteh Ansari, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Leonardo Roever, Oghenowede Eyawo, Koustuv Dalal, Ana-Laura Manda, Ritesh G. Menezes, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Javad Yoosefi Lebni, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Aziz Eftekhari, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Jon Wakefield, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Edris Hasanpoor, Brijesh Sathian, Kala M. Mehta, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Saeed Amini, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Abbas Yadegar, João Pedro Silva, Desmond Kuupiel, Anvar Asadi, Hamid Sharifi, Ebrahim Babaee, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Ian Davis, Mostafa Qorbani, Fatemeh Rajati, Samer Hamidi, Parvaiz A Koul, Foad Abd-Allah, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Elias Merdassa Roro, Mihaela Hostiuc, Robert S. Bernstein, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Irina Filip, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Amir Khater, Lidia Morawska, Sangram Kishor Patel, Robert C. Reiner, Joshua O. Akinyemi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Reza Malekzadeh, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Irfan Ullah, Gabrielle B. Britton, Gelin Xu, Nathaniel J Henry, Thomas R. Hird, Ronny Westerman, Vera Marisa Costa, Reza Assadi, Tiffany K. Gill, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Meysam Olfatifar, Sezer Kisa, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Walter Mendoza, Mohammad Zamani, Nader Jafari Balalami, Mahdi Safdarian, Manfred S. Green, Mahesh P A, Nahid Neamati, Pallab K. Maulik, Ali H. Mokdad, Joshua Longbottom, Somayeh Bohlouli, Ahmad Daryani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Mostafa Hosseini, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Nick Golding, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Shirin Nosratnejad, Haidong Wang, Shadi Rahimzadeh, Pushpendra Kumar, Mehdi Noroozi, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Brent Bell, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Yousef Veisani, Katie R Nielsen, Ionut Negoi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Joseph L Ward, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Ettore Beghi, Azeem Majeed, Ivy Shiue, Delia Hendrie, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Moslem Soofi, Ghobad Moradi, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Milad Hasankhani, Mohamed I Hegazy, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Vahid Alipour, Ruth W Kimokoti, Afshin Maleki, Nafiseh Baheiraei, Noore Alam, Jalal Arabloo, Mariam Molokhia, Kimberly B. Johnson, Amber Sligar, Nicole Davis Weaver, Kerem Shuval, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Paul H. Lee, Reza Ghadimi, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Ehsan Sadeghi, Brandon V. Pickering, Animika Pandey, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Felix Greaves, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Joel M. Francis, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Yun Jin Kim, Agus Sudaryanto, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Hadi Pourjafar, Tomohide Yamada, Alireza Rafiei, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammad Khazaei, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Michael Collison, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Yahya Salimi, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Soewarta Kosen, Al Artaman, Surendra Karki, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Christopher S Yilgwan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Gholamreza Roshandel, Vahid Rashedi, Daniel Diaz, Amir Vahedian-Azimi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Nuworza Kugbey, Zohreh Arefi, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Robert G. Weintraub, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Salman Khazaei, Olalekan A. Uthman, Mohamed Hsairi, Nuno Taveira, Masoud Foroutan, Jayendra Sharma, Hanna Demelash Desyibelew, Max Roser, Keivan Ahmadi, Yousef Khader, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Florian Fischer, Aziz Sheikh, Eun-Kee Park, Stefan Listl, Smita Pakhale, Brian J. Hall, Alireza Zangeneh, Ravi Mehrotra, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Mahdi Afshari, Son Hoang Nguyen, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Rupak Desai, Aziz Rezapour, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Gillian I. Hollerich, Reza Saeedi, Iman El Sayed, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Ben Lacey, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Roya Ebrahimi, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Job F M van Boven, Nataliya Foigt, Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Neeraj Bedi, Hamed Mirjalali, Payman Salamati, P N Sylaja, Ted R. Miller, George J. Milne, Alaa Badawi, Muhammad Usman, Amir Hasanzadeh, Michelle L. 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C.J.L., and Hay S.I.
Subjects: Survival, RJ101, Mortalidad Infantil, HB, UNDER-5 MORTALITY, Global Health, Pediatrics, 0302 clinical medicine, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Child death, Infant Mortality, Epidemiology, Global health, Middle income country, Nacimiento vivo, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, POPULATION, Developing world, education.field_of_study, Public health, Multidisciplinary, Geography, Mortality rate, wa_900, 1. No poverty, SUCCESS, Pediatrik, A900 Others in Medicine and Dentistry, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Child Mortality, Death children, VACCINATION, HEALTH, ws_100, INTERVENTIONS, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, United Nations, General Science & Technology, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Developing country, Article, Healthcare improvement science Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 18], ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, Social Justice, Recién nacido, Neonatal deaths, medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Organizational Objectives, Humans, education, Developing Countries, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Infant, CIVIL REGISTRATION, Paediatrics, Child survival, Newborn, PREVENTION, Infant mortality, wa_320, ws_200, Child mortality, Socioeconomic Factors, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Human medicine, Paediatrics, Public health, Developing world, business, Demography
Abstract: Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations., A high-resolution, global atlas of mortality of children under five years of age between 2000 and 2017 highlights subnational geographical inequalities in the distribution, rates and absolute counts of child deaths by age.
Published: 2019

36. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author: Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Fitzmaurice C, Abate D, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdel-Rahman O, Abdelalim A, Abdoli A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulle ASM, Abebe ND, Abraha HN, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abualhasan A, Adedeji IA, Advani SM, Afarideh M, Afshari M, Aghaali M, Agius D, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmadian E, Ahmadpour E, Ahmed MB, Akbari ME, Akinyemiju T, Al-Aly Z, AlAbdulKader AM, Alahdab F, Alam T, Alamene GM, Alemnew BTT, Alene KA, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Bakeshei FA, Almadi MAH, Almasi-Hashiani A, Alsharif U, Alsowaidi S, Alvis-Guzman N, Amini E, Amini S, Amoako YA, Anbari Z, Anber NH, Andrei CL, Anjomshoa M, Ansari F, Ansariadi A, Appiah SCY, Arab-Zozani M, Arabloo J, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Areri HA, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asfaw ET, Ashagre AF, Assadi R, Ataeinia B, Atalay HT, Ataro Z, Atique S, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayanore MA, Ayele HT, Babaee E, Bacha U, Badawi A, Bagherzadeh M, Bagli E, Balakrishnan S, Balouchi A, Bärnighausen TW, Battista RJ, Behzadifar M, Bekele BB, Belay YB, Belayneh YM, Berfield KKS, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Beuran M, Bhakta N, Bhattacharyya K, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bin Sayeed MS, Birungi C, Bisignano C, Bitew H, Bjørge T, Bleyer A, Bogale KA, Bojia HA, Borzì AM, Bosetti C, Bou-Orm IR, Brenner H, Brewer JD, Briko AN, Briko NI, Bustamante-Teixeira MT, Butt ZA, Carreras G, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castro C, Castro F, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chanie WF, Chattu VK, Chaturvedi P, Chauhan NS, Chehrazi M, Chiang PP, Chichiabellu TY, Chido-Amajuoyi OG, Chimed-Ochir O, Choi JJ, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Constantin MM, Costa VM, Crocetti E, Crowe CS, Curado MP, Dahlawi SMA, Damiani G, Darwish AH, Daryani A, das Neves J, Demeke FM, Demis AB, Demissie BW, Demoz GT, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Derakhshani A, Deribe KS, Desai R, Desalegn BB, Desta M, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Diaz D, Dinberu MTT, Djalalinia S, Doku DT, Drake TM, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken EE, Ebrahimi H, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, El Sayed I, Zaki MES, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Elemineh DA, Elkout H, Ellenbogen RG, Elsharkawy A, Emamian MH, Endalew DA, Endries AY, Eshrati B, Fadhil I, Fallah V, Faramarzi M, Farhangi MA, Farioli A, Farzadfar F, Fentahun N, Fernandes E, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Fisher JL, Force LM, Foroutan M, Freitas M, Fukumoto T, Futran ND, Gallus S, Gankpe FG, Gayesa RT, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebremeskel GG, Gedefaw GA, Gelaw BK, Geta B, Getachew S, Gezae KE, Ghafourifard M, Ghajar A, Ghashghaee A, Gholamian A, Gill PS, Ginindza TTG, Girmay A, Gizaw M, Gomez RS, Gopalani SV, Gorini G, Goulart BNG, Grada A, Ribeiro Guerra M, Guimaraes ALS, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Hadkhale K, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Hanfore LK, Haro JM, Hasankhani M, Hasanzadeh A, Hassen HY, Hay RJ, Hay SI, Henok A, Henry NJ, Herteliu C, Hidru HD, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Hoogar P, Horita N, Hosgood HD, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Hussen MM, Ileanu B, Ilic MD, Innos K, Irvani SSN, Iseh KR, Islam SMS, Islami F, Jafari Balalami N, Jafarinia M, Jahangiry L, Jahani MA, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, James SL, Javanbakht M, Jayaraman S, Jee SH, Jenabi E, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jonnagaddala J, Joo T, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kamangar F, Karch A, Karimi N, Karimian A, Kasaeian A, Kasahun GG, Kassa B, Kassa TD, Kassaw MW, Kaul A, Keiyoro PN, Kelbore AG, Kerbo AA, Khader YS, Khalilarjmandi M, Khan EA, Khan G, Khang YH, Khatab K, Khater A, Khayamzadeh M, Khazaee-Pool M, Khazaei S, Khoja AT, Khosravi MH, Khubchandani J, Kianipour N, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Komaki H, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Bicer BK, Kugbey N, Kumar V, Kuupiel D, La Vecchia C, Lad DP, Lake EA, Lakew AM, Lal DK, Lami FH, Lan Q, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, Lazarus JV, Leigh J, Leshargie CT, Liao Y, Limenih MA, Listl S, Lopez AD, Lopukhov PD, Lunevicius R, Madadin M, Magdeldin S, El Razek HMA, Majeed A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Manafi A, Manafi N, Manamo WA, Mansourian M, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Maroufizadeh S, Martini SMS, Mashamba-Thompson TP, Massenburg BB, Maswabi MT, Mathur MR, McAlinden C, McKee M, Meheretu HAA, Mehrotra R, Mehta V, Meier T, Melaku YA, Meles GG, Meles HG, Melese A, Melku M, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Merat S, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Mihretie KMM, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mir SM, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei HR, Mishra R, Moazen B, Mohammad DK, Mohammad KA, Mohammad Y, Darwesh AM, Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadi H, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohammed AS, Mohammed JA, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moossavi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Joo M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradpour F, Morawska L, Morgado-da-Costa J, Morisaki N, Morrison SD, Mosapour A, Mousavi SM, Muche AA, Muhammed OSS, Musa J, Nabhan AR, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Nagel G, Nahvijou A, Naik G, Najafi F, Naldi L, Nam HS, Nasiri N, Nazari J, Negoi I, Neupane S, Newcomb PA, Nggada HA, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen CT, Nikniaz L, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nixon MR, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Nosratnejad S, Shiadeh MN, Obsa MS, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Oluwasanu MM, Omonisi AE, Onwujekwe OE, Oommen AM, Oren E, Ortega-Altamirano DDV, Ota E, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, P A M, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pakpour AH, Pana A, Park EK, Parsian H, Pashaei T, Patel S, Patil ST, Pennini A, Pereira DM, Piccinelli C, Pillay JD, Pirestani M, Pishgar F, Postma MJ, Pourjafar H, Pourmalek F, Pourshams A, Prakash S, Prasad N, Qorbani M, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi M, Rahman MA, Rajati F, Rana SM, Raoofi S, Rath GK, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Reiner RC, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei N, Rezapour A, Ribeiro AI, Ribeiro D, Ronfani L, Roro EM, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Saad RS, Sabbagh P, Sabour S, Saddik B, Safiri S, Sahebkar A, Salahshoor MR, Salehi F, Salem H, Salem MR, Salimzadeh H, Salomon JA, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santric Milicevic MM, Sartorius B, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Savic M, Sawhney M, Sayyah M, Schneider IJC, Schöttker B, Sekerija M, Sepanlou SG, Sepehrimanesh M, Seyedmousavi S, Shaahmadi F, Shabaninejad H, Shahbaz M, Shaikh MA, Shamshirian A, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi H, Sharafi Z, Sharif M, Sharifi A, Sharifi H, Sharma R, Sheikh A, Shirkoohi R, Shukla SR, Si S, Siabani S, Silva DAS, Silveira DGA, Singh A, Singh JA, Sisay S, Sitas F, Sobngwi E, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Stathopoulou V, Sufiyan MB, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Takahashi K, Tamtaji OR, Tarawneh MR, Tassew SG, Taymoori P, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temsah MH, Temsah O, Tesfay BE, Tesfay FH, Teshale MY, Tessema GA, Thapa S, Tlaye KG, Topor-Madry R, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran BX, Tran KB, Tsadik AG, Ullah I, Uthman OA, Vacante M, Vaezi M, Varona Pérez P, Veisani Y, Vidale S, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Vos T, Vosoughi K, Vu GT, Vujcic IS, Wabinga H, Wachamo TM, Wagnew FS, Waheed Y, Weldegebreal F, Weldesamuel GT, Wijeratne T, Wondafrash DZ, Wonde TE, Wondmieneh AB, Workie HM, Yadav R, Yadegar A, Yadollahpour A, Yaseri M, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yeshaneh A, Yimam MA, Yimer EM, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousefi B, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zabeh E, Zadnik V, Moghadam TZ, Zaidi Z, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zangeneh A, Zaki L, Zendehdel K, Zenebe ZM, Zewale TA, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Murray CJL, Fitzmaurice C., Abate D., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdel-Rahman O., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulle A.S.M., Abebe N.D., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abualhasan A., Adedeji I.A., Advani S.M., Afarideh M., Afshari M., Aghaali M., Agius D., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadian E., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed M.B., Akbari M.E., Akinyemiju T., Al-Aly Z., Alabdulkader A.M., Alahdab F., Alam T., Alamene G.M., Alemnew B.T.T., Alene K.A., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Bakeshei F.A., Almadi M.A.H., Almasi-Hashiani A., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini E., Amini S., Amoako Y.A., Anbari Z., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansariadi A., Appiah S.C.Y., Arab-Zozani M., Arabloo J., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asfaw E.T., Ashagre A.F., Assadi R., Ataeinia B., Atalay H.T., Ataro Z., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayanore M.A., Ayele H.T., Babaee E., Bacha U., Badawi A., Bagherzadeh M., Bagli E., Balakrishnan S., Balouchi A., Barnighausen T.W., Battista R.J., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belay Y.B., Belayneh Y.M., Berfield K.K.S., Berhane A., Bernabe E., Beuran M., Bhakta N., Bhattacharyya K., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M.S., Birungi C., Bisignano C., Bitew H., Bjorge T., Bleyer A., Bogale K.A., Bojia H.A., Borzi A.M., Bosetti C., Bou-Orm I.R., Brenner H., Brewer J.D., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Bustamante-Teixeira M.T., Butt Z.A., Carreras G., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castro C., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chanie W.F., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chauhan N.S., Chehrazi M., Chiang P.P.-C., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chido-Amajuoyi O.G., Chimed-Ochir O., Choi J.-Y.J., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Constantin M.-M., Costa V.M., Crocetti E., Crowe C.S., Curado M.P., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das Neves J., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Demissie B.W., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Derakhshani A., Deribe K.S., Desai R., Desalegn B.B., Desta M., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T.T., Djalalinia S., Doku D.T., Drake T.M., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Ebrahimi H., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., Zaki M.E.S., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Elemineh D.A., Elkout H., Ellenbogen R.G., Elsharkawy A., Emamian M.H., Endalew D.A., Endries A.Y., Eshrati B., Fadhil I., Fallah V., Faramarzi M., Farhangi M.A., Farioli A., Farzadfar F., Fentahun N., Fernandes E., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Force L.M., Foroutan M., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Futran N.D., Gallus S., Gankpe F.G., Gayesa R.T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremeskel G.G., Gedefaw G.A., Gelaw B.K., Geta B., Getachew S., Gezae K.E., Ghafourifard M., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill P.S., Ginindza T.T.G., Girmay A., Gizaw M., Gomez R.S., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Ribeiro Guerra M., Guimaraes A.L.S., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Hadkhale K., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hanfore L.K., Haro J.M., Hasankhani M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassen H.Y., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Henok A., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hoogar P., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hussen M.M., Ileanu B., Ilic M.D., Innos K., Irvani S.S.N., Iseh K.R., Islam S.M.S., Islami F., Jafari Balalami N., Jafarinia M., Jahangiry L., Jahani M.A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., James S.L., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S., Jee S.H., Jenabi E., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joo T., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kamangar F., Karch A., Karimi N., Karimian A., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kassa B., Kassa T.D., Kassaw M.W., Kaul A., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kerbo A.A., Khader Y.S., Khalilarjmandi M., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.-H., Khatab K., Khater A., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaee-Pool M., Khazaei S., Khoja A.T., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Komaki H., Koyanagi A., Krohn K.J., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kuupiel D., La Vecchia C., Lad D.P., Lake E.A., Lakew A.M., Lal D.K., Lami F.H., Lan Q., Lasrado S., Lauriola P., Lazarus J.V., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Liao Y., Limenih M.A., Listl S., Lopez A.D., Lopukhov P.D., Lunevicius R., Madadin M., Magdeldin S., El Razek H.M.A., Majeed A., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Manafi A., Manafi N., Manamo W.A., Mansourian M., Mansournia M.A., Mantovani L.G., Maroufizadeh S., Martini S.M.S., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Massenburg B.B., Maswabi M.T., Mathur M.R., McAlinden C., McKee M., Meheretu H.A.A., Mehrotra R., Mehta V., Meier T., Melaku Y.A., Meles G.G., Meles H.G., Melese A., Melku M., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Merat S., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Mihretie K.M.M., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mir S.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei H.R., Mishra R., Moazen B., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Darwesh A.M., Mohammadbeigi A., Mohammadi H., Mohammadi M., Mohammadian M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moossavi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Morgado-Da-costa J., Morisaki N., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mousavi S.M., Muche A.A., Muhammed O.S.S., Musa J., Nabhan A.R., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nagel G., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Najafi F., Naldi L., Nam H.S., Nasiri N., Nazari J., Negoi I., Neupane S., Newcomb P.A., Nggada H.A., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nikniaz L., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Nixon M.R., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nosratnejad S., Shiadeh M.N., Obsa M.S., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Omonisi A.E., Onwujekwe O.E., Oommen A.M., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.D.V., Ota E., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakpour A.H., Pana A., Park E.-K., Parsian H., Pashaei T., Patel S., Patil S.T., Pennini A., Pereira D.M., Piccinelli C., Pillay J.D., Pirestani M., Pishgar F., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Prasad N., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi M., Rahman M.A., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Raoofi S., Rath G.K., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reiner R.C., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Ribeiro D., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Saad R.S., Sabbagh P., Sabour S., Saddik B., Safiri S., Sahebkar A., Salahshoor M.R., Salehi F., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimzadeh H., Salomon J.A., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Savic M., Sawhney M., Sayyah M., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S.G., Sepehrimanesh M., Seyedmousavi S., Shaahmadi F., Shabaninejad H., Shahbaz M., Shaikh M.A., Shamshirian A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi Z., Sharif M., Sharifi A., Sharifi H., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shirkoohi R., Shukla S.R., Si S., Siabani S., Silva D.A.S., Silveira D.G.A., Singh A., Singh J.A., Sisay S., Sitas F., Sobngwi E., Soofi M., Soriano J.B., Stathopoulou V., Sufiyan M.B., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Takahashi K., Tamtaji O.R., Tarawneh M.R., Tassew S.G., Taymoori P., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Teshale M.Y., Tessema G.A., Thapa S., Tlaye K.G., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tsadik A.G., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vacante M., Vaezi M., Varona Perez P., Veisani Y., Vidale S., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Vosoughi K., Vu G.T., Vujcic I.S., Wabinga H., Wachamo T.M., Wagnew F.S., Waheed Y., Weldegebreal F., Weldesamuel G.T., Wijeratne T., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Wondmieneh A.B., Workie H.M., Yadav R., Yadegar A., Yadollahpour A., Yaseri M., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeshaneh A., Yimam M.A., Yimer E.M., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi B., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zabeh E., Zadnik V., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zaki L., Zendehdel K., Zenebe Z.M., Zewale T.A., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Murray C.J.L., Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Clinicum, Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Fitzmaurice, C, Abate, D, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdel-Rahman, O, Abdelalim, A, 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Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vujcic, I, Wabinga, H, Wachamo, T, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Weldegebreal, F, Weldesamuel, G, Wijeratne, T, Wondafrash, D, Wonde, T, Wondmieneh, A, Workie, H, Yadav, R, Yadegar, A, Yadollahpour, A, Yaseri, M, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeshaneh, A, Yimam, M, Yimer, E, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefi, B, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Zabeh, E, Zadnik, V, Moghadam, T, Zaidi, Z, Zamani, M, Zandian, H, Zangeneh, A, Zaki, L, Zendehdel, K, Zenebe, Z, Zewale, T, Ziapour, A, Zodpey, S, Murray, C, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Abate, Degu, Abbasi, Naghmeh, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Yisma, Engida, Murray, Christopher JL, and Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration
Subjects: Cancer Research, age distribution, cancer incidence, Colorectal cancer, GBD, DALY, cancer risk, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, disease burden, cause of death, trachea cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, systematic review, Neoplasms, quality adjusted life year, 11. Sustainability, Epidemiology, cancer mortality, 030212 general & internal medicine, years of life lost, Stomach cancer, fertility, disabled person, stomach cancer, disability-adjusted life year, nonhodgkin lymphoma, Incidence, 1. No poverty, prostate cancer, 3. Good health, income, Oncology, risk factor, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, bladder cancer, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, medicine.medical_specialty, sex difference, 3122 Cancers, colorectal cancer, bronchus cancer, Article, educational status, Causes of cancer, liver cancer, 03 medical and health sciences, Breast cancer, breast cancer, Environmental health, geographic distribution, medicine, Humans, Disabled Persons, human, business.industry, Correction, Cancer, non melanoma skin cancer, medicine.disease, years lived with disability, lung cancer, Years of potential life lost, Skin cancer, global disease burden, business, neoplasm, RC, uterine cervix cancer
Abstract: Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Published: 2019

37. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

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Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J, Silva, Joao Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Smith, Mari, Soares Filho, Adauto Martins, Sobhani, Soheila, Soofi, Moslem, Soriano, Joan B, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Stein, Dan J, Stokes, Mark A, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sunshine, Jacob E, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra EI, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Ao, Braden James Te, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Car, Lorainne Tudor, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Ullah, Irfan, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A, Valdez, Pascual R, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wyper, Grant MA, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasin, Yasin Jemal, Ye, Pengpeng, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yip, Paul, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yost, Michael G, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Bin Zaman, Sojib, Zamani, Mohammad, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zodpey, Sanjay, Feigin, Valery L, Vos, Theo, Murray, Christopher JL, Sp, GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury, James S.L., Theadom A., Ellenbogen R.G., Bannick M.S., Montjoy-Venning W., Lucchesi L.R., Abbasi N., Abdulkader R., Abraha H.N., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akinyemi R.O., Akseer N., Alahdab F., Alebel A., Alghnam S.A., Ali B.A., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Ansari H., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Appiah S.C.Y., Ariani F., Asefa N.G., Asgedom S.W., Atique S., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayuk T.B., Azzopardi P.S., Badali H., Badawi A., Balalla S., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belachew A.B., Belay Y.A., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Beuran M., Bhalla A., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Biffino M., Bijani A., Bililign N., Birungi C., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Brown A.W., Car M., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Catala-Lopez F., Chaiah Y., Champs A.P., Chang J.-C., Choi J.-Y.J., Christopher D.J., Cooper C., Crowe C.S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daryani A., Davitoiu D.V., Degefa M.G., Demoz G.T., Deribe K., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Drake T.M., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., El-Khatib Z., Ofori-Asenso R., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Farzaei M.H., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fukumoto T., Ganji M., Gankpe F.G., Gebre A.K., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gezae K.E., Gopalkrishna G., Goulart A.C., Haagsma J.A., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Haro J.M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hawley C., Hay S.I., Hegazy M.I., Hendrie D., Henok A., Hibstu D.T., Hoffman H.J., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hosseini S.M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Hussen M.A., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Jakovljevic M., Jayaraman S., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jones K.M., Jorjoran Shushtari Z., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kahssay M., Kalani R., Karch A., Kasaeian A., Kassa G.M., Kassa T.D., Kassa Z.Y., Kengne A.P., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I., Khan E.A., Khan M.S., Khang Y.-H., Khazaie H., Khoja A.T., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A.A., Kim D., Kim Y.-E., Kisa A., Koyanagi A., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Lalloo R., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Latifi A., Leshargie C.T., Levi M., Li S., Liben M.L., Lotufo P.A., Lunevicius R., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Manda A.-L., Mansournia M.A., Massenburg B.B., Mate K.K.V., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta V., Meles H., Melese A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Mengistu G., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohammadi M., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Mondello S., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Morrison S.D., Moschos M.M., Mousavi S.M., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Naghavi M., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Negoi I., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Pakhale S., Pandey A.R., Pesudovs K., Pinilla-Monsalve G.D., Polinder S., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Ram U., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reiner R.C., Reis C., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezaeian S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roy N., Ruhago G.M., Saddik B., Safari H., Safiri S., Sahraian M.A., Salamati P., Saldanha R.D.F., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M.M., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Savuon K., Schneider I.J.C., Schwebel D.C., Sepanlou S.G., Shabaninejad H., Shaikh M.A.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Shariful Islam S.M., She J., Sheikh A., Shen J., Sheth K.N., Shibuya K., Shiferaw M.S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shiue I., Shoman H., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Sinha D.N., Smith M., Soares Filho A.M., Sobhani S., Soofi M., Soriano J.B., Soyiri I.N., Stein D.J., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sunshine J.E., Sykes B.L., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Te Ao B.J., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle M.G., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada-Girbes M., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tudor Car L., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Wagnew F.W.S., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., Wijeratne T., Winkler A.S., Wyper G.M.A., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Ye P., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yost M.G., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zenebe Z.M., Zodpey S., Feigin V.L., Vos T., Murray C.J.L., and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Subjects: Science & Technology, Neurology & Neurosurgery, NEW-ZEALAND, Clinical Neurology, UNITED-STATES, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Epidemology, spinal cord injury, Global Burden of Disease, Traumatic brain injury, United-States, New-Zealand, Epidemology, Survival, GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators, Brain Injuries, Traumatic, SURVIVAL, brain injury, spinal cord injury, EPIDEMIOLOGY, Global Burden Disease, Neurosciences & Neurology, 1109 Neurosciences, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Spinal Cord Injuries
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used cause-specific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. FINDINGS: In 2016, there were 27·08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·30-30·30 million) new cases of TBI and 0·93 million (0·78-1·16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55·50 million (53·40-57·62 million) and of SCI was 27·04 million (24·98-30·15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the age-standardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8·4% (95% UI 7·7 to 9·2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0·2% [-2·1 to 2·7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3·6% (1·8 to 5·5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3·6% [-7·4 to 4·0]). TBI caused 8·1 million (95% UI 6·0-10·4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9·5 million (6·7-12·4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. INTERPRETATION: TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation We acknowledge the funding and support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. AK was supported by the Miguel Servet contract, which was financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects integrated into the National Research, Development, and Implementation,and funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). AMS is supported by the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. AF acknowledges the Federal University of Sergipe (Sergipe, Brazil). AA received financial assistance from the Indian Department of Science and Technology (New Delhi, India) through the INSPIRE faculty programme. AS is supported by Health Data Research UK. DJS is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. AB is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. SMSI received a senior research fellowship from the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University (Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia), and a career transition grant from the High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. FP and CF acknowledge support from the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, and Ministério da Educação e Ciência) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020 UID/QUI/50006/2013. TB acknowledges financial support from the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon. AM of Imperial College London is grateful for support from the Northwest London National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research andCare and the Imperial NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. KD is funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (grant number 201900). PSA is supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship. RT-S was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. The Serbian part of this contribution (by MJ) has been co-financed with grant OI175014 from the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development; publication of results was not contingent upon the Ministry’s approval. MMMSM acknowledges support from the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (contract 175087). MM’s research was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust (London, UK) and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the UK National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt professor award, which was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research Sí
Published: 2019

38. Carga global, regional y nacional de neurológicas. Desórdenes, 1990-2016: un análisis sistemático para el Global Estudio de la carga de enfermedad 2016

Author: Feigin V, Nichols E, Alam T, Bannick M, Beghi E, Blake N, Culpepper W, Dorsey E, Elbaz A, Ellenbogen R, Fisher J, Fitzmaurice C, Giussani G, Glennie L, James S, Johnson C, Kassebaum N, Logroscino G, Marin B, Mountjoy-Venning W, Nguyen M, Ofori-Asenso R, Patel A, Piccininni M, Roth G, Steiner T, Stovner L, Szoeke C, Theadom A, Vollset S, Wallin M, Wright C, Zunt J, Abbasi N, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Aboyans V, Abraha H, Acharya D, Adamu A, Adebayo O, Adeoye A, Adsuar J, Afarideh M, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmed M, Aichour A, Aichour I, Aichour M, Akinyemi R, Akseer N, Al-Eyadhy A, Salman R, Alahdab F, Alene K, Aljunid S, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Anber N, Antonio C, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Arnlov J, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Atalay H, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Ayuk T, Badawi A, Banach M, Banoub J, Barboza M, Barker-Collo S, Barnighausen T, Baune B, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Bejot Y, Bekele B, Belachew A, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Beuran M, Bhattacharyya K, Bhutta Z, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed M, Blazes C, Brayne C, Butt Z, Campos-Nonato I, Cantu-Brito C, Car M, Cardenas R, Carrero J, Carvalho F, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Castro F, Catala-Lopez F, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chang J, Chatziralli I, Chiang P, Christensen H, Christopher D, Cooper C, Cortesi P, Costa V, Criqui M, Crowe C, Damasceno A, Daryani A, De la Cruz-Gongora V, De la Hoz F, De Leo D, Degefa M, Demoz G, Deribe K, Dharmaratne S, Diaz D, Dinberu M, Djalalinia S, Doku D, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken E, Edvardsson D, El-Khatib Z, Endres M, Endries A, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Esteghamati S, Farhadi F, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Farzaei M, Fatima B, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes E, Feyissa G, Filip I, Fischer F, Fukumoto T, Ganji M, Gankpe F, Garcia-Gordillo M, Gebre A, Gebremichael T, Gelaw B, Geleijnse J, Geremew D, Gezae K, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Gidey M, Gill P, Gill T, Gnedovskaya E, Goulart A, Grada A, Grosso G, Guo Y, Gupta R, Haagsma J, Hagos T, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hankey G, Hao Y, Haro J, Hassankhani H, Hassen H, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hegazy M, Heidari B, Henok A, Heydarpour F, Hoang C, Hole M, Rad E, Hosseini S, Hu G, Igumbor E, Ilesanmi O, Irvani S, Islam S, Jakovljevic M, Javanbakht M, Jha R, Jobanputra Y, Jonas J, Jozwiak J, Jurisson M, Kahsay A, Kalani R, Kalkonde Y, Kamil T, Kanchan T, Karami M, Karch A, Karimi N, Kasaeian A, Kassa T, Kassa Z, Kaul A, Kefale A, Keiyoro P, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khalil I, Khan E, Khang Y, Khazaie H, Kiadaliri A, Kiirithio D, Kim A, Kim D, Kim Y, Kisa A, Kokubo Y, Koyanagi A, Krishnamurthi R, Defo B, Bicer B, Kumar M, Lacey B, Lafranconi A, Lansingh V, Latifi A, Leshargie C, Li S, Liao Y, Linn S, Lo W, Lopez J, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lucas R, Lunevicius R, Mackay M, Mahotra N, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Manafi N, Mansournia M, Mantovani L, Marz W, Mashamba-Thompson T, Massenburg B, Mate K, McAlinden C, McGrath J, Mehta V, Meier T, Meles H, Melese A, Memiah P, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Mengistu D, Mengistu G, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Miller T, Mini G, Mirrakhimov E, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mezerji N, Mohammadi M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Mohammadibakhsh R, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad A, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Velasquez I, Morrison S, Mousavi S, Muhammed O, Muruet W, Musa K, Mustafa G, Naderi M, Nagel G, Naheed A, Naik G, Najafi F, Nangia V, Negoi I, Negoi R, Newton C, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen C, Nguyen L, Ningrum D, Nirayo Y, Nixon M, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Shiadeh M, Nyasulu P, Ogbo F, Oh I, Olagunju A, Olagunju T, Olivares P, Onwujekwe O, Oren E, Owolabi M, Mahesh P, Pakpour A, Pan W, Panda-Jonas S, Pandian J, Patel S, Pereira D, Petzold M, Pillay J, Piradov M, Polanczyk G, Polinder S, Postma M, Poulton R, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Prakash V, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rajati F, Ram U, Ranta A, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Reinig N, Reis C, Renzaho A, Resnikoff S, Rezaeian S, Rezai M, Gonzalez C, Roberts N, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roro E, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Sabbagh P, Sacco R, Sachdev P, Saddik B, Safari H, Safari-Faramani R, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahathevan R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian M, Salamati P, Zahabi S, Salimi Y, Samy A, Sanabria J, Santos I, Milicevic M, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sarvi S, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sawant A, Sawhney M, Schneider I, Schottker B, Schwebel D, Seedat S, Sepanlou S, Shabaninejad H, Shafieesabet A, Shaikh M, Shakir R, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, She J, Sheikh A, Sheth K, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shiue I, Siabani S, Siddiqi T, Sigfusdottir I, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silberberg D, Silva J, Silveira D, Singh J, Sinha D, Skiadaresi E, Smith M, Sobaih B, Sobhani S, Soofi M, Soyiri I, Sposato L, Stein D, Stein M, Stokes M, Sufiyan M, Sykes B, Sylaja P, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Ao B, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, 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Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, II kirurgian klinikka, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center
Subjects: Dánarmein, Male, Epidemiology, Diseases, Malalties cerebrals, Global Burden of Disease, Disability Evaluation, 0302 clinical medicine, Case fatality rate, Psychology, Konur, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Incidence, Men, Taugavísindi, ddc, 3. Good health, Sálfræði, World health, Muerte, Neurology, GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, Brain diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Alzheimer disease, Carga global de enfermedades, Nervous system, medicine.medical_specialty, Global burden of diseases, Lífsgæði, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Health Sciences, Humans, Women, education, Trastornos neurológicos, VLAG, Aged, Science & Technology, 3112 Neurosciences, Global Burden of Diseases, 030104 developmental biology, Years of potential life lost, Επιστήμες Υγείας, Dementia, Human medicine, Neurosciences & Neurology, Neurology (clinical), Clinical Medicine, 1109 Neurosciences, Neurological disorders, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, dementia, RC, 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, Dánartíðni, Nutrition and Disease, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Disease Study, Taugasjúkdómar, Risk Factors, Voeding en Ziekte, Cause of Death, Global health, Prevalence, Causes of death, Public health, Mortality rate, Mental Disorders, Age Factors, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, neurologic disease, Death, Lýðheilsa, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Quality of life, Adult, Population, Clinical Neurology, Sex Factors, medicine, Life Science, Disability-adjusted life year, Medicine [Science], Mortality, Psychiatry, Disease burden, Neurology & Neurosurgery, burden of neurological disorders, Faraldsfræði, business.industry, Klinisk medicin, Causes de la mort, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Socioeconomic Factors, Karlar, global disease burden, Nervous System Diseases, Cause of death/trends, business
Abstract: Publisher´s version (útgefin grein)., Background Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer’s and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies., ROA is funded by the National Institutes of Health (U01HG010273). SMA acknowledges the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. AAw acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through INSPIRE Faculty scheme. TBA acknowledges partial funding from the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies. ABa is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor Award, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. MSBS acknowledges support from the Australian Government Research and Training Program scholarship for a PhD degree at the Australian National University, Australia. JJC is supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation. FCar is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Ministerio da Educacao e Ciencia) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. EC is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT3 140100085). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust [Grant Number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. EF is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Ministerio da Educacao e Ciencia) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. SMSI is funded by the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University and received funding from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. YKa is a DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow in Public Health. YJK is supported by the Office of Research and Innovation at Xiamen University Malaysia. BL acknowledges funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. WDL is supported in part by U10NS086484 NINDS. SLo is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1411A). RML is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Senior Research Fellowship. AMa and the Imperial College London are grateful for support from the NW London NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care. JJM is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the John Cade Fellowship (APP1056929) from NHMRC. TMei acknowledges additional institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig. IMV is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (Panama). MOO is supported by SIREN U54 U54HG007479 and SIBS Genomics R01NS107900 grants. AMS was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. MMSM acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (contract no 175087). AShe is supported by Health Data Research UK. MBS' work on traumatic brain injury is supported by grants NIH U01 NS086090 (PI G Manley) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and DoD W81XWH-14-2-0176 (PI G Manley) from the United States Department of Defense. RTS is supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIIIFEDER. AGT was supported by a Fellowship from the NHMRC (Australia; 1042600. KBT acknowledges funding supports from the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Cancer Society of New Zealand, Health Research Council, Gut Cancer Foundation, and the University of Auckland. CY acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552) and the Chinese NSFC International Cooperation and Exchange Program (grant number 71661167007)., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2019

39. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050

Author: Angela Y. Chang, Krycia Cowling, Angela E. Micah, Abigail Chapin, Catherine S. Chen, Gloria Ikilezi, Nafis Sadat, Golsum Tsakalos, Junjie Wu, Theodore Younker, Yingxi Zhao, Bianca S. Zlavog, Cristiana Abbafati, Anwar E Ahmed, Khurshid Alam, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mohammed J. Almalki, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Walid Ammar, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Ashish Awasthi, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Samad Azari, Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Bernhard T Baune, Mohsen Bayati, Yared Belete Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Habte Belete, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Adam E. Berman, Mircea Beuran, Ali Bijani, Reinhard Busse, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ferrán Catalá-López, Bal Govind Chauhan, Maria-Magdalena Constantin, Christopher Stephen Crowe, Alexandra Cucu, Koustuv Dalal, Jan-Walter De Neve, Selina Deiparine, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Huyen Phuc Do, Manisha Dubey, Maha El Tantawi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Reza Esmaeili, Mahdi Fakhar, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A. Foigt, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Adriana Galan, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Alireza Ghajar, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ketevan Goginashvili, Annie Haakenstad, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Samer Hamidi, Hilda L. Harb, Edris Hasanpoor, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Simon I. Hay, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Chi Linh Hoang, Michael K. Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Spencer L. James, Jost B. Jonas, Mikk Jürisson, Rajendra Kadel, Behzad Karami Matin, Amir Kasaeian, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Roghayeh Khabiri, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Stefan Kohler, Ai Koyanagi, Kristopher J. Krohn, Ricky Leung, Lee-Ling Lim, Stefan Lorkowski, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Morteza Mansourian, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Martin McKee, Varshil Mehta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Neda Milevska Kostova, Ted R Miller, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Bahram Mohajer, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Shane Douglas Morrison, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Vinay Nangia, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Shirin Nosratnejad, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Stefano Olgiati, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Adrian Pana, David M. Pereira, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Sergio I Prada, Mostafa Qorbani, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Usha Ram, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Anna Ranta, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Satar Rezaei, Elias Merdassa Roro, Ali Rostami, Salvatore Rubino, Mohamadreza Salahshoor, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Miloje Savic, Falk Schwendicke, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Masood Sepehrimanesh, Aziz Sheikh, Mark G Shrime, Solomon Sisay, Shahin Soltani, Moslem Soofi, Vinay Srinivasan, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Anna Torre, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Pascual R Valdez, Job F M van Boven, Veronica Vargas, Yousef Veisani, Francesco S Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Sebastian Vollmer, Giang Thu Vu, Charles D A Wolfe, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z. Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Sojib Bin Zaman, Alireza Zangeneh, Elias Asfaw Zegeye, Arash Ziapour, Adrienne Chew, Christopher J L Murray, Joseph L Dieleman, Chang A.Y., Cowling K., Micah A.E., Chapin A., Chen C.S., Ikilezi G., Sadat N., Tsakalos G., Wu J., Younker T., Zhao Y., Zlavog B.S., Abbafati C., Ahmed A.E., Alam K., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almalki M.J., Alvis-Guzman N., Ammar W., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awasthi A., Ayanore M.A., Azari S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Bagherzadeh M., Barnighausen T.W., Baune B.T., Bayati M., Belay Y.B., Belay Y.A., Belete H., Berbada D.A., Berman A.E., Beuran M., Bijani A., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L.A., Catala-Lopez F., Chauhan B.G., Constantin M.-M., Crowe C.S., Cucu A., Dalal K., De Neve J.-W., Deiparine S., Demeke F.M., Do H.P., Dubey M., El Tantawi M., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Fakhar M., Fazaeli A.A., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Galan A., Gamkrelidze A., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Goginashvili K., Haakenstad A., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hamidi S., Harb H.L., Hasanpoor E., Hassen H.Y., Hay S.I., Hendrie D., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., James S.L., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kadel R., Karami Matin B., Kasaeian A., Kasaye H.K., Kassaw M.W., Kazemi Karyani A., Khabiri R., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khang Y.-H., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kohler S., Koyanagi A., Krohn K.J., Leung R., Lim L.-L., Lorkowski S., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansourian M., Mantovani L.G., Massenburg B.B., McKee M., Mehta V., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Milevska Kostova N., Miller T.R., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohajer B., Mohammad Darwesh A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Morrison S.D., Mousavi S.M., Muthupandian S., Nagarajan A.J., Nangia V., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen S.H., Nosratnejad S., Oladimeji O., Olgiati S., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Otstavnov S.S., Pana A., Pereira D.M., Piroozi B., Prada S.I., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Ranta A., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rezaei S., Roro E.M., Rostami A., Rubino S., Salahshoor M., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Sepehrimanesh M., Sheikh A., Shrime M.G., Sisay S., Soltani S., Soofi M., Srinivasan V., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Torre A., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Undurraga E.A., Valdez P.R., van Boven J.F.M., Vargas V., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vu G.T., Wolfe C.D.A., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Zaman S.B., Zangeneh A., Zegeye E.A., Ziapour A., Chew A., Murray C.J.L., Dieleman J.L., Global Burden Dis Hlth Financing C, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Chang, A, Cowling, K, Micah, A, Chapin, A, Chen, C, Ikilezi, G, Sadat, N, Tsakalos, G, Wu, J, Younker, T, Zhao, Y, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Ahmed, A, Alam, K, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almalki, M, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Barnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Belay, Y, Belete, H, Berbada, D, Berman, A, Beuran, M, Bijani, A, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Catala-Lopez, F, Chauhan, B, Constantin, M, Crowe, C, Cucu, A, Dalal, K, De Neve, J, Deiparine, S, Demeke, F, Do, H, Dubey, M, Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Fakhar, M, Fazaeli, A, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Galan, A, Gamkrelidze, A, Gezae, K, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Goginashvili, K, Haakenstad, A, Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Rad, E, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, James, S, Jonas, J, Jurisson, M, Kadel, R, Matin, B, Kasaeian, A, Kasaye, H, Kassaw, M, Karyani, A, Khabiri, R, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kohler, S, Koyanagi, A, Krohn, K, Leung, R, Lim, L, Lorkowski, S, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansourian, M, Mantovani, L, Massenburg, B, Mckee, M, Mehta, V, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohajer, B, Darwesh, A, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, A, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, S, Nosratnejad, S, Oladimeji, O, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, J, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Piroozi, B, Prada, S, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rezaei, S, Roro, E, Rostami, A, Rubino, S, Salahshoor, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Sepanlou, S, Sepehrimanesh, M, Sheikh, A, Shrime, M, Sisay, S, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Srinivasan, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Torre, A, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, Van Boven, J, Vargas, V, Veisani, Y, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Wolfe, C, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Zaman, S, Zangeneh, A, Zegeye, E, Ziapour, A, Chew, A, Murray, C, and Dieleman, J
Subjects: health financing, coverage, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, systematic analysis, Global Health, Gross domestic product, DISEASE, burden, project, 0302 clinical medicine, Per capita, Global health, Healthcare Financing, 030212 general & internal medicine, our of pocket, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Government spending, government, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Public Assistance, COVERAGE, Models, Economic, 8. Economic growth, health financing, project, government, our of pocket, BURDEN, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Gross Domestic Product, Department of Error, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Revenue, Humans, medicine (all), Health policy, Finance, sex-specific mortality, Government, disease, Science & Technology, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, business.industry, Prepaid Health Plan, International health, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Human medicine, Health Expenditures, business, Prepaid Health Plans
Abstract: Published Erratum. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050. Lancet. 2021 Sep 11;398(10304):956. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01806-7. PMID: 34509230. BACKGROUND: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. FINDINGS: Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4·00% (95% uncertainty interval 3·89-4·12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2·72% [2·61-2·84]) and increased by less than $1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5·55% [5·18-5·95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3·71% [3·10-4·34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $8·0 trillion (7·8-8·1) in 2016 (comprising 8·6% [8·4-8·7] of the global economy and $10·3 trillion [10·1-10·6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$5252 (5184-5319) in high-income countries, $491 (461-524) in upper-middle-income countries, $81 (74-89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $40 (38-43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0·4% (0·3-0·4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10·0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($9·5 billion, 24·3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6·27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China's contribution to DAH ($644·7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $15·0 trillion (14·0-16·0) by 2050 (reaching 9·4% [7·6-11·3] of the global economy and $21·3 trillion [19·8-23·1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1·84% (1·68-2·02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0·6% (0·6-0·7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15·7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130·2 (122·9-136·9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125·9 [113·7-138·1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments' increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. INTERPRETATION: Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Sí
Published: 2019

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