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Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications are becoming commonplace with more devices, but always at risk of network security. It is therefore crucial for an IoT network design to identify attackers accurately, quickly and promptly. Many solutions have been proposed, mainly concerning secure IoT architectures and classification algorithms, but none of them have paid enough attention to reducing the complexity. Our proposal in this paper is an edge-cloud architecture that fulfills the detection task right at the edge layer, near the source of the attacks for quick response, versatility, as well as reducing the cloud’s workload. We also propose a multi-attack detection mechanism called LCHA (Low-Complexity detection solution with High Accuracy) , which has low complexity for deployment at the edge zone while still maintaining high accuracy. The performance of our proposed mechanism is compared with that of other machine learning and deep learning methods using the most updated BoT-IoT data set. The results show that LCHA outperforms other algorithms such as NN, CNN, RNN, KNN, SVM, KNN, RF and Decision Tree in terms of accuracy and NN in terms of complexity.

Internet of Things and its applications are becoming commonplace with more devices, but always at risk of network security. It is therefore crucial for an IoT network design to identify attackers accurately, quickly and promptly. Many solutions have been proposed, mainly concerning secure IoT architectures and classification algorithms, but none of them have paid enough attention to reducing the complexity. Our proposal in this paper is an edge cloud architecture that fulfills the detection task right at the edge layer, near the source of the attacks for quick response, versatility, as well as reducing the workload of the cloud. We also propose a multi attack detection mechanism called LocKedge Low Complexity Cyberattack Detection in IoT Edge Computing, which has low complexity for deployment at the edge zone while still maintaining high accuracy. LocKedge is implemented in two manners: centralized and federated learning manners in order to verify the performance of the architecture from different perspectives. The performance of our proposed mechanism is compared with that of other machine learning and deep learning methods using the most updated BoT IoT data set. The results show that LocKedge outperforms other algorithms such as NN, CNN, RNN, KNN, SVM, KNN, RF and Decision Tree in terms of accuracy and NN in terms of complexity., 13 pages, 20 figures, submitted to IEEE Access

The freshwater copepod Mesocyclops Sar, 1914, a species-rich genus within the family Cyclopoidae Rafinesque, 1815, is common in tropical areas. In addition, the genus members are used for the biological control of mosquito larvae (Anopheles, Aedes) which are vectors for transmitting dengue fever. In Vietnam, a total of 11 Mesocyclops species have been recorded in inland freshwater bodies. Of which, one endemic species (M. sondoongensis Tran & Hołyńska, 2015) and two species were described from Vietnam, namely M. yenae Hołyńska, 1998; M. ferjemurami Hołyńska & Vu, 2000. Diagnostic characteristics, habitat, and distribution of all 11 species are provided. Additionally, a pictorial key to all Vietnamese Mesocyclops is presented.

Genus Nannodiaptomus Dang & Ho, 2001 Diagnosis amended. Body small, less than 1 mm in length. Pd4 and Pd 5 in both sexes fused. Pd5 with rounded triangular corners and without sensilla. In female and male genital somites in both sexes without sensilla; genital double-somite in female 1.8–2.0 times as long as wide. Rostral spines well developed, bifid. Antennule in female 25-segmented; number and position of seta/spine on left antennule characteristic for Speodiaptominae (Arabic numerals = evident segments; S—seta; sp—spine): 1(S), 2(3S[4S*]), 3(S), 4(S), 5(S), 6(S), 7(S), 8(S+sp [1S*]), 9(2S), 10(S), 11(S), 12 (S+sp [2S*]), 13(S), 14(S), 15(S), 16(S), 17(S), 18(S), 19(S), 20(S), 21(S), 22(2S), 23(2S), 24(2S), 25(5S [4S”]) (*– in Microdiaptomus; ”— in Microdiaptomus and Nannodiaptomus). Right antennule in male without unarticulated armature on segment 21; none of segments especially broadened; small spine-like seta on segments 8, 10–13. P1–P4 with 2-segmented Exp, 1-segmented Endp. P1–P4 Exp-1 without inner seta and no spines on outer margin; Endp with 3 setae terminally. Left basis of P 5 in female with reduced Endp; Endp lack on right side; Exp-2 without lateral spine, inner attenuation of Exp-2 long and robust; Exp-3 completely absent. Right P 5 in male with evident hyaline lobe on inner border of basis; without Endp. Left P5 as long as right P5; with setulose pad on Exp; Endp 1-segmented.

Nannodiaptomus phongnhaensis Dang & Ho, 2001 (Figs. 2���6) Type locality. River in Hang Phong Nha Cave (17�� 34' 59.0'' N, 106�� 16' 55.0'' E), Quang Binh province, Central Vietnam. Neotype designation. As the type material was lost, a neotype is designated. Neotype (total length 625 ��m; IEBR-COP3418): male, collected on 0 9 August 2014; dissected and mounted in glycerol; deposited in the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Hanoi, Vietnam. Additional material. 10 males, 10 females, prepared for SEM examination; one adult male (IEBR-COP3419), one adult female (IEBR-COP3420), both dissected and mounted in glycerol; 8 males, 13 females (IEBR-COP- AED08.14.013) preserved in 70 % ethanol; deposited in the IEBR. 15 males, 15 females preserved in 70 % ethanol; deposited in the National Institute of Biology (NIB), Ljubljana, Slovenia. All specimens collected at the same locality and date as neotype. One male (IEBR-COP3421), one female (IEBR-COP3422), both dissected and mounted in glycerol; 30 males, 30 females (IEBR-COP-AED04.14.021) preserved in 70 % ethanol; all deposited in the IEBR. Material collected on 19 April 2014 from two pools inside Hang Va Cave (17�� 29' 22.3" N, 106�� 17' 04.8" E), Quang Binh province, Central Vietnam. Description of female. Total length (without caudal setae) 595���670 ��m, mean 640 ��m (N= 25). Preserved specimens colourless and eyeless. Body (Fig. 2 A) slender with maximum width at middle of Pd1. Mean prosome length: 445 ��m; mean urosome length: 194 ��m; prosome/urosome ratio 2.3 (N= 10). Rostrum represented by pair of large finger-like filaments, with pointed tips (Figs. 5 C, D; 6L). Pd4 and Pd5 fused, dorsal and lateral spinules lacking. Lateral wings of Pd5 moderately developed, nearly symmetrical, with rounded posterolateral margins, smooth, without sensilla/spines (Figs. 2 C, D; 6H). Urosome (Fig. 2 A) of 3 free somites (ratio of Ur1: Ur2: Ur3: CR = 0.53: 0.12: 0.16: 0.19). Ur1 (genital doublesomite) (Figs. 2 C���E, 6H) about 2-times as long as wide, slightly asymmetrical in dorsal view; without sensilla. Genital field with pair of gonopores located mid-ventrally, gonopores completely covered by large genital operculum; genital area large, sac-like (Fig. 2 E); spermatophore insertion point on left posterolateral corner of somite. Ur2 small, cylindrical, about 0.7 times as long as wide. Ur3 (anal somite) slightly shorter than caudal rami, with concave lateral margins. Anal operculum small, semicircular, posterior margin smooth. Caudal rami (Fig. 2 A) symmetrical, 1.8���2.1 times as long as wide (mean 1.9, N=10). Inner and outer margins smooth; with 5 plumose setae (setae II���VI) and articulated smooth dorsal seta (VII), inserted on inner distal corner; seta I lacking. Length of setae II���VI increases from outer to inner; seta VI 1.6 times as long as seta II; seta VII longest. Antennule (Fig. 3 A) 25-segmented, reaching beyond posterior margins of caudal rami. Seta on segment 1 short, not reaching distal margin of segment 2. Largest setae on segments 3, 7, 9, 14, 21���25. Armature of segments as follows (Arabic numerals = evident segments; a���aesthetasc; S���seta; sp���spine): 1(S+a), 2(3S+a), 3(S+a), 4(S), 5(S+a), 6(S), 7(S+a), 8(S+sp), 9(2S+a), 10(S), 11(S), 12(S+sp+a), 13(S), 14(S+a), 15(S), 16(S), 17(S), 18(S), 19(S+a), 20(S), 21(S), 22(S+S), 23(S+S), 24(S+S), 25(4S+a). Antenna (Fig. 3 B) with Exp as long as Endp; coxa small, with 1 seta; basis robust with 2 setae on inner distal corner. Endp 2-segmented; proximal segment elongated, 3.7 times as long as wide, with 2 setae at 1/2 length of inner margin; distal segment with 2 lobes. Outer lobe with 6 long setae terminally and 1 short sub-terminal seta; inner lobe with 1 short seta, 2 medium-sized and 5 long setae. Exp 7-segmented; segment 1 with 1 seta, segment 2 with 3 setae, 1 seta on each of segments 3���6, terminal segment with 1 lateral and 3 apical setae. Mandible (Fig. 3 C) with 7 small teeth on gnathobase; ventral tooth medium sized. Basis with 4 sub-equal setae, proximal one plumose. Endp 2-segmented, proximal segment with 4 setae, distal segment with 8 setae. Exp 4-segmented with 1, 1, 1, 3 setae; ancestral segments 4 and 5 fused. Maxillule (Fig. 3 D) with 9 apical spiniform and 4 plumose setae on posterior surface of praecoxal arthrite. Coxal epipodite with 7 long setae and 2 short spiniform setae. Basal exite with 1 small spine-like seta. Coxal and first basal endites with 4 setae each. Basis and Endp fused, with 5 setae laterally and 8 setae apically. Exp with 6 long setae. Maxilla (Fig. 3 E) with 2 praecoxal and 2 coxal lobes, with 5, 3, 3, 3 setae, respectively. Basal lobe well developed, with 3 long setae. Endp 2-segmented, proximal one with 2 setae, distal one with 3 setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 3 F) well developed. Syncoxa with 4 endites with 1, 2, 3, 4 unequal setae. Distal endite of syncoxa with well developed protuberance projecting over basis. Basis elongated, with 3 plumose setae increasing in length distally, inserted near 1/2 length of inner margin. Endp 6-segmented, segment 1 partially incorporated into the basis. Segment 1 with 2, segment 2 with 3 sub-equal setae; segments 3���5 with 2, 2, 1+1, segment 6 with 4 setae, respectively. P1���P4 (Figs. 2 F���I) with 2-segmented Exp and 1-segmented Endp; coxa and basis without seta. P1���P4 Endp-1 and Exp-2 with setules along inner margin. Armament of swimming legs as follows (Roman numerals���spines; Arabic numerals���seta; outer-apical-inner position of element): P5 (Figs. 5 E, 6I, K). Coxa sub-cylindrical, about 1.4 times as long as wide; posterior surface with small protuberance bearing short spine at 2/3 of coxa length. Bases asymmetrical; left basis triangular, slightly larger than right one; right one���s inner margin convex. Left Endp small, triangular, with rounded tip, no armature; right Endp lack. Exp 2-segmented on both sides; Exp-1 about 2.1 times as long as wide, cylindrical; Exp-2 short, prolonged into robust terminal claw-like apophysis, with row of small spinules along both margins; lateral spine lack. Description of male. Total length (without caudal setae) 525���640 ��m, mean 615 ��m (N=25). Mean prosome length: 438 ��m; mean urosome length: 193 ��m; prosome/urosome ratio 2.3 (N= 10). Preserved specimens colourless and eyeless. Body slender, with typical diaptomid shape (Fig. 4 A). Rostrum represented by pair of finger-like filaments with pointed tips. Pd4 and Pd5 fused. Pd5 slightly asymmetrical (Figs. 4 A, C), with rounded posterolateral margins, lack dorsal ornamentation or sensilla. Urosome (Fig. 4 A) with 5 free somites; somites ratio 1���5 + CR as follows: 0.22: 0.18: 0.13: 0.13: 0.14: 0.20. Ur1 (= genital somite) asymmetrical; middle part of left lateral margin slightly protuberant, expanded; sensilla lack on both margins of somite. Dorsal and ventral surface of Ur2���5 un-ornamented; posterior margins smooth. Caudal rami symmetrical, 1.7���2.0 times as long as wide (mean 1.8, N= 10), with inner and outer margins smooth. Setae II���VI plumose; dorsal seta (VII) articulated, smooth, inserted on inner distal corner of caudal ramus. Length of caudal setae II���VI increases from outermost to innermost; seta VI 1.2 times as long as outer seta (II). Dorsal seta (VII) 1.3 times as long as seta VI. Antennule shorter than in female, reaching distal part of caudal rami. Right antennule with 22 evident segments (Figs. 5 A, B), with largest setae on segments 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 21; none of segments especially broadened. Segments 8, 10���13 each with short spine-like seta. Segments 17-19 with 1 large, knife-like spine each. One small aesthetasc on segments 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22. Armature segments as follows (Arabic numerals = evident segments; a���aesthetasc, S���seta, sp���spine): 1(S+a), 2(3S+a), 3(S+a), 4(S), 5(S+a), 6(S), 7(S+a), 8(S+sp), 9(2S+a), 10(S+sp), 11(S+sp), 12(S+sp+a), 13(S+sp), 14(2S+a), 15(S+a), 16(2S+a), 17(S+sp), 18(sp), 19(S+sp+a), 20(2S+2S), 21(S+S), 22(4S+a). Setation of left antennule as in female. Antennae, mouthparts and P1���P4 as in female. P5 asymmetrical, coxae on posterior side each with 1 spine at 2/3 of length of segment, unequal in size (Fig. 4 F). Right P5 (Figs. 4 F; 6A���C, G): basis about 1.4 times as long as wide, with large, semicircular and flattened hyaline lobe along full length of inner margin. Exp-1 short and trapezoidal, 1.1 times as long as wide, with narrow hyaline lamella along inner margin; distal margin with small rounded lobe. Exp-2 oval, about 1.4 times as long as wide, outer margin convex, outer lateral spine curved, inserted at 2/3 length of segment, extending beyond distal margin of Exp-2. Exp-2 claw slender, almost semicircular, 2.2 times as long as Exp-2; inner margin with a short row of tiny spinules. Endp lack. Left P5 (Figs. 4 E���G; 6A, C���F) reaching posterior margins of right P5 Exp-2. Basis cylindrical, elongated, 1.8 times as long as wide, without lateral seta. Exp-1 about 2.2 times as long as wide, with row of setules on inner margin. Exp-2 rounded, inner margin with field of short setules. Apical process slightly shorter than segment bearing it, with 3���4 denticular protrusions along inner margin. Subterminal lateral seta stout, spiniform, about twice as long as apical process, with 3 denticular protrusions on inner 2/3 margin length. Endp 1-segmented, elongated, with width/length ratio of 2.3, laterally curved, about half as long as basis; with group of short setules apically., Published as part of Tran, Duc Luong & Brancelj, Anton, 2017, Amended diagnosis of the genus Nannodiaptomus (Copepoda, Calanoida), based on redescription of N. phongnhaensis and description of a new species from caves in central Vietnam, pp. 457-476 in Zootaxa 4221 (4) on pages 460-467, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/252446, {"references":["Dang, N. T. & Ho, T. H. (2001) Two new crustacean species of Diaptomidae found in the river section inside of the Phong Nha cave, Quang Binh province, Vietnam. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc, 23 (4), 1 - 5. [in Vietnamese with English summary]"]}

Tran, Duc Luong, Brancelj, Anton (2017): Amended diagnosis of the genus Nannodiaptomus (Copepoda, Calanoida), based on redescription of N. phongnhaensis and description of a new species from caves in central Vietnam. Zootaxa 4221 (4): 457-476, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4221.4.3

Nannodiaptomus haii sp. nov. (Figs. 7���11) Type locality. A small siphon lake inside Hang Toi Cave (coordinates of the entrance to the cave: 17�� 34' 26.4'' N, 106�� 15' 15.0'' E), about 900 m from the entrance; Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh province, Central Vietnam. Type material. Holotype (female; total length 655 ��m; IEBR-COP3423; collected on 21 April 2014, by D. L. Tran); dissected and mounted in glycerol. Allotype (male; total length 640 ��m; IEBR-COP3424; collected on 21 April 2014 by D. L. Tran); dissected and mounted on slide in glycerol. Paratypes: 3 males (IEBR-COP3425���3427), 3 females (IEBR-COP3428���3430), dissected and mounted in glycerol; collection details the same as the holotype and allotype. The holotype, allotype and 6 paratypes deposited in the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Hanoi, Vietnam; 15 males and 15 females undissected, preserved in 70 % ethanol, collection details the same as the holotype; deposited at the National Institute of Biology (NIB), Ljubljana, Slovenia; 10 males and 10 females prepared for SEM examinations. Collection details the same as the holotype. Additional material. 40 males, 30 females (IEBR-COP-AED04.14.028), preserved in 70 % ethanol, deposited at the IEBR, Vietnam. Collection details the same as the holotype. Description of female. Total length (without caudal setae) 610���680 ��m, mean 655 ��m (N= 25). Mean prosome length: 476 ��m; mean urosome length: 196 ��m; prosome/urosome ratio 2.4 (N= 10). Preserved specimens colourless and eyeless. Body (Fig. 7 A) slender, with a typical diaptomid shape. Rostrum represented by pair of soft, finger-like filaments, pointed backward (Figs. 7 C, D; 11A). Pd4 and Pd5 fused, with rounded posterolateral margins, without sensilla/spines (Figs. 7 A; 11B). Pd5 asymmetrical, with slightly larger left wing; posterolateral margins rounded, with no dorsal ornamentation; sensilla lack on both sides (Figs. 7 A; 11B). Urosome of 3 free somites (ratio of Ur1: Ur2: Ur3: CR = 0.48: 0.12: 0.19: 0.21). Ur1 (genital double-somite) (Figs. 7 A, E; 11B) about 1.8 times as long as wide, slightly asymmetrical in dorsal view; right proximal margin slightly swollen on proximal part; without lateral sensilla. Genital field with pair of gonopores, divided by median longitudinal septum; gonopores covered by large genital operculum; genital area large (Fig. 7 E); spermatophore inserted on posterolateral margin of genital field. Ur2 small, cylindrical, about 0.7 times as long as wide. Ur3 (anal segment) as long as wide and as long as caudal rami; deep cleft posteriorly, lateral margins almost straight. Anal operculum small, semicircular, posterior margin smooth. Caudal rami (Figs. 7 A, E) symmetrical, 1.8���2.1 times as long as wide (mean 1.9, N=10). Inner and outer margins smooth; with 5 plumose setae (setae II���VI) and smooth, articulated dorsal seta (VII), inserted on inner distal corner; seta I lack. Seta II shortest, other similar in length. Seta VII 1.3 times as long as setae III���VI. Antennule 25-segmented (Fig. 8 A), reaching beyond posterior margins of caudal rami. Details of armament the same as in N. phongnhaensis, including position of the longest setae. Antenna, mandible, maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped (Figs. 8 B, C���D, E, F, G, respectively) similar to N. phongnhaensis. P1���P4 (Figs. 7 F���I) armature the same as in N. phongnhaensis. P5 (Figs. 10 G; 11I, K). Coxa cylindrical, about 1.3 times as long as wide, posterior surface with small protuberance bearing short spiniform structure at 3/4 of segment length. Bases triangular, asymmetrical; left one larger than right one; without seta on lateral margins. Left Endp very small, triangular, with rounded tip, no armature; right Endp lack. Exp 2-segmented on both sides; Exp-1 cylindrical, elongated, about 2.2 times as long as wide; Exp-2 short, prolonged into terminal claw-like apophysis, with row of tiny spinules on both margins, lateral spine lack. Description of male. Total length (without caudal setae) 605���655 ��m, mean 629 ��m (N= 25). Mean prosome length: 463 ��m; mean urosome length: 193 ��m; prosome/urosome ratio 2.4 (N= 10). Preserved specimens colourless and eyeless. Body slender, with typical diaptomid shape (Fig. 9 A). Rostral field as in female. Pd4 and Pd5 fused, with suture limited to lateral margins only. Pd5 slightly asymmetrical, with rounded posterior margins, right lobe larger; without sensilla (Figs. 9 C, 11C). Urosome of 5 free somites, simmilar to N. phongnhaensis with urosomites ratio 1���5 + CR as follows: 0.16: 0.13: 0.13: 0.15: 0.21: 0.22. Caudal rami symmetrical, 1.8���1.9 times as long as wide (mean 1.8, N= 10). Inner and outer margins smooth; setae II���VI plumose; dorsal seta (VII) articulated, smooth, inserted on inner distal corner of caudal ramus. Seta II shortest, about 0.8 as long as seta VI; dorsal seta (VII) 1.4 times as long as seta VI. Antennulae (Figs. 9 D, E) relatively shorter than in female, reaching middle of caudal rami. Armature of antennules as in N. phongnhaensis. Structure and armature of antennae, mouthparts and P1���P4 as in female. P5 asymmetrical, coxae each with 1 spine at 3/4 of segment length, right one larger. Right P5 (Figs. 10 A, B, F; 11D, E) basis sub-rectangular, about 1.2 times as long as wide; with large, triangular hyaline lobe with broadly rounded tip on distal inner corner; no seta on lateral margin. Exp-1 trapezoidal, as long as wide, distal outer corner with small rounded process. Exp-2 elongate, slightly curved inward, about 2.2 times as long as wide; outer lateral spine slightly curved, inserted at distal 3/4 of segment length, extending well beyond distal margin of Exp-2. Exp-2 claw sickle-like, slender, about 1.8 times as long as Exp-2; inner margin with row of tiny spines. Endp lack. Left P5 (Figs. 10 C���E; 11D���H) long, reaching middle part of right Exp-2. Basis about 1.3 times as long as wide; outer margin straight, without lateral seta; inner margin slightly convex. Exp-1 1.9 times as long as wide, curved, with row of short setules on inner margin. Exp-2 short, rectangular, about 0.7 times as long as wide; inner margin with field of short setules; apical process digitiform, elongated, as long as segment bearing it, with small serrated membrane on inner margin and tip divided with two small chitinous processes. Subterminal seta stout, spiniform, 2 times as long as apical process; proximal part 2 short serrated membrane on inner margin. Endp 1- segmented, short, triangular, 1.4 times as long as wide; tip with group of short setules. Etymology. The new species is named after Assoc. Prof. Ho Thanh Hai from the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), in recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of Vietnamese copepods., Published as part of Tran, Duc Luong & Brancelj, Anton, 2017, Amended diagnosis of the genus Nannodiaptomus (Copepoda, Calanoida), based on redescription of N. phongnhaensis and description of a new species from caves in central Vietnam, pp. 457-476 in Zootaxa 4221 (4) on pages 467-473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4221.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/252446